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The historic sandbox computer game Skool Daze, released by Microsphere for ZX Spectrumin 1984, is analyzed in the context of its importance for the game development industry,with conceptual parallels extended into the domains of natural science and arts.The ability to accomplish the game only by displaying rebelliousness in an inherentlycruel academic system is connected with a similar principle applying to innovation in scienceand art. Both science and art are exercises in imagination that require mischievousplayfulness, a point that is intrinsic to Skool Daze. The article also makes the case forthis game as a potential source of inspiration for the creation of conceptual art or sciencewhen viewed in a historical context. A sense of nostalgia about the early days of computergames pervades the paper, which ends on a confessional but high-spirited note.

AbstractMedical devices are manmade objects existing at the interface between numerous disciplines. They range from as simple as medical gloves to as complex as artificial limbs. This versatility of medical devices and their inherent interdisciplinary nature means that academic courses on them are attended by cohorts of students from varieties of academic backgrounds, who bring with them similarly broad spectra of interests. To satisfy the learning expectations of each and every student in such diverse classes is a daunting task for the instructor. After many years of teaching medical devices at undergraduate and graduate levels at three different universities in the states of Illinois and California, I have come up with an instructional method that solves this challenge by engaging students in the co-creation of the curriculum via selection of their own medical devices of interest and presentation to the class for collective analysis. The threefold presentations are designed so that they reflect an ascent along the hierarchy of a learning taxonomy extending from foundational concepts to critical assessment of knowledge to creative displays of it. In such a way, the students are acquainted with the ability of critical and creative thinking at the expense of rote memorization or inculcation and are prepared to enter the field of medical devices as innovation-centered individuals. The specifics of this new method of instruction are reported here, with the hope that they will be useful to fellow instructors in any interdisciplinary course that benefits from a balance between the rigorous coverage of the instructional material pertaining to engineering and medicine and the flexible selection of topics that comply with students’ individual interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) has been the main protagonist in the quest for an ideal biomaterial for regenerative medicine over the last half a century. To control its properties, this material has commonly been doped with chemical elements other than its natural stoichiometric constituents: Ca, O, P, and H. Here, we report on the first analysis of the biological response to germanium-doped hydroxyapatite (Ge-HAp). Cytotoxicity, osteogenic differentiation induction, and colony formation potential were measured on dental pulp stem cells, while the antimicrobial effect was assessed against Gram-negative Escherichia coli , Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Candida albicans. All analyses were run in comparison to Ge-free HAp. Cell viability was inversely dependent on the nanoparticle concentration and incubation time. Adding Ge to HAp reduced cell viability relative to HAp after 24–72 h incubation periods, but the effect was reversed after longer incubations, when the viability of cells treated with low doses of Ge-HAp exceeded that of HAp-treated cells and became comparable with control culture. Both HAp and Ge-HAp induced mineral formation in the cell culture, but the effect was more pronounced for Ge-HAp. Likewise, relative to both control cells and cells exposed to HAp, Ge-HAp upregulated the expression of all three osteogenic markers analyzed, namely, alkaline phosphatase, RUNX2, and osteocalcin, exerting the key influence on osteogenesis in its early, differentiation stage. The colony formation capacity of stem cells, however, was impaired by HAp and even more so by Ge-HAp. The antimicrobial effect was dependent on the microorganisms tested. Thus, whereas the antimicrobial activity was absent against E. coli , it was evident against MRSA and C. albicans. While the antibacterial activity against MRSA was weakened by the addition of Ge to HAp, the antimycotic activity against C. albicans was intensified with the addition of Ge. These findings demonstrate a significant potential of Ge-doped HAp nanoparticles in regenerative medicine due to their pronounced biocompatibility, osteoinductivity, and antimicrobial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recipe for making Turkish coffee in some parts of former Yugoslavia calls for the dilution of the turbid liquid with lukewarm water just before the boiling point is reached. The enigmatic gastronomic purpose of this step notwithstanding, here it is being used as an inspiration for deriving a simple stabilization step for protocols for the synthesis of