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Background: Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are emerging as the second generation of lipid nanoparticles to solve the shortcomings of the first generation (structured lipid carriers). Terbinafine hydrochloride is used to treat various fungal skin diseases. Objectives: The study’s main objective was to study the drug release and permeation between NLC and NLC-based gel formulation to select the better one. Methods: A central composite face-cantered (α=1) design with two components (the amount of liquid lipid and the homogenization speed) and 13 runs were used through Design-Expert® software (version 7.1.5). Terbinafine hydrochloride-loaded NLC (TH_NLC) was produced by using the hot-homogenization technique. Fourier transform infrared study was done to determine drug excipients’ compatibility. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was employed to determine particle size. Utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the morphology and shape of the TH_NLC formulation were examined. The hydrogel was filled with the optimized products chosen by point prediction in design expert software. These products were assessed by their pH, spreadability, viscosity, homogeneity, extrudability, and drug content. The in vitro drug release study and the ex vivo permeation investigation for the optimized TH_NLCopt and TH_NLCopt gel formulation were carried out using Franz diffusion cells Results: The formulation contains nanoscale particles, as evidenced by the size range of the particles (17.57 to 329.4 nm). Entrapment efficiency was 60.95% and 98% for TH_NLCopt TH_NLCopt gel, respectively. Within 7 hours, 96.35% and 83.37% of the drug were released from optimized NLC and NLC-based gel, respectively. The amount of drug that had penetrated the skin in 7 hours ranged from 54.19% to 31.16%, with a retention range of 22.46% to 61.87%. Conclusion: The topical delivery of the TH_NLC-based gel system is quite promising.

In this article, formulation studies for terbinafine hydrochloride nanoemulsions, prepared by high-energy ultrasonication technique, are described. Pseudo-ternary phase diagram was constructed in order to find out the optimal ratios of oil and surfactant/co-solvent mixture for nanoemulsion production. Clove and olive oils were selected as oil phase. Based on the droplet size evaluation, maximum nanoemulsion region were determined for formulation development. Further characterization included polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, morphology, pH, viscosity, refractive index, ex vivo skin permeation, skin irritation, and histopathological examination. Droplet sizes of optimized formulations were in colloidal range. PDI values below 0.35 indicated considerably homogeneous nanoemulsions. Zeta potential values were from 13.2 to 18.1 mV indicating good stability, which was also confirmed by dispersion stability studies. Ex vivo permeation studies revealed almost total skin permeation of terbinafine hydrochloride from the nanoemulsions (96–98%) in 6 hours whereas commercial product reached only 57% permeation at the same time. Maximum drug amounts were seen in epidermis and dermis layers. Skin irritation and histopathological examination demonstrated dermatologically safe formulations. In conclusion, olive oil and clove oil-based nanoemulsion systems have potential to serve as promising carriers for topical terbinafine hydrochloride delivery.

Targeted drug delivery is achieving great success in cancer therapy due to its potential to deliver drugs directly to the action site. Terbinafine hydrochloride (TER) is a broad-spectrum anti-fungal drug that has been found to have some potential anti-tumor effects in the treatment of colon cancer. We aimed here to design and develop pH-sensitive Eudragit (Eud)-coated mesoporous silica nanostructures (MSNs) to control drug release in response to changes in pH. The diffusion-supported loading (DiSupLo) technique was applied for loading TER into the MSNs. The formulation was optimized by a D-optimal design, which permits the concurrent assessment of the influence of drug/MSN%, coat concentration, and MSN type on the drug entrapment efficiency (EE) and its release performance. The optimal formula displayed a high EE of 96.49%, minimizing the release in pH 1.2 to 16.15% and maximizing the release in pH 7.4 to 78.09%. The cytotoxicity of the optimal formula on the colon cancer cells HT-29 was higher than it was with TER alone by 2.8-fold. Apoptosis in cancer cells exposed to the optimum formula was boosted as compared to what it was with the plain TER by 1.2-fold and it was more efficient in arresting cells during the G0/G1 and S stages of the cell cycle. Accordingly, the repurposing of TER utilizing Eud/MSNs is a promising technique for targeted colon cancer therapy.

