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Despite many initiatives taken by funding bodies and health care organisations, the 10/90 gap in health care and health system research between low and middle-income countries (LIMC) and high income countries is still widely recognised. We aimed to quantify the contribution of LMIC in high impact medical journals and compare the results with the previous survey conducted in 2000. Research articles were anaylsed to determine the origin of data and authorship affiliated countries in a calendar year (2017) for five journals: British Medical Journal, The Lancet, New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), Annals of Internal Medicine and the Journal of the American Medical Association. Contributing countries were categorised into four regions; USA, UK, Other Euro-American countries (OEAC) and rest of the world (RoW). A total of 6491 articles were categorised where USA, UK and OEAC contributed 39.7%, 28.5% and 19.9% respectively. RoW countries contributed 11.9% of articles surveyed. The Lancet and NJEM had the highest numbers from RoW with 22.1% and 17.3% respectively. After 17 years, the trend remained comparable with the original survey carried out in 2000. RoW contributions increased from 6.5% to only 11.9% of the published articles from countries accounting for 88.3% of the world's population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers who borrow from a lender today cannot count on dealing with that same lender later if they default on their debt. In today's world of debt collection, the lender will outsource collection to a thirdparty debt collector, or those consumers' defaulted debt will be bought and sold numerous times for pennies on the dollar until eventually a debt buyer decides to pursue payment. Either way, under the current US debt collection laws and regulations, both third-party debt collectors and debt buyers can act outside the scope of debt collection regulation in the United States, and many will take that opportunity to engage in abusive debt collection practices, including abusing the courts as an enforcement mechanism. Through a comparative analysis of the central statutes and regulations governing debt collectors in the United States and the United Kingdom, this Note finds that the accountability gap for debt collectors in the United States stems from the US statute's narrow scope and sparse restrictions on judicial action by debt collectors. In order to close this accountability gap, the United States should adopt the United Kingdom's broad definition of "debt collector" and a version of the UK Debt Respite Scheme which allows consumers to delay judicial action by debt collectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information systems (IS) are increasingly used in social care agencies. This scoping review examined the research literature to identity practical knowledge relevant to social care agencies introducing IS. Selected studies documented elements of practical knowledge, though this was not the direct focus of any individual article. A synthesis of the 50 selected studies into a themed matrix highlighted the practical knowledge gap for social care agencies, and community service agencies in particular. This review identified two features critical to generating relevant practical knowledge: the participatory role of the researcher-designer, and the active role of IS participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Job insecurity is a widespread workplace stressor that has been extensively investigated using quantitative approaches. With the use of a critical organisational psychology framework, we conducted a meta‐synthesis of 20 qualitative studies to investigate the experience of job insecurity among vulnerable employee groups (i.e., women and immigrants). The qualitative meta‐synthesis results suggest that there are meaningful differences. Specifically, whereas women were more concerned with and exposed to deteriorating working conditions, men experienced job insecurity as a threat to their identity. Among immigrants, the experience of job insecurity is viewed as largely intersecting with the legal system, impacting their ability to remain in their country and making them feel powerless. Thematic evidence also emerged regarding individual actions that participants use to attain security in contrast to corporate strategies that enhance job insecurity. We contribute to the critical organisational psychology literature by discussing how these results test common academic theories and neoliberal assumptions pervasive within the job insecurity literature: We highlight how organisations manufacture job insecurity, question the existence of harmonious social exchanges, discuss the use of job insecurity as a form of worker control, consider the role of the legal context in aiding worker exploitation and argue for an intersectional view of job insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compares the pharmaceutical pricing policies employed by public and private insurers in the United States with seven price and spending control strategies employed in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. Differences between American and European policies explain why American pharmaceutical prices and per capita spending are higher than in European nations. The article then analyzes two recent bills as examples of significant American reform ideas--H.R. 3, the Elijah E. Cummings Lower Drug Costs Now Act (introduced in 2019) and the Build Back Better Act (BBBA, introduced in 2021)--and compares them with European cost control strategies. Key drug price provisions of the BBBA were incorporated into the recently enacted Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). H.R. 3 would have used an international (mostly European) price index to cap U.S. prices, the BBBA would cap Medicare prices at a discount from average U.S. market prices. Neither bill would employ the key cost control strategies that European nations do. Both bills would have significantly less impact on prices than legislation that employs European-style cost controls. This article proposes steps that Congress could take in line with European strategies to lower purchase prices and costs for patients. These measures would have to overcome political obstacles that currently stymie reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collective action for other groups, such as men's action for women, has usually been analysed as social protest advancing equality of disadvantaged groups. In the current research we extend collective action literature by applying SIMCA predictors—identity, injustice, efficacy—to investigate action in support of an advantaged group (women's action for men) and by distinguishing its progressive and reactionary forms. Across three online samples of women (Study 1: N = 1825 US; Study 2: N = 679 UK; Study 3: N = 429 US), we show that support for reactionary action reinforcing male privilege is associated with outgroup identification and outgroup injustice. Conversely, progressive action supporting men in adopting egalitarian gender roles is associated with outgroup identification, outgroup‐focused efficacy, and ingroup injustice. Importantly, some of these associations depend on the content of outgroup‐focused variables. We discuss the implications of our findings for collective action and gender research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The voices of children and adolescents have historically been substituted by the perspective of adults. There is growing recognition that children (<18 years old) are able to participate in research and appreciate the opportunity to participate in studies. Aim: To share the strategies employed by two research teams from USA and UK, who have successfully recruited children living with parental life-limiting illness as research participants. Findings: The researchers overcame common challenges when negotiating ethics committees by anticipating the IRB/REC concerns, providing the committees with detailed applications including distress protocols, and offering resources to their ethics committee to learn about conducting research with this population. The