fine particle colloids. The dilution step inspired by coffee-making was performed in a protocol for the synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles by their precipitation from supersaturated alkaline aqueous solutions. The implementation of this step in the post-precipitation stage, concurrently with boiling, evidently improved the stability of the nanoparticle colloids. The stabilization effect was limited to the suspensions where the parent solution was equilibrated with the fresh precipitate and was not reproduced in colloids comprising HAp nanoparticles redispersed in deionized water. The dilution step produced a mild and counterintuitive increase in crystallinity, suggesting complex recrystallization mechanisms driven by mutually antagonistic dissolution caused by the dilution and reprecipitation caused by the heating to be responsible for the observed increase in stability. Incongruent dissolution favoring a less entropic surface order and reduced charge screening entailing the expansion of the Debye lengths were suggested as complementary mechanisms explaining the improvements in stability caused by adding this simple and economical, yet very efficacious touch to the synthesis. It is concluded that unconventional protocols in spheres other than the scientific and heritages routinely discarded as disreputable could be sources of insight relevant to a plethora of distant domains and disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioglass presents a standard biomaterial for regeneration of hard tissues in orthopedics and dentistry. The notable osteo-inductive properties of bioglass are largely due to the release of calcium ions from it. However, this release is not easily controllable and can often be excessive, especially during the initial interaction of the biomaterial with the surrounding tissues. Consequently, this excessive release can deplete the calcium content of the bioglass, ultimately reducing its overall bioactivity. In this study, we have tested if applying biopolymer chitosan coatings of different thicknesses would be able to mitigate and regulate the calcium ion release from monodisperse bioglass nanoparticles. Calcium release was assessed for four different chitosan coating thicknesses at different time points over the period of 28 days using a fluorescence quencher. Expectedly, chitosan-coated particles released less calcium as the concentration of chitosan in the coating solution increased, presumably due to the increased thickness of the chitosan coating around the bioglass particles. The mechanism of release remained constant for each coating thickness, corresponding to anomalous, non-Fickian diffusion, but the degree of anomalousness increased with the deposition of chitosan. Zeta potential testing showed an expected increase in the positive double layer charge following the deposition of the chitosan coating due to the surface exposure of the amine groups of chitosan. Less intuitively, the zeta potential became less positive as thickness of the chitosan coating increased, attesting to the lower density of the surface charges within thicker coatings than within the thinner ones. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrate that chitosan coating efficiently prevents the early release of calcium from bioglass. This coating procedure also allows for the tuning of the calcium release kinetics by controlling the chitosan concentration in the parent solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Antibiotic resistance is a global public health concern, posing a significant threat to the effectiveness of antibiotics in treating bacterial infections. The accurate and timely detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is crucial for implementing appropriate treatment strategies and preventing the spread of resistant strains. This manuscript provides an overview of the current and emerging technologies used for the detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. We discuss traditional culture-based methods, molecular techniques, and innovative approaches, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and potential future applications. By understanding the strengths and limitations of these technologies, researchers and healthcare professionals can make informed decisions in combating antibiotic resistance and improving patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reinvention of the form of expression is a conceptual approach characteristic for the evolution of all arts. This research study provides one such step forward in the advancement of scientific paper, a standard form of expression in natural sciences, toward more progressive terrains. The paper adopts the form of a theatrical play where a scientific family of four attempts to find the way around a writer’s block (Act I). Their idealess sense of confinement is overcome through arts or, more specifically, through scientific research implementing the aesthetics of music as its key element. The characters record compositions differing in the degrees of consonance, rhythmicity and tonality, and play them to birds to observe their vocal and behavioral responses (Act II). They note that the birdsong volume drops significantly when the