This article presents the findings of a clinical trial that compared the effectiveness of two antifungal creams, ciclopirox olamine and terbinafine hydrochloride, in treating dermatophytosis. The study involved 60 patients with tinea corporis, tinea cruris, or tinea faciei, who were divided into three groups and treated with different creams for 6 weeks. The results showed that both creams were effective in treating the condition, but the combination therapy of both creams had a better response and lower relapse rate. The study acknowledges its limitations, such as a small sample size and short follow-up period, but concludes that the combination therapy is effective with no significant side effects. [Extracted from the article]

Aim/Background: According to estimates, about a billion people in the world have fungal infections of the skin, nails, and hair. Skin disorders are a significant contributor to disability, deformity, and misery among people. In the present study, a versatile vesicular delivery of terbinafine hydrochloride through the dermal route in a biocompatible platform consisting of glycerine, phospholipids, and cholesterol is proposed for the treatment of mycoses. Materials and Methods: The glycerosomes of terbinafine hydrochloride were formulated by thin film hydration technique using central composite design to explore the composition effects on the formation of nanosized stable glycerosomes and drug loading. The optimized formulation was evaluated for deformability, antifungal activity, compatibility by FTIR, surface morphology, in vitro and ex vivo drug diffusion, skin irritation, histopathology, and cytotoxicity studies on HaCaT cell lines. Results: Numerical optimization of the design revealed that the particle size and entrapment efficiency of the drug were remarkably affected by the composition. Surface imaging by TEM revealed the formation of well-defined vesicles with no aggregation. The elasticity of the vesicles was established by determining their deformability index. The in vitro and ex vivo drug release study revealed better permeation of the drug compared to the marketed formulation. The histopathology and cytotoxicity study conceded the suitability of the glycerosomal carrier system for the transdermal delivery of terbinafine hydrochloride. Conclusion: Hence it can be concluded that the glycerosomes of terbinafine hydrochloride possess a potential formulation approach for treating dermal infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superficial fungal diseases of the skin and nails are an increasingly common occurrence globally, requiring effective topical treatment to avoid systemic adverse effects. Polymeric nanoparticles have demonstrated sustained and effective drug delivery in a variety of topical formulations. The aim of this project was to develop polymeric antifungal nanospheres containing terbinafine hydrochloride (TBH) to be loaded into a hydrogel formulation for topical nail drug delivery. A quality by design (QbD) approach was used to achieve optimized particles with the desired quality target product profile (QTPP). Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) at 2% w/v and a drug to polymer ratio of 1:4, together with a robust set of processes and material attributes, resulted in nanoparticles of 108.7 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.63, 57.43% recovery, and other desirable characteristics such as zeta potential (ZP), particle shape, aggregation, etc. The nanospheres were incorporated into a carbomer-based gel, and the delivery of TBH through this formulation was evaluated by means of in vitro drug release testing (IVRT) and ex vivo nail permeation study. The gel containing the TBH nanospheres demonstrated a slower and controlled drug release profile compared with the control gel, in addition to a more efficient delivery into the nail. These antifungal nanospheres can be utilized for topical therapy of a multitude of superficial fungal infections.

Molecular complexation with cyclodextrins (CDs) has long been a known process for modifying the physicochemical properties of problematic active pharmaceutical ingredients with poor water solubility. In current times, the focus has been on the solvent-free co-grinding process, which is an industrially feasible process qualifying as a green technology. In this study, terbinafine hydrochloride (TER), a low solubility antifungal drug was used as a model drug. This study aimed to prepare co-ground products and follow through the preparation process of the co-grinding method in the case of TER and two amorphous CD derivatives: (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD); heptakis-(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (DIMEB). For this evaluation, the following analytical tools and methods were used: phase solubility studies, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD), hot-stage X-ray powder diffractometry (HOT-XRPD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, in vitro characterization (dissolution and diffusion studies) was performed in two kinds of dissolution medium without enzymes. In the XRPD and SEM studies, it was found that the co-grinding of the components resulted in amorphous products. FT-IR and Raman spectroscopies confirmed the formation of an inclusion complex through the unsaturated aliphatic chain of TER and CDs. In vitro characterization suggested better dissolution properties for both CDs and decreased diffusion at higher pH levels in the case of HPBCD.