researchers navigated recruitment and gatekeeping by clinicians and parents by partnering with clinical agencies and nurturing relationships with practitioners who are supportive of the research, offering to present the findings of the study with continuing education credits, and developing children's, adolescents' and parents' project advisory groups to support recruitment, data collection and analysis. Conclusions: Simple strategies can be used to overcome barriers to recruitment, providing opportunities for children to be research participants and for their unique perspectives to be heard in palliative care research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding users' individual differences may provide clues to help identify computer users who are prone to act insecurely. We examine factors that impact home users' reported computer security behaviour. We conducted two online surveys with a total of 650 participants to investigate the relationship between self-reported security behaviour and users' knowledge, motivation, confidence, risk propensity and sex-typed characteristics. We found that all of these factors impacted security behaviour, with knowledge as the most important predictor. We further show that a user's affinity to feminine or masculine characteristics is a better determinant of security behaviour than using binary male/female descriptors. Our study enabled us to confirm earlier results in the literature in a non-organisational setting, and to extend the literature by studying additional factors and by comparing the relative importance of each factor as a predictor of security behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The journal, Higher Education (HE), was established in 1972 and is currently one of the leading international journals in higher education studies. By using bibliometric techniques, a systematic review, and a social network analysis, this review article provides an overview of the main patterns of publications in HE during its history. The findings show that (i) the volume of articles has been continuously increasing, with a particular marked uplift since 2007; (ii) while single-authored articles have dominated the publication pattern, collaborative articles have shown a particular growth over the last decade; (iii) the USA, the UK, and Australia have dominated the journal in terms of the number of articles, international collaboration, and the most prolific authors; (iv) while Chinese authors have become more evident, there has been a near-absence of contributions from Latin America, Eastern Europe, and most of Africa; (v) in the entire history of HE, there has been a gender imbalance (in favour of male authors) across the most cited articles, but this pattern has changed in the last decade and; (vi) both teaching and learning and system policy have been key research themes in the journal although internationalisation and the student experience have recently gained traction. These patterns of publication in HE, with their imbalances and absences, suggest several challenges ahead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multi-wave study across two months tested changes in motivation for staying at home at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak in the UK and US in 683 living-alone older adults (mean age = 53 years), those that might experience greater psychological costs of being isolated for long periods of time. The study was focused on changes in two types of motivation: autonomous motivation- finding importance in the task of staying at home, and controlled motivation- staying at home because of felt pressure or choicelessness, as autonomous motivation predicts effective behavior change better than controlled motivation, especially long-term. Predictions grounded in self-determination theory (SDT) tested whether three motivating aspects of messages to stay at home from governmental and public health agencies, physicians, the news, and family and friends predicted changes in these motivations across time. Perceiving messages to stay at home as controlling predicted increases in controlled motivation and decreases in autonomous motivation over two months. Conversely, perceiving messages to stay at home as autonomy supportive predicted increases in autonomous motivation over two months. Results for mandated orders to stay at home were intriguing: they related to increases in both controlled and autonomous motivations over time. Exploratory analyses revealed that increases in autonomous motivation over time predicted actual time spent at home reported at Wave 2, whereas increases in controlled motivation did not relate. Discussion focuses on contributions to theory and public health messaging about behavioral change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objective: Despite the increase in global research on open fractures, which continue to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, seriously affecting the health and quality of life of patients, there has not been any bibliometric research on this subject. The aim of this study was to make a holistic analysis of scientific articles published on the subject of open fractures using bibliometric methods. Methods: Articles published on the subject of open fractures between 1980 and 2021 were downloaded from the Web of Science (WoS) database, and were analysed using various statistical methods. Network visualisation maps were used to determine international collaborations and trend topics, and citation analyses to determine the most effective studies. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to determine correlations, and exponential smoothing predictors to estimate the number of articles to be published in the next 5 years. Results: A total of 1742 articles were analysed. The 3 countries making the greatest contribution to literature were the USA (591, 33.9%), UK (219, 12.5%) and Germany (132, 7.5%). The most active author was Bhandari M. (n = 22). The 3 most productive institutions were determined to be the University of California System (n = 57), University of Washington (31), and Harborview Medical Center (29). The most active journal was Injury (n = 143). Conclusion: According to the analysis applied to identify trend topics, the topics most studied in recent years were determined to be surgical site infection, orthoplastics, intramedullary nail, Masquelet technique, BOAST, bone healing, closed reduction, classification, outcomes, and lower limb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a long history of regarding marginalised groups as unfit to parent and of eugenic policies targeting those with 'undesirable' bodily conditions or behaviours. This is part of a broader pattern of stratified reproduction – structural conditions that enable or discourage certain groups from reproducing – that often brings about and exacerbates injustices. This paper critically assesses the US and UK social and medical literature on applying pressure to marginalised groups, or those who have behaved 'irresponsibly', to use long-acting reversible contraception (LARC). Targeting young people for LARC fails to recognise that social inequality is the context for teenage pregnancy, not the result of it. Provider pressure on women of colour to use LARC is linked to institutional racism, whilst policy for those with physical and intellectual disabilities is shaped by disability discrimination. Other groups to be targeted include so-called 'welfare mothers', substance users, those who have had children put into care and offenders. Particularly controversial are cases in which LARC has been ordered by courts. LARC policy incorporating these kind of discriminatory practices needs to stop; future policy should focus on person-centred care that bolsters reproductive justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Physical inactivity rates have remained high worldwide since 2001. Public policies are an essential upstream lever to target individual physical activity (PA) behaviour. However, implementers have different strategies and face implementation challenges that are poorly understood. The present study analyzes the implementation processes of public policies to promote PA in terms