piano tunes, especially the compositionally complex ones, are played to the birds and increases significantly when the white noise of ocean waves is played. The bird count experiment proves indirectly that the birdsong volume reduction is an auditory response of the birds to music rather than the effect of their migrating to or away from the sound source. This science with the flavor of art elevates the characters beyond the limits of their confinement and they, exalted and uplifted, gain ideas for creative research in their own disciplines of biomedical science (Act III). They relinquish the newly gained freedom in favor of embracing love for humanity that underlies medical research and return to their confinement, where they conduct, in the coda of the paper, a series of experiments that venture beyond musicology and ornithology and fall in the domains of tissue engineering and drug delivery, but also psychology (Act III). First, sparrow nests are used as templates for tissue engineering constructs, which facilitate the growth of human fibroblastic cells better than their artificial, gridded replicas. Next, the shell of an Easter egg, predominantly calcite in composition, is used with success as a drug delivery carrier. Lastly, the bird nest drawing experiment demonstrates a greater mental health of children than that of the adults, correlating with one of the overarching points of the paper, which is to present children as a model for grownups to follow rather than the other way around. Over the course of the play, the characters discuss the value of the various fusions between art and science, question the limits of human language and repeatedly go off-topic to celebrate the freeness of the creative thinking process. The play reports on real-life research methods and scientific results through a narrative, without diminishing their empirical rigor and analytical accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plateaus in the efficacy of traditional methods for the treatment of cancer reached in the last decades call for the exploration of alternative models as their potential clinical complements. Here, the classical view of cancer as a tissue that is to be eradicated by methods describable by a compendium of militaristic metaphors is being challenged with a provocative idea: what if cancer can be cured with love condensed down to the level of molecular and cell biology? Correspondingly, the idea that love mimics the traits of the objects of its affection and helps them grow was translated to the level of cell biology by incorporating anti-apoptotic properties in healthy cells and promoting tumorigenesis in cancerous cells. Both the indirect and direct co-culture of the two cell types demonstrated hindered growth of cancer cells relative to that of their primary counterparts when these cellular modifications inspired by love for cancer were being implemented. The two experimental models reported here are emphasized as crude and simplistic methods derived from the idea that cancer may be best treated by being loved at the cellular and molecular biology levels. More comprehensive and effective methods may emanate from continued exploration and expansion of the intriguing and innovative avenue for cancer management proposed here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Russian-Ukrainian scientist, G. V. Samsonov left an enormous legacy in materials science, even though a large portion of his and his group's work remained hidden behind the Iron Curtain. One of his crowning theoretical contributions that received but a slight tidbit of resonance in the west was the configurational model of the solid state based on the statistical weight of atoms with stable configuration (SWASC). Only a handful of papers employing this model were published in the western journals since the model was developed, in 1965. Here, the configurational model was tested for its ability to explain the effects of divalent transition elements on solubility of hydroxyapatite when they acted as dopants in it. It is shown that the SWASC values for half-filled d orbitals of transition elements in the ± 5 pm range of ionic radii centered around iron do correlate monotonously with the solubility change induced by the dopant ions relative to the solubility of stoichiometric hydroxyapatite synthesized and analyzed under the same conditions when the solubility values are extrapolated to identical atomic ratios between the dopant ions and the constitutive calcium ions. The effect of SWASC, however, competes with that of the dopant concentration, producing a complex plexus of mutually antagonistic effects. With this work, it is hoped that the interest in the work of G. V. Samsonov and the generation of his Soviet and Yugoslavian scientific contemporaries gets revived and their legacy in the west popularized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main protease (Mpro) of SARS‐COV‐2 plays a vital role in the viral life cycle and pathogenicity. Due to its specific attributes, this 3‐chymotrypsin like protease can be a reliable target for the drug design to combat COVID‐19. Since the advent of COVID‐19, Mpro has undergone many mutations. Here, the impact of 10 mutations based on their frequency and