Copyright of Journal of Medical & Pharmaceutical Sciences is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Targeted drug delivery is achieving great success in cancer therapy due to its potential to deliver drugs directly to the action site. Terbinafine hydrochloride (TER) is a broad-spectrum anti-fungal drug that has been found to have some potential anti-tumor effects in the treatment of colon cancer. We aimed here to design and develop pH-sensitive Eudragit (Eud)-coated mesoporous silica nanostructures (MSNs) to control drug release in response to changes in pH. The diffusion-supported loading (DiSupLo) technique was applied for loading TER into the MSNs. The formulation was optimized by a D-optimal design, which permits the concurrent assessment of the influence of drug/MSN%, coat concentration, and MSN type on the drug entrapment efficiency (EE) and its release performance. The optimal formula displayed a high EE of 96.49%, minimizing the release in pH 1.2 to 16.15% and maximizing the release in pH 7.4 to 78.09%. The cytotoxicity of the optimal formula on the colon cancer cells HT-29 was higher than it was with TER alone by 2.8-fold. Apoptosis in cancer cells exposed to the optimum formula was boosted as compared to what it was with the plain TER by 1.2-fold and it was more efficient in arresting cells during the G0/G1 and S stages of the cell cycle. Accordingly, the repurposing of TER utilizing Eud/MSNs is a promising technique for targeted colon cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study involves the development and testing of Carbopol 934/940 assisted terbinafine hydrochloride (T-HCl), an antifungal medication, in topical gel formulations containing green tea extract. To overcome topical delivery issues, the influence of anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) dispersion in gel, and drug-loaded ethosomes in gel were investigated separately. The particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment effectiveness of the ethosome formulations were also measured. The results showed that ethosomes of the requisite size were formed with good entrapment and uniformity. Extrudability, homogeneity, grittiness, and spreadability of all the produced gels were within pharmacopoeia requirements. The produced gels' surface morphology analyses revealed smooth and uniform surfaces. Furthermore, the produced gel compositions' surface pH was discovered to be within the normal range. Diffusion-controlled medication release from gel formulations was proven by Higuchi's correlation coefficient value. The Fickian type of diffusion was validated from the Korsemeyer-Peppas model for gel formulations. In this research work, SDS-assisted and ethosomal-loaded terbinafine hydrochloride gel has been produced with improved topical administration, good entrapment and uniformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, formulation studies for terbinafine hydrochloride nanoemulsions, prepared by highenergy ultrasonication technique, are described. Pseudo-ternary phase diagram was constructed in order to find out the optimal ratios of oil and surfactant/co-solvent mixture for nanoemulsion production. Clove and olive oils were selected as oil phase. Based on the droplet size evaluation, maximum nanoemulsion region were determined for formulation development. Further characterization included polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, morphology, pH, viscosity, refractive index, ex vivo skin permeation, skin irritation, and histopathological examination. Droplet sizes of optimized formulations were in colloidal range. PDI values below 0.35 indicated considerably homogeneous nanoemulsions. Zeta potential values were from 13.2 to 18.1mV indicating good stability, which was also confirmed by dispersion stability studies. Ex vivo permeation studies revealed almost total skin permeation of terbinafine hydrochloride from the nanoemulsions (96-98%) in 6 hours whereas commercial product reached only 57% permeation at the same time. Maximum drug amounts were seen in epidermis and dermis layers. Skin irritation and histopathological examination demonstrated dermatologically safe formulations. In conclusion, olive oil and clove oil-based nanoemulsion systems have potential to serve as promising carriers for topical terbinafine hydrochloride delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Terbinafine hydrochloride (TEB) is a broad-spectrum antifungal medication commonly used to treat fungal infections of the skin. This study designed a hydrogel patch assisted by an iontophoresis system to enhance the transdermal permeability of TEB, enabling deeper penetration into the skin layers. Methods: The influences of current intensity, pH levels, and drug concentration on the TEB hydrogel patch’s permeability were explored using an adaptive ion electroosmosis system. The pharmacokinetic profile, facilitated by iontophoresis for transdermal permeation, was analyzed through the application of microdialysis technology. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were employed to assess the impact of ion electroosmotic systems on skin integrity. Results: The cumulative drug accumulation within 8 h of the TEB hydrogel patches, assisted by iontophoresis, was 2.9 and 7.9 times higher than without iontophoresis assistance and TEB cream in the control group, respectively. TEB hydrogel patches assisted by iontophoresis can significantly increase the permeability of TEB, and the AUC(0–8 h) was 3.4 and 5.4 times higher, while the Cmax was 4.2 and 7.3 times higher than the TEB hydrogel patches without iontophoresis, respectively. This system has no significant impact on deep-layer cells. Conclusions: This system may offer a safe and effective clinical strategy for the local treatment of deep antifungal infections.

Spinal infections, notably those induced by Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus), represent a complex and uncommon clinical challenge. In individuals with diabetes mellitus, the risk is exacerbated due to a compromised immune response and a heightened vulnerability to non-standard pathogens. This case report chronicles the intricate diagnostic and treatment journey of a 59-year-old diabetic patient grappling with a spinal infection attributed to A. flavus. The diagnosis was delayed due to non-specific symptoms and unclear radiological signs. The administration of voriconazole, a targeted antifungal treatment, resulted in a significant clinical and radiological improvement, underscoring its effectiveness in treating such unusual fungal spinal infections; meanwhile, we found that terbinafine hydrochloride also has a similar effect in treating fungal spinal infections. This case underscores the importance of considering fungal causes in spinal infections among diabetic patients and highlights prompt diagnosis and individualized targeted antifungal therapy.