of: (i) the policies covered and their legal quality, (ii) the actors and stakeholders involved in the implementation process and (iii) the used implementation strategies (vertical, horizontal or a mix). Methods A scoping review was systematically conducted (registered Open Science Framework: osf.io/7w84q/), searching 10 databases and grey literature until March 2022. Of the 7741 titles and abstracts identified initially, 10 studies were included. Results The current evidence includes high-income countries (USA, n  = 7; UK, New Zealand and Oman, n  = 1 each). Policy areas covered are education (school sector) and PA promotion in general (national PA plans or city-wide approaches). The legal classification ranges from laws (school sector) to coordination and budgeting to non-legally binding recommendations. The jurisdictions covered were federal (n  = 4), state (n  = 1), county (n  = 1), school district (n  = 1) and city (n  = 3). Implementation strategies for city-wide approaches are characterized by a coordinated approach with vertical and horizontal integration; federal PA policies by a mix of implementation strategies; and the school sector by a strict horizontal top-down integration without the involvement of other actors. Conclusion Implementation strategies differ by policy field. Therefore, continuous evaluation of the implementation process is necessary to align policy implementation with policy goals to promote individual PA behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This phenomenological study explored experiences of asexual identified persons within the context of relationships. Thirty-five asexual spectrum identified participants took part in semi-structured interviews that focused on how they viewed themselves and their uniquenesses within relationship dynamics. Queer theory guided the research design and analysis. Findings include a movement towards understanding and experiencing relationships that extend beyond heteronormativity. Themes included: (a) evolving asexual identity development, (b) conscious adapting and communication within relationships, (c) reconsidering amatonormativity, and (d) therapeutic recommendations. Participants identified that their relationships were distinctly different from social expectations; however, overall, partners adapted successfully to these differences with communication and understanding. Findings contribute to a greater competency in asexual identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

E-cigarettes are believed to be less harmful than combustible tobacco. However, e-cigarettes have created divisions in public health: within and between academia, policy and practice. As e-cigarettes proliferate, and public health debates intensify, the best interests of those most at risk of smoking related illness can be lost in the furore. This article draws on 183 open-ended responses to a 2019–2020 questionnaire posted to various online vaping discussion forums to argue that emotion needs to become part of this discussion – particularly the emotional perspectives of vapers. The findings indicated that for many vapers, e-cigarettes are not just another potential harm reduction or alternative nicotine product. For many of the respondents, vaping is a social practice, but also more than this: an affective economy. In this economy, emotions do things, specifically they indicate the boundaries of a vaping community. This community is based on shared experiences of e-cigarettes creating positive new lifeworlds and changes to everyday life. However, it is also based on fears that these new lifeworlds are under threat. The aim of this article is to encourage more acknowledgment of this affective economy in the interests of reducing division and increasing reflexivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emergency evacuation from remote locations is required if the nature of the medical emergency exceeds the on-site capabilities. Shore-based pre-hospital telemedicine can improve diagnosis and treatment decisions. This study shows that the availability of telemedicine offshore significantly reduces the odds of requiring emergency evacuations for medical emergencies. Objectives: This study examines whether the availability of telemedicine on offshore installations reduces medical evacuation rates. Methods: This is a prospective cohort study on offshore platforms in the United States, Malaysia, and the United Kingdom. Emergency evacuation rates were compared between locations with telemedicine (United States) and 2 control groups without telemedicine (Malaysia, United Kingdom). Results: Three hundred eighty-four cases in the telemedicine group and 261 cases in the control groups were included. The odds (adjusted and unadjusted) of medical evacuation were significantly higher for assets without telemedicine, contractors, and age older than 60 years. Analysis indicated a shift from emergency evacuation to routine transport for the telemedicine group. Conclusions: Telemedicine reduces emergency medical evacuations from offshore installations. This reduction is likely due to an increased capacity for transforming emergency care into routine care at the offshore location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To analyse the current scientific knowledge and research lines focused on environmentally sustainable health systems, including the role of nurses. Background: There seem to be differences between creating interventions focused on environmentally sustainable health systems, including nurses, and the scarcity of research on this topic, framed on the Sustainable Development Goals. Methods: A bibliometric analysis was carried out, via three databases (Web of Science, Scopus and Pubmed), and the guideline recommendations were followed to select bibliometric data. Results: The search resulted in 159 publications, significantly increasing the trends from 2017 to 2021 (p =.028). The most relevant countries in this area were the United States, the United Kingdom and Sweden. Also, the top articles were from relevant journals, indexed in Journal Citation Report, and the first and the second quartiles linked to the nursing field and citations (p <.001). Conclusion: Education is key to achieving environmentally sustainable health systems via institutions and policies. Implications for Nursing Management: There is a lack of experimental data and policies on achieving or maintaining environmentally sustainable health care systems, indicating that nurses have an important role and should be consulted and included in decision‐making policies regarding sustainability in the health care systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collective narcissism – a belief in in‐group greatness that is not appreciated by others – is associated with using one's group for personal benefits. Across one pilot and four studies, we demonstrated that collective narcissism predicts readiness to conspire against in‐group members (rmeta‐analysis =.24). In Study 1, conducted in Poland (N = 361), collective narcissism measured in the context of national identity predicted readiness to engage in secret surveillance against one's own country's citizens. In Study 2 (N = 174; pre‐registered), collective narcissism in UK workplace teams predicted intentions to engage in conspiracies against co‐workers. In Study 3 (N = 471; pre‐registered), US national narcissism predicted intentions to conspire against fellow citizens. Furthermore, conspiracy intentions accounted for the relationship between collective narcissism and beliefs in conspiracy theories about the in‐group. Finally, in Study 4 (N = 1064; pre‐registered), we corroborated the link between Polish national narcissism and conspiracy intentions against fellow citizens, further showing that these intentions were only directed towards group members that were perceived as moderately or strongly typical of the national in‐group (but not when perceived in‐group typicality was low). In‐group identification was either negatively related (Studies 1 and 2) or unrelated (Studies 3 and 4) to conspiracy intentions (rmeta‐analysis =.04). We discuss implications for research on conspiracy theories and populism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Information