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The triangle of dairy intensification, commercialisation and market formalisation is promoted to address the challenges of food and nutrition security (FNS) and climate change. This article questions the need for formalisation to reach intensification and commercialisation objectives in Kenya. Moving beyond the binary perception of milk markets as either 'formal' or 'informal', we investigate a repertoire of milk-collection practices and address the following question: 'What enables diverse intermediary practices to ensure a consistent flow of milk from grass to glass?' Sampling, data collection and analysis were guided by a qualitative research design for an empirical exploration of the practices of owner-operated (N = 13) and corporate (N = 4) milk collectors. Iterative analysis of observations revealed three main themes constituting milk-collection practices: (1) buying milk, (2) managing milk (quantity and quality measurement) and (3) selling milk to the next buyer. These practices were enabled and sustained by the diverse options available for each aspect of milk collection, and by the capacity of collectors to accommodate variety in their practices. We invite scholars and practitioners to conduct deeper explorations of how to accommodate events in practice to enhance the success of ambitions relating to FNS and climate change through pathways of intensification and commercialisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article proposes an innovative methodology and concept for the design and calculation of the Shadow Economy Tolerance Index (SETI), which is without analogue in European or Bulgarian research practice. The need for its construction is related to the fact, established in previous studies on the shadow economy, that there is a tendency among the Bulgarian population to view deviant economic behavior as acceptable, as the “new normal”, and that nearly two thirds of Bulgarians apply various models of deviant (shadow) economic behavior. In structural terms, the SETI Index is to comprise three components, each of which includes 10 indicators: Component 1. Basic notions and attitudes towards the shadow economy; Component 2. Psychological readiness to take part in shady practices; Component 3. Level of real involvement in shady practices. Each of the three components has a different relative weight, namely: 50:35:15. The first calculation of the SETI Index will be made in early 2022 on the basis of empirical data collected in a national representative survey of the population in Bulgaria and will subsequently be repeated every two years. The necessary information will be collected through a specially designed online questionnaire. The questionnaire will be filled in by the same panel of respondents in order to ensure the representative quality of the information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]