Superficial fungal diseases of the skin and nails are an increasingly common occurrence globally, requiring effective topical treatment to avoid systemic adverse effects. Polymeric nanoparticles have demonstrated sustained and effective drug delivery in a variety of topical formulations. The aim of this project was to develop polymeric antifungal nanospheres containing terbinafine hydrochloride (TBH) to be loaded into a hydrogel formulation for topical nail drug delivery. A quality by design (QbD) approach was used to achieve optimized particles with the desired quality target product profile (QTPP). Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) at 2% w/v and a drug to polymer ratio of 1:4, together with a robust set of processes and material attributes, resulted in nanoparticles of 108.7 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.63, 57.43% recovery, and other desirable characteristics such as zeta potential (ZP), particle shape, aggregation, etc. The nanospheres were incorporated into a carbomer-based gel, and the delivery of TBH through this formulation was evaluated by means of in vitro drug release testing (IVRT) and ex vivo nail permeation study. The gel containing the TBH nanospheres demonstrated a slower and controlled drug release profile compared with the control gel, in addition to a more efficient delivery into the nail. These antifungal nanospheres can be utilized for topical therapy of a multitude of superficial fungal infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular complexation with cyclodextrins (CDs) has long been a known process for modifying the physicochemical properties of problematic active pharmaceutical ingredients with poor water solubility. In current times, the focus has been on the solvent-free co-grinding process, which is an industrially feasible process qualifying as a green technology. In this study, terbinafine hydrochloride (TER), a low solubility antifungal drug was used as a model drug. This study aimed to prepare co-ground products and follow through the preparation process of the co-grinding method in the case of TER and two amorphous CD derivatives: (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD); heptakis-(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (DIMEB). For this evaluation, the following analytical tools and methods were used: phase solubility studies, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD), hot-stage X-ray powder diffractometry (HOT-XRPD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, in vitro characterization (dissolution and diffusion studies) was performed in two kinds of dissolution medium without enzymes. In the XRPD and SEM studies, it was found that the co-grinding of the components resulted in amorphous products. FT-IR and Raman spectroscopies confirmed the formation of an inclusion complex through the unsaturated aliphatic chain of TER and CDs. In vitro characterization suggested better dissolution properties for both CDs and decreased diffusion at higher pH levels in the case of HPBCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terbinafine hydrochloride is a synthetic allylamine drug with a broad spectrum of antifungal properties. The purpose of this study was to identify terbinafine hydrochloride in whitening cosmetic products using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The first stage starts with dissolving cosmetic samples (A, B, C) and blanks, diluted with 25 ml of methanol. Then the solution was vortexed for 2 and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 4000 rpm. The supernatant layer formed was filtered through a 0.45 m membrane filter. Then the filtrate obtained was tested by the HPLC method. Based on the results of the system suitability test of the sample and blank, the concentration was 16𝜇𝑔/ml, the average retention time was 8.934 minutes and the average area was 2163340. The standard deviation of the relative retention time was 0.3098% and the area was 0.0721%. The follow-up factor and theoretical plate obtained automatically from the HPLC tool obtained an average follow-up factor value of 0.9515 and an average theoretical plate value of 217.7531. The results of the HPLC system suitability test and the terbinafine hydrochloride blank were identical, but the retention time was different, obtained from each different sample. All cosmetic samples contained Terbinafine hydrochloride as they did not meet the requirements. Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3 of 2021.

Dermatophytosis, the most prevalent fungal infection, is witnessing a rising incidence annually. To address this challenge, we developed a terbinafine-loaded oil-in-water nanoemulsion (TH-NE) through the aqueous microtitration method. The formulation comprised olive oil (oil phase), Span 80 (surfactant), and propylene glycol (co-surfactant). Pseudo-phase ternary diagrams and thermodynamic studies underscored the stability of TH-NE. Employing the Box–Behnken design (BBD), we optimized TH-NE, which resulted in a remarkable particle size of 28.07 nm ± 0.5, a low polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.1922 ± 0.1, and a substantial negative zeta potential of −41.87 mV ± 1. Subsequently, TH-NE was integrated into a 1.5% carbopol matrix, yielding a nanoemulgel (TH-NEG). Texture analysis of TH-NEG demonstrated a firmness of 168.00 g, a consistency of 229.81 g/s, negative cohesiveness (−83.36 g), and a work of cohesion at −107.02 g/s. In vitro drug release studies revealed an initial burst effect followed by sustained release, with TH-NEG achieving an impressive 88% release over 48 h, outperforming TH-NE (74%) and the marketed formulation (66%). Ex vivo release studies mirrored these results, with TH-NEG (86%) and TH-NE (71%) showcasing sustained drug release in comparison to the marketed formulation (67%). Confocal microscopy illustrated that TH-NEG and TH-NE penetrated to depths of 30 µm and 25 µm, respectively, into the epidermal layer. Furthermore, dermatokinetic studies highlighted the enhanced drug penetration of TH-NEG compared to TH-NE through mouse skin. In summary, our study establishes TH-NEG as a promising carrier for terbinafine in treating dermatophytosis, offering improved drug delivery and sustained release potential.