about how newspapers portray antidiabetic medicines to readers is lacking. This study investigated the reporting on antidiabetic medicines in the most widely circulated newspapers published in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US) over a 10-year period. Methods: The Nexis UK database was used to identify and select relevant articles. Systematic content analysis of the articles which met the inclusion criteria (articles of any format that contained reference to antidiabetic medicines) within the highest circulated newspapers in the UK and US between 2009 and 2018 was conducted. Inter-rater reliability of coding was established using a 10% sample of the identified articles. Results: A total of 560 (369 UK and 191 US) relevant newspaper articles were retrieved. In the UK, the number of relevant articles showed a slightly increasing trend over the study period, while in the US, article numbers declined over the study period. Safety/risk of antidiabetic medicines was the most frequent theme covered by the articles (34.6%). Over one-third of the newspaper articles were written from a clinical perspective (37.7%). Insulin was the most commonly discussed class of antidiabetic medicine (23.1%). Control of blood sugar levels (53.1%) and side effects/toxicity (92.7%) were the most frequently reported benefit and risk of antidiabetic medicines, respectively. The most frequently reported organ systems harmed by antidiabetic medicines were the cardiovascular, endocrine and gastrointestinal systems. The UK newspapers were more likely to report the benefits of antidiabetic medicines (p = 0.005), while the US articles were more likely to report on harms/risks (p = 0.001). The majority of relevant articles (91.8%) were judged as having a balanced judgement, while 8.2% of the articles were rated as exaggerated. Conclusions: This study has revealed that antidiabetic medicines are indeed reported on by UK and US newspapers. As media portrayal has the potential to negatively or positively influence patients' views of their medication for diabetes, healthcare professionals should check on patients' beliefs and knowledge about their medication and proactively provide objective and balanced information (including promotion of medication adherence). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the possession of instrumentality (i.e., partner B being useful to partner A's goal pursuit) can facilitate relationship satisfaction, taking an instrumental approach (i.e., A focusing on B's usefulness and seeing B as a tool to facilitate personal goal attainment) is (often) considered as a callous and depersonalized approach to forming relationships. The current research examined whether adopting an exchange orientation amplifies the tendency for people to take an instrumental approach via the motive to maximize self‐gain. Four studies (N = 1446) utilizing samples across different countries, including the United Kingdom, the United States and China, supported this hypothesis. Specifically, during relationship initiation, an exchange (vs. non‐exchange) orientation made participants place higher importance on instrumentality rather than traits facilitating intimacy and bonding (Study 1). For established relationships, participants who chronically adopted an exchange orientation (Study 2) and who were temporarily induced to do so (vs. control; Study 3) were more likely to view their significant other as a tool. The final quasi‐experiment (Study 4) showed that requiring or being required to offer a bride price – an embodiment of exchange orientation – predicted instrumentality in marriage and subsequently impaired relationship satisfaction. Implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Comment begins by examining and comparing the legal framework for deportation and other immigration consequences for convictions of drug offenses in the United States, the European Union, and the United Kingdom. This Comment then looks at the harsh effects of current immigration policy on individuals and marginalized communities. Finally, this Comment argues that immigration law should be reformed to adopt a more humanitarian approach toward non-citizens convicted of drug offenses. Deportation and other harsh immigration consequences for drug offenses levy disproportionately severe punishments toward vulnerable minority immigrant communities, exposing them to consequences much harsher than non-immigrants would face for the same charges. In the United States, drug offenses are often a complete bar to relief from deportation, regardless of a non-citizen’s ties to the country. This Comment argues that the framework developed in the EU can provide some insight into a more compassionate approach toward crime-based deportations, such as the need for individualized humanitarian considerations in making deportation decisions. Ultimately, however, immigration reform should go beyond that framework to provide protections for immigrants to minimize the potentially disastrous effects on immigrants and their families due to deportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The benefits of completing household chores appear to transfer beyond managing day‐to‐day living. It is possible that chore engagement may improve executive functions, as engagement in chores require individuals to plan, self‐regulate, switch between tasks, and remember instructions. To date, little research has been conducted on household chores and executive functions in children, for whom these skills are still developing. Methods: Parents and guardians (N = 207) of children aged 5–13 years (M = 9.38, SD = 2.15) were asked to complete parent‐report questionnaires on their child's engagement in household chores and their child's executive functioning. Results: Results of the regression model indicated that engagement in self‐care chores (e.g., making self a meal) and family‐care chores (e.g., making someone else a meal) significantly predicted working memory and inhibition, after controlling for the influence of age, gender, and presence or absence of a disability. For families with a pet, there was no significant relationship between engagement in pet‐care chores and executive function skills. Conclusion: We strongly recommend that further research explore the relationship between chores and executive functions. It is possible that parents may be able to facilitate their child's executive function development through encouraging participation in chores, whereas chore‐based interventions (e.g., cooking programmes) may also be used to target deficits in ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual consent refers to people's internal willingness to engage in sexual activity with another person—as well as their external communication of that willingness. Internal and external sexual consent can vary by type of sexual behavior; however, previous research on sexual consent has primarily only assessed "typical" sexual behaviors such as genital touching, oral sex, and vaginal–penile sex without providing further context or acknowledging people's sexual diversity. Therefore, we provided an initial account of people's sexual consent—and lack thereof—for a broader array of sexual behaviors and contexts in which they occur. Using an online cross-sectional survey of participants in the United Kingdom and the United States (N = 658, 50.5% women), we examined event-level internal and external sexual consent for 20 sexual behaviors or contexts. Women reported significantly lower levels of sexual consent feelings than men for 12 of the 20 sexual behaviors and lower levels of active consent communication for 7 of them. Almost a third of participants (31.0%) had experienced at least one of the listed sexual behaviors against their will. Of those, participants on average reported nonconsensual experiences with 3.1 of the 20 types of sexual behavior listed, ranging from 1 to 11. More women reported at least one nonconsensual experience with one of the sexual behaviors assessed compared with men (47.9% versus 22.3%, respectively). We discussed several behavior-specific findings regarding sexual consent and the lack thereof. We also made recommendations for initiatives