five more based on their proximity to the active site was investigated. For comparison purposes, the docking process was also performed against the Mpros of SARS‐COV and MERS‐COV. Four inhibitors with the highest docking score (11b, α‐ketoamide 13b, Nelfinavir, and PF‐07321332) were selected for the structure‐based ligand design via fragment replacement, and around 2000 new compounds were thus obtained. After the screening of these new compounds, the pharmacokinetic properties of the best ones were predicted. In the last step, comparative molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, molecular mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann surface area calculations (MM/PBSA), and density functional theory calculations were performed. Among the 2000 newly designed compounds, three of them (NE1, NE2, and NE3), which were obtained by modifications of Nelfinavir, showed the highest affinity against all the Mpro targets. Together, NE1 compound is the best candidate for follow‐up Mpro inhibition and drug development studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 1 diabetes is caused by the inability of the pancreatic beta cells to produce sufficient amounts of insulin, an anabolic hormone promoting the absorption of the blood glucose by various cells in the body, primarily hepatocytes and skeletal muscle cells. This form of impaired metabolism has been traditionally treated with subcutaneous insulin injections. However, because one such method of administration does not directly correspond to the glucose concentrations in the blood and may fail to reduce hyperglycemia or cause hypoglycemia, the delivery of insulin in a glucose-dependent manner has been researched intensely in the present and past. This study tested the novel idea that the supplementation of polymeric reservoirs containing insulin with metallic nanoparticle precursors responsive to the redox effect of glucose could be used to create triggers for the release of insulin in direct response to the concentration of glucose in the tissue. For that purpose, manganese oxide nanoparticles were dispersed inside a poly(ε-caprolactone) matrix loaded with an insulin proxy and the resulting composite was exposed to different concentrations of glucose. The release of the insulin proxy occurred in direct proportion to the concentration of glucose in the medium. Mechanistically, as per the central hypothesis of the study, glucose reduced the manganese cations contained within the metal oxide phase, forming finer and more dissipative zero-valent metallic nanoparticles, thus disrupting the polymeric network, opening up pores in the matrix and facilitating the release of the captured drug. The choice of manganese for this study over other metals was justified by its use as a supplement for protection against diabetes. Numerical analysis of the release mechanism revealed an increasingly nonlinear and anomalous release accompanied by a higher diffusion rate at the expense of chain rigidity as the glucose concentration increased. Future studies should focus on rendering the glucose-controlled release (i) feasible within the physiological pH range and (ii) sensitive to physiologically relevant glucose concentrations. These technical improvements of the fundamental new concept proven here may bring it closer to a real-life application for the mitigation of symptoms of hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents one of the most common causes of death among cancers worldwide. Its incidence has been increasing among the young population. Many risk factors contribute to the development and progression of CRC and about 70% of them are sporadic. The CRC microenvironment is highly heterogeneous and represents a very complex immunosuppressive platform. Many cytokines and their receptors are vital participants in this immunosuppressive microenvironment. Tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) and TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) are critical players in the development of CRC. TNFR2 was observed to have increased the immunosuppressive activity of CRC cells via regulatory T cells (T regs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in the CRC microenvironment. However, the exact mechanism of TNFR2 in regulating the CRC prognosis remains elusive. Here, we discuss the role of TNFR2 in immune escape mechanism of CRC in the immunosuppressive cells, including Tregs and MDSCs, and the complex signaling pathways that facilitate the development of CRC. It is suggested that extensive studies on TNFR2 downstream signaling must be done, since TNFR2 has a high potential to be developed into a therapeutic agent and cancer biomarker in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxyapatite (HAp), the most abundant biological material among mammals, has been recently demonstrated to possess moderate antibacterial properties. Metagenomics provides a series of tools for analyzing the simultaneous interaction of materials with larger communities of microbes, which may aid in optimizing the antibacterial activity of a material such as HAp. Here, a microbiome intrinsic to the sample of sandy soil collected from the base of an African Natal plum (Carissa macrocarpa) shrub surrounding