Background: Terbinafine hydrochloride (TEB) is a broad-spectrum antifungal medication commonly used to treat fungal infections of the skin. This study designed a hydrogel patch assisted by an iontophoresis system to enhance the transdermal permeability of TEB, enabling deeper penetration into the skin layers. Methods: The influences of current intensity, pH levels, and drug concentration on the TEB hydrogel patch's permeability were explored using an adaptive ion electroosmosis system. The pharmacokinetic profile, facilitated by iontophoresis for transdermal permeation, was analyzed through the application of microdialysis technology. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were employed to assess the impact of ion electroosmotic systems on skin integrity. Results: The cumulative drug accumulation within 8 h of the TEB hydrogel patches, assisted by iontophoresis, was 2.9 and 7.9 times higher than without iontophoresis assistance and TEB cream in the control group, respectively. TEB hydrogel patches assisted by iontophoresis can significantly increase the permeability of TEB, and the AUC(0–8 h) was 3.4 and 5.4 times higher, while the Cmax was 4.2 and 7.3 times higher than the TEB hydrogel patches without iontophoresis, respectively. This system has no significant impact on deep-layer cells. Conclusions: This system may offer a safe and effective clinical strategy for the local treatment of deep antifungal infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terbinafine hydrochloride is an antifungal drug used in the treatment of fungal infections. The oral use of terbinafine hydrochloride is not recommended as it has many potential side effects and undergoes hepatic first pass metabolism. Topical route of application has a great potential as an effective and safe way to administer drug for its antifungal in effect. The concentration of surfactant and permeation enhancer significantly affects the critical parameters of cream formulation like flux, cumulative amount released at 12 hours and enhancement ratio. In vitro permeation study across rat epidermal membrane showed that menthol enhanced the transdermal absorption of drug from cream formulation. The topical cream formulation developed in this study holds the promise for the further in vivo studies. The aim of the present work under investigation is to check the effects of emulsifying agents (Cremophor RH40, Tween 60) and permeation enhancers (l-Menthol) on cream. Developing a formulation that is safe and can deliver the drug locally in an effective concentration for its effect. The development of topical antifungal drug delivery systems designed to have localized effects appears to be very advisable and beneficial over conventional routes of provides the drug administration. However, due to the relative impermeability of the stratum corneum, which principal resistance to percutaneous absorption, extensive studies are generally necessary in order to optimize both the release of the drug from the topical vehicle and skin permeation further, A topical formulation must be both physically and chemically stable, this require numerous excipients. Aesthetically pleasing, in addition to being properties, hence they play emulsifying agents and permeation enhancers have major influence on these important role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unani physicians have suggested a wide range of anti-dermatophytic remedies, although the scientific evidence is scarce. Thus, the efficacy and safety of Terminalia chebula Retz. fruit powder mixed with vinegar was compared with terbinafine hydrochloride 1% cream in the treatment of tinea corporis in order to establish the non-inferiority of test drugs. The primary outcome measures were change in the presence or absence of hyphae on KOH mount test, change in pruritus severity assessed on 100 mm VAS and change in physician's global assessment. Secondary outcome measure was change in the dermatology life quality index (DLQI). Hemograms, serum creatinine, serum bilirubin, and random blood sugar levels were measured at the baseline and after treatment to ensure the safety of the interventions. A per-protocol analysis was done on 40 participants (21 in the test group and 19 in the control group). The observed differences in the primary and secondary outcomes between the test and control groups were greater than the non-inferiority margin, signifying that the test drugs were not inferior. It may be inferred that the trial drug Terminalia chebula Retz. fruit powder mixed with vinegar is not inferior to terbinafine hydrochloride cream in the treatment of tinea corporis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University / Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacilik Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ankara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Northwestern pond turtle (Actinemys marmorata) is native to Washington State, USA and has developed a grossly evident form of shell disease affecting a large percentage of the free-ranging population in this state. Emydomyces testavorans is a novel fungus in the order Onygenales that is the presumed causative agent for shell disease in the Northwestern pond turtle. Terbinafine hydrochloride is a lipophilic allylamine broad-spectrum antifungal that penetrates keratin and concentrates in the stratum corneum. This study evaluated the drug concentration in the plasma and keratin of 18 Northwestern pond turtles after nebulization with 18 mg terbinafine solution (2 mg/ml) once a day for 28 days. Blood and keratin samples were collected serially during the course of treatment, and for 14 days following the last dose. Plasma and keratin were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. No significant concentrations of terbinafine were found in the plasma of the turtles. Terbinafine in turtle keratin peaked after 16 days of treatment and maintained therapeutic concentrations for 14 days posttreatment. Turtle shell lesions also showed signs of clinical improvement posttherapy. Nebulization of terbinafine is recommended for the treatment of shell disease secondary to Emydomyces testavorans; however, pulse antifungal therapy is likely needed to prevent disease from reoccurring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent trends of rising unresponsive cases of dermatophytosis to conventional therapies pose a challenge in clinical practice. Unani medicine offers effective treatment for dermatophytosis. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the Unani herbo-mineral preparations Qurs-e-Asfar (QA) and Rogan-e-Narjeel (RN) in dermatophytosis. This was a randomized, active-controlled and open-label clinical study. The participants diagnosed with dermatophytosis (n=78) randomized into treatment group (n=40) receiving oral QA (778 mg twice a day) and topical RN and control group (n=38) receiving oral Itraconazole (100 mg/day) and topical Terbinafine hydrochloride (1%) for 6 weeks. We found post-treatment improvement in itching by 86.3% vs. 78% (treatment vs. control group), erythema by 96.4% vs. 94.3%, scaling by 93% vs. 92.2% and peripheral raised margins by 82.3% vs. 81%. Furthermore, this study showed that the differences in the mean Total Signs and Symptoms Score (TSSS) and positive KOH mount were clinically and statistically significant (p<0.05) in both the groups. On comparing inter group, the differences in mean TSSS (p=0.07) and positive KOH mount (p=0.717) were found statistically insignificant. This study concludes that the formulations QA and RN were effective and safe in the treatment of dermatophytosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a case study of a 10-year-old girl who developed pustules, crusts, and alopecia on her scalp, followed by a similar rash on her face and ears. The patient was diagnosed with kerion complicating with acute generalized exanthematous pustular dermatophytid (AGEPD) caused by Trichophyton violaceum. Treatment with terbinafine hydrochloride tablets, glycyrrhizin tablets, levocetirizine hydrochloride oral solution, and desloratadine resulted in significant improvement and complete recovery after 12 weeks. The article emphasizes the importance of a detailed history, exposure history, and mycological examination in diagnosing and treating this condition. [Extracted from the article]

AbstractIn this study, in-vitro release experiments were performed using a Franz Diffusion Cell system for Terbinafine Hydrochloride, which is used in the treatment of various fungal infections in the skin caused by many susceptible dermatophytes. In order to evaluate TH transdermally, it was aimed to compare the permeability between polymeric membranes synthesized with polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan mixtures and commercial membranes. In the transdermal drug delivery system calculations, the Fick Diffusion Law was modified and the obtained data were compared. The study was evaluated according to the USP <1724> topical drug products in semisolid form - performance tests. A new high-performance liquid chromatography method was validated for the assay of TH released into the receptor medium in accordance with the ICH guideline. According to the results obtained during the validation process, the limit of detection value was calculated as 0.005 µg/mL and the limit of quantification value was 0.013 µg/mL. Since polymer-based synthetic membranes provide permeability according to molecular size, properties and the ideal environment for measuring and analyzing the diffusion rate of a compound, in experiments conducted using membranes of different structures, the permeability profiles of selected polymer synthetic membranes were statistically evaluated. It has been noted that the hydroxyl groups in PVA and the hydrophilic CS-g-PNDMAAm graft copolymer act at varying rates to enhance or reduce the permeability across the membrane by promoting its diffusion. NaY zeolite has been shown to function as an adsorbent against the medication, lessening the impact of hydrophilic PVA without supplying permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A poloxamer 407 (P407)—Casein hydrogel was chosen to carry polycaprolactone nanoparticles carrying terbinafine (PCL-TBH-NP). In this study, terbinafine hydrochloride (TBH) was encapsulated into polycaprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles, which were further incorporated into a poloxamer-casein hydrogel in a different addition order to evaluate the effect of gel formation. Nanoparticles were prepared by the nanoprecipitation technique and characterized by evaluating their physicochemical characteristics and morphology. The nanoparticles had a mean diameter of 196.7 ± 0.7 nm, PDI of 0.07, negative ζ potential (−0.713 mV), high encapsulation efficiency (>98%), and did not show cytotoxic effects in primary human keratinocytes. PCL-NP modulated terbinafine was released in artificial sweat. Rheological properties were analyzed by temperature sweep tests at different addition orders of nanoparticles into hydrogel formation. The rheological behavior of nanohybrid hydrogels showed the influence of TBH-PCL nanoparticles addition in the mechanical properties of the hydrogel and a long-term release of the nanoparticles from it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Trichophyton rubrum is one of the main pathogens causing superficial dermatophytosis, producing symptoms such as skin itching and pain, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. Pomegranate peel extract is rich in gallic acid (GA), which has been reported to have biological effects including antifungal activity. However, the morphological and molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of GA on T rubrum are not well understood. The objectives of this study were to determine the antifungal efficacy of GA extracted from pomegranate peel against T rubrum in vitro, and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: The effects of 0-, 0.5-, and 1 mg/mL GA in pomegranate peel extract on T rubrum was investigated by detecting cell viability using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to analyze the ultrastructure of T. rubrum, and transcriptome sequencing was used to analyze the enrichment pathway of differentially expressed genes. The identification of biosynthesis-related and key genes in the pathways involved using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) technology. Terbinafine hydrochloride (TERB) as a positive control group. Results: Pomegranate peel extract has a GA content of 1.0 mg/mL. Compared with untreated group, following treatment with 1.0 mg/mL GA content is rich in pomegranate peel extract, and the microstructure of T rubrum is destroyed. TEM results show that the number of lipid droplets in T rubrum was significantly increased, mitochondrial vacuoles degenerated, the serosa were damaged, and the boundary of thallus was unclear. In addition, 1 mg/mL GA can significantly inhibit T rubrum proliferation, and its inhibition ability is better than TERB. Transcriptomics results show that GA can change the gene expression profile of T rubrum, specifically: The biosynthesis was blocked, drug resistance was weakened, the transport of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drugs transporter was increased, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway was significantly inhibited. Conclusions: Pomegranate peel extract is rich in GA, which strongly inhibited the growth of T rubrum and reduced its drug resistance. This extract is a promising natural antifungal agent for clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The unique properties of calcium oxide (CaO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) at the nanoscale