aimed at promoting healthy sexual consent practices: embrace sexual diversity, emphasize sexual agency, and encourage active consent communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty-five percent of women worldwide will face physical or sexual violence. Female students within the United States, United Kingdom, and France are especially vulnerable to sexual assault and harassment due to a lack of protection from their governments. Failing to address the issue of sexual assault in higher education risks disrupting the education of student victims who are disproportionately women. Despite France and the United Kingdom signing the Istanbul Convention and the United States' implementation of Title IX, these three nations have not done enough to prevent sexual misconduct among university-age students. All three nations have varying campus cultures and different methods of funding higher education institutions, but social norms that ignore violence against women and dissuade victims from reporting sexual assault exacerbates the problem. All three nations have taken different approaches to address sexual misconduct in higher education. However, students remain at risk of becoming victims of sexual assault and sexual harassment. Each nation needs consistent, strict, and detailed legislation creating a standard for each higher education institution to protect and support victims of sexual assault, while also preventing such violence from occurring. The United States, United Kingdom, and France must educate students from a young age on the importance of gender equality and consent to begin alleviating the issue of sexual assault in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For individuals living with disabilities, the ability to obtain employment can be challenging. But often it is not the disability itself that causes the challenge, but employers and society's prejudices. While national legislation both in the United States and abroad have attempted to dispel this prejudice through anti-discrimination programs, novel (or reimagined) solutions are needed to proliferate employment for disabled individuals. This Comment explores the history of disability employment across the Atlantic by focusing on how the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom have responded to proliferating employment for disabled individuals. Additionally, this Comment explores both what steps these countries have taken and could take in supporting disabled employees. The Comment concludes by proposing the implementation of a quota system for hiring disabled employees and explores why such a program is rational and legal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychologists are prone to experiences of burnout due to the nature of their work. They are encouraged to engage in reflective practice for gaining self-awareness, such as when their psychological wellbeing is having an impact on their ability to effectively work with clients. This study was the first to investigate the relationships between psychologists' burnout levels and reflective practices. Psychologists from Australia (n = 110) and other countries (n = 10) completed the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), Reflective Practice Questionnaire (RPQ), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale – Short Form (DASS-21) in an online survey. The correlations between the CBI and RPQ scales were examined. Pre-liminary screening revealed the general mental health of the sample was normal. Two of the 10 RPQ domains were correlated with personal-, work-, and/or client-related burnout: Stress Interacting with Clients and Job Satisfaction. This study illuminated the importance of adequate supervision for psychologists to support their ability to manage their workloads, and wellbeing in the workplace. Person-centered and systemic approaches for addressing RP and burnout in the field of psychology are critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Examining the emerging body of evidence investigating what drives physiotherapist's clinical decisions in the management of low back pain can guide future research into identifying barriers and facilitators of their adherence to evidence recommended interventions. Objective: To establish the body of evidence regarding factors that improve or hinder physiotherapists' adherence to high‐value interventions on the management of non‐specific low back pain. Design: Scoping review. Methods: We conducted a Scoping review by searching MEDLINE, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus databases on 13 February 2021. Two reviewers independently screened the retrieved literature and selected articles for inclusion. We included quantitative research that investigated an association between physiotherapists' personal characteristics or setting related characteristics with their clinical management of patients with non‐specific low back pain. Results: Twelve studies reported in 13 publications were included. The majority of the studies were conducted in high‐income countries including, the United States, Canada and UK. Twenty‐six factors were investigated as potentially influencing physiotherapists' adherence to high value interventions in low back pain management. The most commonly examined physiotherapists' attributes were educational qualification that is postgraduate or certification course (58%, N = 7 studies), years of experience (41%, N = 5 studies), and beliefs and attitude about low back pain (41%, N = 5 studies). Work setting (N = 4) and workload (N = 3) were frequently investigated setting related factors. Conclusion: Currently, there is limited evidence available to understand determinants controlling practice behaviours of physiotherapists' management of nonspecific low back pain. Future researches conceptualized within contemporary theories of clinician behaviour change and models of knowledge translation are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article maps and compares four universities' policies and procedures for addressing faculty and staff sexual misconduct in higher education in the UK and US. While universities have engaged in significant work to grapple with student-student sexual misconduct, attention to misconduct perpetrated, and experienced, by higher education employees is relatively nascent. In this paper, we explore the maze of institutional processes and actors that victimsurvivors of FASSM might encounter. We describe what is known about prevalence of FASSM in the US and UK and offer an overview of the policy landscape in both settings. Inspired by Patricia Yancey Martin, we analyze publicly available policy documents on FASSM from two US and two UK universities and map out visually the range of investigative, reporting, and sanctioning processes. We introduce an analytic distinction between an actor and a practitioner within the FASSM context, whereby actors are those tasked with administrative duties in handling sexual misconduct reports, while practitioners are those with specialized knowledge and training that enables them to prioritize victim-survivor needs. These illustrative diagrams suggest that while university employees are tasked to act on reports and disclosures of sexual misconduct, it is difficult to identify specialist practitioners with expertise to support victim-survivors of FASSM. Ultimately, this work provides a deeper understanding of what practice looks like in relation to higher education FASSM, and we outline implications for future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents various Chinese-Christian understandings of the Protestant missions from the U.S. and U.K. in the 1920s. By examining three typical attitudes represented by Zhao Zichen, Li Chunfan, and Zhang Yijing, the author argues that external influences from ideologies – such as nationalism – alone are insufficient to explain the differences among them. Looking closely at what Zhao, Li, and Zhang wrote about the Anti-Christian Movement, it is argued that their inner commitments should be included when accounting for their differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Social engagement is an important active aging strategy to promote older adults' mental