the children's sandbox at the Arrowhead Park in Irvine, California was challenged with HAp nanoparticles and analyzed with next-generation sequencing for hypervariable 16S ribosomal DNA base pair homologies. HAp nanoparticles overwhelmingly reduced the presence of Gram-negative phyla, classes, orders, families, genera and species, and consequently elevated the relative presence of their Gram-positive counterparts. Thermodynamic, electrostatic and chemical bonding arguments were combined in a model proposed to explain this selective affinity. The ability of amphiphilic surface protrusions of lipoteichoic acid in Gram-positive bacteria and mycolic acid in mycobacteria to increase the dispersibility of the bacterial cells and assist in their resistance to capture by the solid phase is highlighted. Within the Gram-negative group, the variability of the distal, O-antigen portion of the membrane lipopolysaccharide was shown to be excessive and the variability of its proximal, lipid A portion insufficient to explain the selectivity based on chemical sequence arguments. Instead, flagella-driven motility proves to be a factor favoring the evasion of binding to HAp. HAp displayed a preference toward binding to less pathogenic bacteria than those causative of disease in humans, while taxa having a positive agricultural effect were largely captured by HAp, indicating an evolutionary advantage this may have given it as a biological material. The capacity to selectively sequester Gram-negative microorganisms and correspondingly alter the composition of the microbiome may open up a new avenue in environmental and biomedical applications of HAp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To stabilize drugs physisorbed on the surface of hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles and prevent burst release, these nanoparticles are commonly coated with polymers. Bioactive HAp, however, becomes shielded from the surface of such core/shell entities, which partially defeats the purpose of using it. The goal of this study was to assess the biological and pharmacokinetic effects of inverting this classical core/shell structure by coating poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) spheres with HAp nanoparticles. The HAp shell did not hinder the release of vancomycin; rather, it increased the release rate to a minor degree, compared to that from undecorated PLGA spheres. The decoration of PLGA spheres with HAp induced lesser mineral deposition and lesser upregulation of osteogenic markers compared to those induced by the composite particles where HAp nanoparticles were embedded inside the PLGA spheres. This was explained by homeostatic mechanisms governing the cell metabolism, which ensure than the sensation of a product of this metabolism in the cell interior or exterior is met with the reduction in the metabolic activity. The antagonistic relationship between proliferation and bone production was demonstrated by the higher proliferation rate of cells challenged with HAp-coated PLGA spheres than of those treated with PLGA-coated HAp. It is concluded that the overwhelmingly positive response of tissues to HAp-coated biomaterials for bone replacement is unlikely to be due to the direct induction of new bone growth in osteoblasts adhering to the HAp coating. Rather, these positive effects are consequential to more elementary aspects of cell attachment, mechanotransduction, and growth at the site of contact between the HAp-coated material and the tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies one typical interrogation (costituto) from early eighteenthcentury Venetian couriers who walked the republic's overland connection from Cattaro to Istanbul. In considering how time and space are reported in the included primary source, this article looks at how these modes of spatial and temporal representation relate to the structural realities of early modern long-distance travelling, thereby recovering the early modern road with its infrastructure and courier networks as a dynamic locus of contemporary politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the idea that Vitamin C (Vit-C) could be utilized as a form of anti-cancer therapy has generated many contradictory arguments. Recent insights into the physiological characteristics of Vit-C, its pharmacokinetics, and results from preclinical reports, however, suggest that high-dose Vit-C could be effectively utilized in the management of various tumor types. Studies have shown that the pharmacological action of Vit-C can attack various processes that cancerous cells use for their growth and development. Here, we discuss the anti-cancer functions of Vit-C, but also the potential for the use of Vit-C as an epigenetic regulator and immunotherapy enhancer. We also provide a short overview of the current state of systems for scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially in the context of their influencing high-dose Vit-C toxicity for the inhibition of cancer growth. Even though the mechanisms of Vit-C action are promising, they need to be supported with robust randomized and controlled clinical trials. Moreover, upcoming studies should focus on how to define the most suitable cancer patient populations for high-dose Vit-C treatments and develop effective strategies that combine Vit-C with various concurrent cancer treatment regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are neurons of the visual system that are responsible for transmitting signals from the retina to the brain via the optic nerve. Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy characterized by apoptotic loss of RGCs and degeneration of optic nerve fibers. Risk factors such as elevated intraocular pressure and vascular dysregulation trigger the injury that culminates in RGC apoptosis. In the event of injury, the survival of RGCs is facilitated by neurotrophic factors (NTFs), the most widely studied of which is brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Its production is regulated locally in the retina, but transport of BDNF retrogradely from the brain to retina is also crucial. Not only that the interruption of this retrograde transport has been detected in the early stages of glaucoma, but significantly low levels of BDNF have also been detected in the sera and ocular fluids of glaucoma patients, supporting the notion that neurotrophic deprivation is a likely mechanism of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Moreover, exogenous NTF including BDNF administration was shown reduce neuronal loss in animal models of various neurodegenerative diseases, indicating the possibility that exogenous BDNF may be a treatment option in glaucoma. Current literature provides an extensive insight not only into the sources, transport, and target sites of BDNF but also the intracellular signaling pathways, other pathways that influence BDNF signaling and a wide range of its functions. In this review, the authors discuss the neuroprotective role of BDNF in promoting the survival of RGCs and its possible application as a therapeutic tool to meet the challenges in glaucoma management. We also highlight the possibility of using BDNF as a biomarker in neurodegenerative disease such as glaucoma. Further we discuss the challenges and future strategies to explore the utility of BDNF in the management of glaucoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liposomes are phospholipid bilayer vesicles, which are biocompatible, biodegradable and nontoxic vehicles suitable for numerous drug and gene delivery applications. In this review, we discuss the prospect of using liposome technology in the development of a vaccine for tuberculosis. Tuberculosis remains an important health problem that requires the development of an effective vaccine, especially since the only approved vaccine for it continues to be the Bacille Calmette-Geurin (BCG) one developed 100 years ago. This review focuses on the different applications of liposomes toward achieving this goal. Numerous liposomal formulations showing prospect in the research stage and in clinical trials are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Childhood & Philosophy is the property of International Council for Philosophical Inquiry with Children and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Liquid cell electron microscopy is an imaging technique allowing for the investigation of the interaction of liquids and solids at nanoscopic length scales. Such in situ observations are increasingly in-demand in an array of fields, from biological sciences to medicine to batteries. Graphene liquid cells (GLCs), in particular, have generated a great interest as a low-scattering window material with the potential for increasing the quality of both imaging and spectroscopy. However, preserving the stability of the liquid and of the sample in the GLC remains a considerable challenge. In the present work we encapsulate water and hydroxyapatite (HAP), a pH-sensitive biological material, in GLCs to observe the interactions between the graphene, HAP, and the electron beam. HAP was chosen for several reasons. One is its ubiquity in biological specimens such as bones and teeth, and the second is the presence of phosphate ions in common buffer solutions. Finally, there is its sensitivity to changes in pH, which result from beam-induced hydrolysis in liquid cells. A dynamic process of dissolution and recrystallization of HAP was observed, which correlated with the production of H+ ions by the beam during imaging. In addition, a large increase in the stability of the GLC under irradiation was noted. Specifically, no stable hydrogen bubbles were detected under the electron fluxes routinely exceeding 170 e− Ĺ−2 s−1. With the measured threshold dose for the bubble formation in pure water equaling 9 e− Ĺ−2 s−1, it was concluded that the presence of HAP increases the resistance of water against radiolysis in the GLC by more than an order of magnitude. These results confirm the possibility of using biological materials, such as HAP, as stabilizers in liquid cell electron microscopy. They outline a potential route for stabilization of specimens in liquid cells through the addition of a scavenger of reactive species generated by the beam-induced hydrolysis of water. These improvements are essential for enhancing both the resolution of imaging and the available imaging time, as well as avoiding the beam-induced artifacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]