have attracted the interest of scientists as promising electrically conductive substances for sensing purposes. The content of terbinafine hydrochloride (TRF) in pharmaceutical tablets was determined using a novel coated, wire‐functionalized CaO/ZnO nanocomposite membrane sensor biogenically produced from Lavandula spica extract. Sodium tetraphenylborate was used to prepare the active material (TRF‐TBP). The newly modified sensor gave excellent potentiometric sensitivity with the least squares regression equation EmV=(−58.88X±0.3)+log [TRF]+549.78 and covered a wide linear range (5.0×10−9–1.0×10−2 mol/L) of TRF samples. In contrast, the standard TRF‐TBP sensor wasn't as sensitive when (2.5×10−6–1.0×10−2 mol/L). TRF solutions with regression equation of (−55.728X±0.7)+log [TRF]+396.64. The appropriate pH range was 3–6. The principles of analytical methodology were applied to investigate the validity and suitability of the proposed technique. The proposed sensors were found to be suitable and efficient for the detection of TRF on tablets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candidal granuloma is an uncommon type of deep chronic cutaneous candidiasis. Candida albican is the most common causative pathogen for candidal granuloma. We report herein the original case of a 69-year-old Chinese woman presented with a 3-year of painful cutaneous lesion on the back of left hand. Physical examination revealed a 4 × 5 cm large infiltrative reddish plaque with unclear boundaries. The yellow-white crusts were observed on the uneven surface of plaque. Histopathological examination of biopsy tissue revealed that yeast cells and the horizontal section of hyphae in the dermis by hematoxylin eosin staining and periodic acid-Schiff staining. Finally, the pathogen was identified as Candida parapsilosis by mycological examination and molecular identification. The patient was treated with itraconazole oral 200 mg twice daily combined with topical terbinafine hydrochloride cream for 2 months. The lesions were fully resolved and no recurrence was observed. Since the cutaneous infection caused by C. parasilosis were rarely reported, we also reviewed all 11 cases of cutaneous infection caused by C. parapsilosis in the PubMed. Our study highlighted that chronic unilateral infiltrated plaques or ulcers should be aware of the occurrence of fungal granuloma including candidal granuloma especially in immunocompromised patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quinonemethide triterpenes (QTs) are natural compounds that present anti-cancer action and are valuable chemotaxonomic markers in the Celastraceae plant family. However, the main obstacle to produce these compounds on a large scale is their low quantity in tissues of plants grown in situ. In addition, these molecules show a higher complex chemical structure and it is difficult to find strategies for enhancing their synthesis. In this context, the goal of this work was to evaluate the effect of inhibitors terbinafine, ancymidol, paclobutrazol, gibberellin (GA), and the association of GA + paclobutrazol on QT production from Monteverdia floribunda roots in vitro. After establishment of the total growth of the root system, the roots were subjected to the following inducing agents: ancymidol, uniconazole, paclobutrazol, GA, and terbinafine hydrochloride. Having established that in vitro roots from M. floribunda could produce QTs, the roots were inoculated in liquid WP medium with sodium acetate-1-13C and sodium acetate-2-13C. The results showed that ancymidol, GA, and the association of GA with paclobutrazol produced the best results obtained during QT elicitation. The growth regulator GA has a positive effect on the production of terpenoids from the mevalonate (MVA) pathway and it was confirmed that maytenin biosynthesis occurs via the MVA pathway. Key message: The goal of this work was to evaluate the effect of inhibitors on quinonemethide triterpenes production from M. floribunda roots in vitro, besides the biosynthetic route was confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019, two wild-caught adult female eastern hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) received a preshipment examination and were individually swabbed for chytrid testing via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Physical examination was unremarkable. Both females tested positive for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and negative for B. salamandrivorans (Bsal). A course of terbinafine hydrochloride 1% in alcohol was administered in a 0.005% treatment bath for 5 min once daily for 5 d. Both animals were individually retested 1, 3, and 4 wk after treatment using qPCR. All post-treatment samples were negative for Bd and Bsal. This report represents the first successful treatment with terbinafine hydrochloride 1% in alcohol to eliminate subclinical Bd infection in eastern hellbenders and underlines the importance of preshipment testing for chytrid in all amphibians being transferred to new facilities or released into the wild as a means to minimize risk of disease introduction via subclinically infected individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida albicans is a common cause of opportunistic mycoses worldwide and a major contributor in wound infections. The purpose of this study was to establish a fungal wound model and analyze the effects of a common antifungal agent against the proliferation of three C. albicans strains. Second degree burns were created, and then inoculated with one of three different C. albicans ATCC strains: 10261 reference strain, 64550 fluconazole resistant and 26310 fluconazole sensitive. After fungal inoculation, every wound was covered with dressings for 4 h to allow fungal colonization on every wound bed. After 4 h, the dressings were removed, and each wound was treated either once or twice daily with a topical terbinafine hydrochloride or left untreated. On days 2, 4 and 7 post inoculation, three wounds from each treatment group were scrub cultured and quantified. On day 2, wounds infected with the sensitive strains 26310 and 10261 and treated twice showed a significant reduction when compared against those infected wounds receiving once daily treatment. On day 4, wounds which were infected with C. albicans fluconazole sensitive (ATCC 26310) showed a significant reduction in fungal cell counts with treatment applied twice daily. A significant reduction in the colony counts was exhibited in all three strains at the seventh day with active as compared to the non-treated wounds. Twice daily treatment resulted in a lower fungal count than once daily treatment. Neither treatment was able to entirely eradicate C. albicans during the duration of this study. Establishing a reliable fungal wound model will help in the translational goal of identifying new antifungal that could be used clinically