health. The purposes of this study were to compare social engagement in older populations around the world and explore associations with mental health outcomes. Materials and methods: An international cross‐sectional survey was conducted from 2017 to 2019. Data were retrieved from The International Social Survey Programme for a secondary data analysis across 30 countries. This study applied the Taxonomy of Social Activities and its six levels as operational definitions for a consistent concept of social engagement for international comparisons. Results: In total, 9403 older adults with a mean age of 72.85 ± 6.40 years responded. The highest levels of older adults' social engagement were found in Switzerland, Thailand, and New Zealand. Older adults of a higher age, with a lower educational level, who were permanently sick or disabled, who had no partner, who were widowed or whose civil partner had died, who lived alone, and who had lower self‐placement in society had significantly lower social engagement than did their counterparts. In the regression model, older adults' social engagement positively predicted general health, self‐accomplishment, and life satisfaction, but negatively predicted loneliness and depression. Conclusions: In aging societies worldwide, encouraging older adults' social engagement would be beneficial to promote mental health. Implications for nursing practice and health policies: Community professional nurses can develop strategies of social engagement based on the needs and sociodemographic factors of older adults to improve their mental health. Developing efficient strategies and local policies by learning from successful experiences in other countries is important to promote social engagement in aging societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In April 2018, Sir John Kingman was asked by the Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) of the United Kingdom (UK) to undertake an independent review of the Financial Reporting Council. The Kingman review which was published in December 2018 made recommendations for a major overhaul of the UK corporate financial reporting and audit regulations. A key recommendation made in the Kingman review is that the UK should consider introducing tougher regulation in respect of listed companies' internal controls, similar to that applying in the United States (US) under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX). This article is written against such background and examines what lessons and experiences can regulators and companies in the UK learn from the other side of the Atlantic in strengthening internal controls. It seeks to recommend what measures UK regulators and companies can adopt to prepare themselves for the likely introduction of a SOX-style regime of internal controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers how three jurisdictions, Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom, have sought to reconcile freedom of religion with equality rights, particularly in the commercial context, and particularly in relation to sexual orientation. The recent decisions of the United Kingdom Supreme Court and United States Supreme Court form the backdrop for that discussion. It is argued that the former made piecemeal, and misleading, use of American case law, and a fuller consideration of that jurisdiction's position was warranted, and would have led to a different view of the recent American decision. It argues that the United Kingdom Supreme Court was in error in viewing a message on a cake ordered from a baker as an example of the baker's expression, leading it to an incorrect conclusion at odds with statutory mandates in the commercial sphere around refusals of service. Both high court decisions risk undermining progress on the equality front. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Internet-delivered psychological treatments were developed more than 20 years ago, and tinnitus was among the first target conditions. The aim of this review article is to describe the history of Internet treatments for tinnitus and to comment on the evidence base. Challenges for future research and implementations will be mentioned. Method: A narrative historical review was conducted. Findings: There are now several studies including controlled trials on Internet interventions based on cognitive behavior therapy (ICBT) for tinnitus. Effects in controlled trials are moderate to large with regard to tinnitus annoyance. While the treatment format now exists in four languages, there is a large treatment versus demand gap as very few clients with tinnitus receive ICBT. There is a lack of research on related conditions with the exception of hearing loss. However, there is substantial support for Internet interventions for comorbid conditions such as insomnia and depression but not specifically in association with tinnitus. Conclusions: ICBT is a promising treatment approach for tinnitus and will hopefully increase access to evidence-based treatment to reduce tinnitus distress. More research is needed for related conditions such as hyperacusis and larger trials on tinnitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have long known the Narrative of North Carolina writer and activist Moses Roper, first published in London in 1837. This article uses newly discovered sources and the multiple editions of the Narrative to reconstitute the biography of this first fugitive slave abolitionist to lecture in Ireland and Britain. It explores Roper's interactions with British abolitionists, especially prominent Baptist ministers Francis A. Cox and Thomas Price. Roper's indisputable witness to the horrors of American slavery played a crucial role in refocusing British and Irish attention from the completed task of West Indian emancipation to the looming work yet to be done in the United States. Supporting Roper's independence, in both his campaigning and his creation of his own British family, proved too much for the British abolitionist establishment, resulting in Roper being cast out and a major opportunity to lead on matters of transatlantic moral consequence lost. More significantly, African American voice was denied its authority and a platform from which to speak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taoism and Confucianism both exited simultaneously as philosophies of living in dynastic China. Although there has been an increasing popularity in scientometric studies, religion and health (R&H) literature lacks a holistic evaluation investigating articles relevant to Taoism and Confucianism. All publications produced in Taoism and Confucianism literature and indexed in Web of Science (WoS) databases between 1975 and 2018 were included in this study. Database search on health and Taoism literature retrieved 199 documents from WoS databases. Main research areas were Psychology, Religion and Behavioral Sciences (24.121, 21.608 and 20.603, respectively). The USA ranked first with 38 papers followed China, Taiwan and the UK (n = 35, 20 and 6 documents, respectively). Hong Kong Polytechnic University from China was the most contributor institution in health and Taoism literature. A total of 448 documents were published in health and Confucianism literature between 1975 and 2018, and original articles covered 93.08% of all literature. China was leading country with 126 articles followed by the USA, South Korea and Taiwan (n = 97, 35 and 35 items, respectively). The most productive institutions were City University of Hong Kong (China), Karolinska Institute (Sweden) and University of Hong Kong (China). Researchers from developing and least developed countries should be encouraged to carry out novel scientometric studies in R&H literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Publications are an important component of academic careers. Aims: We investigated the financial costs to authors for submitting and publishing manuscripts in gastroenterology (GI) journals in the United States (US), United Kingdom (UK), and elsewhere. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out from 11/1/2020 to 12/31/2020. We used the SCImago Journal and Country Rankings site to compile a list of gastroenterology and hepatology journals to analyze. We gathered information on the journals' Hirsch indices (h indices), SCImago Journal Rank (SJR), Impact Factor (IF), and base countries as of 2019, processing and publication fees, open access fees, time to first decision, and time from acceptance to publication. We used t-testing and linear regression modeling to evaluate the effect of geography and journal quality metrics on processing fees and times. Results: We analyzed 97 GI journals, of which 51/97 (52.6%) were based in the US/UK while the other 46/97 (47.4%) were based elsewhere. The mean IF (5.67 vs 3.53, p = 0.08), h index (90.5 vs 41.8, p < 0.001), and SJR (1.82 vs 0.83, p < 0.001) for the US/UK journals were higher than those for non-US/UK journals. We also found that 11/51 (21.6%) of US/UK journals and 15/46 (32.6%) of non-US/UK journals had mandatory processing and publication fees. These tended to be significantly larger in the US/UK group than in the non-US/UK group (USD 2380 vs USD 1470, p = 0.04). Conclusions: Publication-related fees may preclude authors from smaller or socioeconomically disadvantaged institutions and countries from publishing and disseminating their work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary: This article reports on an updated systematic review and meta‐analysis of the effects of street lighting interventions on crime in public places. Following Campbell Collaboration guidelines, it uses robust criteria for inclusion of studies, comprehensive search strategies to identify eligible studies, a detailed protocol for coding key study characteristics, and rigorous methods for analyzing studies. A total of 21 studies met the inclusion criteria, originating in four countries (United States, United Kingdom, Brazil, and South Korea) and covering almost 50 years (1974–2021). The review finds that street lighting interventions are associated with a significant desirable effect on total crime (14% reduction in treatment areas compared with comparable control areas); desirable effects are greater in studies that measured both night and day crimes than in studies that only measured night crimes; and street lighting is followed by a significant reduction in property crimes, but not in violent crimes. Policy Implications: Compared to past years, it would seem that an even stronger case can be made today for street lighting interventions to be part of crime‐prevention policy. A larger body of high‐quality evaluation research, implemented in a range of high‐crime public places, some evidence of value for money, and a continued desirable impact on crime, especially property crime, all point to the policy relevance of street lighting interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adhesion contracts have a strong likelihood of being unconscionable. The laws and principles are further complicated by the introduction of electronic contracts, specifically electronic consumer contracts. The paper touches upon the duty to read doctrine in contracts and electronic contracts. While the doctrine of unconscionability has evolved it has been playing catch up with the demands of consumers. This paper compares the application of this doctrine in the United States (US), the United Kingdom (UK), and India. The paper also proposes recommendations for consumers and the development of laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This review aimed to evaluate the quality of medicalinformation online for patients relating to vulvodynia. To our knowledge no evaluation of online patient information exists regarding vulvodynia and, at present, there is no standardized or validated method of evaluating medical information on the internet. Methods: A clearly defined protocol was developed to generate keywords relating to vulvodynia. The three most popular search engines worldwide; google.com, yahoo.com, and bing.com, were searched in September 2020. Three assessors evaluated eligible webpages for accuracy, credibility, readability, and reliability. Results: Forty‐five webpages were eligible with 38% given HON certification or Information Standard approval. Only one webpage achieved a DISCERN score of ≥63 indicating excellent reliability. No webpages scored a maximum 10 points for credibility. Eleven percent of webpages were rated "accurate" with score 17 or above. The modal Flesch Kincaid Grade Level was 9 with only 15.6% having a readability grade level of 8 or less. Conclusions: It has been shown in previous studies that patient information available online pertaining to gynecological conditions is frequently inaccurate, with limited regulation and low reliability, and our findings are in agreement with this. As patients increasingly look to the internet for medical information and education, we as clinicians, need to ensure the resources available are of a high standard and regulated. Without ensuring safe and effective healthcare resources, we risk misinformation which can negatively impact clinical care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite guidelines recommending the evaluation of adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) as a part of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk assessment in women, there is limited awareness of this issue in health care professionals. We sought to evaluate the extent of this gap in knowledge. Methods: An online study using a standardized questionnaire was advertised through newsletters and websites of professional organizations. After a low response rate, the link to the survey was announced on Twitter and via personal email invitations. Differences between groups of respondents were evaluated with z-tests of proportion. Results: Out of 446 complete responses, there were 315 cardiologists and 112 obstetricians and gynecologists (OBGyns). There was an >90% awareness of association of adverse maternal outcomes with gestational hypertension and gestational diabetes with ASCVD, but only <60% awareness of association of adverse maternal outcomes with preterm birth. There were significant differences in ASCVD risk assessment and awareness of the association of APOs with adverse outcomes between cardiologists and OBGyns, and between female and male cardiologists. A greater proportion of female cardiologists thought that the guidelines recommended annual follow-up for high-risk women. Conversely, a greater proportion of male cardiologists were unsure of the frequency of follow-up of such women in the relevant guidelines. A higher proportion of U.K. respondents thought that women with high-risk pregnancies should never be screened for cardiovascular disease postpartum compared with U.S. respondents. Conclusions: In a self-selected group of health care professionals interested in women's cardiovascular health, there remains a large gap in knowledge and awareness of the association of APOs with ASCVD risk, in particular, a lack of awareness of the association of ASCVD risk with preterm delivery. Specific target groups for improving knowledge regarding these sex-specific risk enhancers include male cardiologists and health care professionals practicing in the United Kingdom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Diabetes Prevention Program (NDPP) offers lifestyle change education to adults at risk for diabetes across the United States, but its reach is curbed due, in part, to limitations of traditional in-person programs. Diabetes Prevention Programs (DPPs) that are fully digital may increase reach by overcoming these barriers. The aim of this research was to examine the reach of Lark's DPP, a fully digital artificial-intelligence-powered DPP. This study assessed geographic features and demographic characteristics of a sample of Lark DPP commercial health plan members with complete data (N = 16,327) and compared several demographic features with a large composite sample of members from DPPs across the nation (NDPP; N = 143,489) and a National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) sample of prediabetic adults in the United States (NHIS; N = 2118). Examination of the Lark DPP sample revealed that 24.4% of members lived in rural areas, 30.8% lived in whole county health professional shortage areas, and only 7.6% of members lived in a zip