by wound care providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Majoon Ushba and Marham Raal are pharmacopeial preparation used effectively in tinea corporis like different skin disorders. • The ingredients have been researched and reported for diverse phytochemical characteristics and biomedical activities. • The studies reported antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing bioactivities. • The severity scores of clinical parameters, mycological cure, and total score were statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). • Majoon Ushba and Marham Raal are safe and effective in reducing severity of tinea corporis and neutralizing fungal elements. Tinea Corporis is the most frequent form of dermatophytosis reported as the commonest presentation. Majoon Ushba (MU) a polyherbal preparation in a semisolid oral dosage form and Marham Raal (MR) an ointment made up of herbal and animal drugs are used for skin disorders in Unai medicine. Considering the biologically active substances with antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties of their ingredients, this study aimed to evaluate the clinical and mycological efficacy and safety of MU and MR in tinea corporis. This randomized open-labeled active-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 42 patients of tinea corporis. Patients were randomly assigned via a computer-generated list to the test group (n=21) receiving oral MU (6 gm) with topical MR and the control group (n=21) topical terbinafine hydrochloride (1%) for 40 days. The severity scores of clinical symptoms; erythema, scaling, itching, margins, and size were the primary outcome and the mycological cure (negative KOH microscopy), total score, and dermatology life quality index (DLQI) were the secondary outcomes were analyzed at baseline and at 40 days. A significant reduction was observed in clinical severity scores of erythema, scaling, and itching (P ≤ 0.05) in both groups except for margins, and size of the lesion (P ≥ 0.05). The mycological cure (P =.001) and the total score (P = 0.0002) and DLQI (P = 0.002) were statistically significant in both groups when analyzed from baseline to the end of the treatment within groups, however, the differences in these outcomes were statistically insignificant (P ≥ 0.05) on the inter-group comparison. All the safety parameters (clinical and laboratory) were in the normal range in both groups. The results demonstrated that traditional and conventional treatments were equally effective and MU and MR can be prescribed as alternative or complementary treatments for tinea corporis. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutaneous hyphomycosis caused by Purpureocillium lilacinus is a relatively uncommon event in patients, but there has been a gradual increase in reported cases. A 71-year-old female patient was hospitalized in May 2022 due to an acute episode of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and received glucocorticoid infusion. The skin around the puncture point on the back of her right hand showed erythema, nodules, scabs, and pus discharge, which gradually worsened. Fungal examination revealed the presence of hyphae, while treatment with terbinafine was ineffective. After fungal culture, pathological analysis, and molecular biology identification techniques, this case was diagnosed as cutaneous and subcutaneous infections caused by Purpureocillium lilacinus. After 2 weeks of treatment with itraconazole, the patient recovered. Patients on long-term hormone preparations who undergo superficial venipuncture should be aware of the risk of skin damage and potential infection by Purpureocillium lilacinus. Prompt fungal culture, histopathological analysis, and molecular identification are crucial for accurate diagnosis. Antifungal susceptibility testing should be considered for effective treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, fruit is an indispensable treasure house of nutrition for human beings, occupying a vital position of human diet. Postharvest fruit storage requires efficient antifungal agents to control Botrytis cinerea, which is a vital postharvest disease affecting fruit and leading to enormous losses. However, with the enormous abuse of existing antifungal drugs, the problem of drug-resistant fungi is imminent, making the controlling diseases caused by pathogenic fungi even more challenging. Drug repurposing is an efficient alternative method, we evaluated a well-known antifungal chemical, terbinafine, against the agricultural pathogen, B. cinerea in vitro, as a result, terbinafine showed strong antifungal activity. Furthermore, the in vivo antifungal activity of terbinafine was evaluated, the results showed that terbinafine could reduce the decay area on grapes. Terbinafine could disrupt the cell membrane integrity, increase cell membrane permeability, and eventual cell death of B. cinerea. In addition, terbinafine reduced decay incidence, and weight loss and maintained the soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, total phenolic, and malondialdehyde content during the storage period of grapes. Overall, terbinafine could be an antifungal preservative for postharvest table grapes fresh-keeping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Laser therapy has emerged as an innovative approach for managing various nail conditions, offering precise targeting, minimal invasiveness, and favorable safety profiles. This review analyzes the literature on laser therapy for nail indications, encompassing onychomycosis, nail psoriasis, nail warts, ingrown toenails, onychodystrophy, nail pigmentation disorders, and nail tumors. Methods: PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched to identify articles on laser therapy using specific key terms related to nail conditions (e.g., onychomycosis, nail psoriasis). Relevant articles were shortlisted based on laser treatment in nail disorders, its mechanisms of action, research outcomes, and clinical applications. Results: Nd:YAG or CO2 lasers showed efficacy in onychomycosis by targeting fungal cells. Studies suggest that laser treatments offer comparable results to traditional therapies, often enhancing outcomes when combined with topical agents such as calcipotriol/betamethasone in nail psoriasis. For nail warts, ingrown toenails, onychodystrophy, and nail pigmentation disorders, lasers provide alternative or adjunctive therapies, achieving positive outcomes lesion clearance and symptom improvement. Conclusion: This review underscores the transformative potential of laser therapy in nail disorder management, providing clinicians with innovative treatment alternatives. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to refine protocols, evaluate long-term outcomes and explore its application in specific conditions such as nail tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]