code with an in-person DPP. When comparing the Lark sample with the NDPP and NHIS samples, Lark DPP enrollees tended to be younger and have a higher body mass index (BMI) (p's < 0.001). Lark provides convenient access to a DPP for individuals living in hard-to-reach areas who may face barriers to participating in in-person or telephonic DPPs or who prefer a digital program. Compared with the NDPP sample, Lark is also reaching younger and higher BMI users, who are traditionally difficult to enroll and have a high need for intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interactions in the healthcare system today involve an important new set of actors: evaluative health platforms (EHPs). These platforms are not neutral intermediaries, but active moderators of how patients express opinions, choose providers, and consume health-related information. This paper adds to our understanding of the varied and evolving commercial interests of EHPs and the implications these have for patient voice. We analyze 71 platforms in the USA, UK, and Germany and identify five ideal types: subscribers, analyzers, advertisers, regulators, and scammers. Each platform type enacts a unique competitive strategy through an evaluative infrastructure which constrains but also generates possibilities for patient voice. Based on our typology, we develop three contributions. First, we nuance universalizing claims about the consequences of platform capitalism by specifying the diverse strategies underpinning competition between EHPs in different countries, and showing how each strategy leads evaluative infrastructures to develop in ways that impact patient voice. Second, we show how patients can navigate the challenges of a complex EHP space by exercising their ability to choose between platforms. Finally, we outline the conditions platforms need to fulfil to become empowering. Overall, this study highlights the varied and complex relationship between platform business models and user voice, which exists not only in healthcare, but also in many other fields. • Typology of evaluative health platforms (EHPs) in the US, the UK, and Germany. • EHP business models and content moderation techniques vary considerably. • EHPs have a wide range of implications for patient voice. • More transparency and competition can help platforms increase patient empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: There has been some debate about the choice of perspective and the age of the child considered when completing preference elicitation tasks in the 3-level version of EQ-5D-Y (EQ-5D-Y-3L) valuation protocol. This study aimed to clarify the impact on latent scale EQ-5D-Y-3L values of varying the age of the child experiencing the health state considered by respondents completing the discrete choice experiment (DCE) tasks of the protocol.Methods: We conducted an online DCE with a representative sample of 1000 adults in the United Kingdom and 1000 adults in the United States. Respondents selected the health state they prefer from a series of DCE paired EQ-5D-Y-3L health state comparisons using their own perspective and that of a hypothetical child from the following age groups: "5-7 years old," "8-10 years old," "11-13 years old," and "14-15 years old." Data analysis was conducted using separate multinomial logit models for each perspective and country. We also estimated combined models including data from each possible pair of perspectives and used interactions between EQ-5D-Y-3L levels and perspective to determine whether any differences were statistically significant.Results: No statistically significant differences in coefficients between perspectives were found in the United States. In the United Kingdom, there were differences between the own perspective and the 5 to 7 years old perspective (looking after myself level 3) and between the 5 to 7 years old perspective and the 8 to 10 years old perspective (usual activities level 3).Conclusions: Our results suggest that there is minimal impact on latent scale values when using different ages of the hypothetical child in the current EQ-5D-Y-3L valuation protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to the theoretical discussion of the historical legitimacy of single mothers by examining the construction of relationships between single motherhood and welfare policy. Specifically, the study analyses the changing discourse regarding single mothers, and the social policy designed for them, in the US, UK and Israel from the 1970s to the 2000s. These three countries are similar in terms of the embeddedness, extension and institutionalization of neoliberal ideology in their welfare policies and public discourse, together with welfare legislation affecting single mothers, yet they differ in terms of policy implementation and the history of policy development. The study examines institutional intersectionality along with cultural perceptions of single mothers in each country. Looking at both the development and the withdrawal of social rights over time, we deepen understanding of how the image of the single mother is created in the neoliberal welfare regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution outlines a case for reconsidering US history in the nineteenth century. The standard approach tells the "story of the nation" after 1783 from an internal standpoint that minimizes external connections. Historians of empire, however, distinguish between formal and effective independence and trace the lines of continuity that lead from one to the other. If applied to the newly decolonized United States, this perspective reveals that important ties of commerce, finance, politics, and culture with the former colonial power remained both vibrant and persistent. Some contemporaries formulated alternatives that would reduce Britain's informal influence; others cooperated with what would later be called neocolonialism. The ensuing debate set out arguments and policies that were to be carried forward into the twentieth century. Effective independence, defined as the recovery of key aspects of sovereignty, was not achieved until the late nineteenth century, after the Civil War, and when industrialization increased the power and confidence of the newly united nation. This argument suggests that existing studies need revising to recognize that the United States was the first important decolonized state in what was becoming the modern world; as such, it was the precursor of states in other parts of the world that were to follow its lead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Preventing oral health problems can be crucial for maintaining physical independence in older adults. We aimed to examine the associations of a range of oral health problems with incidence of disability in older adults. Methods: We used prospective data from the British Regional Health Study (BRHS) (N = 2147, 71–92 years), and the Health, Aging and Body Composition (HABC) study (USA) (N = 3075, 71–80 years). Oral health measures included tooth loss, periodontal disease, self‐rated oral health, and self‐reported dry mouth. Participants were followed for onset of disability over a follow‐up period of 3 years. Onset of disability was assessed through new cases of mobility limitations, activities of daily living (ADL), and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). Logistic regression was performed to calculate the odds of incident disability. Results: In the BRHS, tooth loss was associated with greater odds of mobility limitations and ADL difficulties. Periodontal disease was associated with greater incidence of mobility limitations. Self‐report of ≥3 dry mouth symptoms was associated with increased odds of incident mobility limitations and ADL difficulties (OR = 2.08, 95% CI 1.27–3.42; OR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.03–2.90). Fair/poor self‐rated oral health was associated with greater incidence of IADL difficulties. In the HABC study, complete tooth loss was associated with greater incidence of mobility limitations (OR = 1.86, 95% CI 1.13–3.06), and fair/poor self‐rated oral health was associated with increased odds of incident ADL difficulties (OR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.04–1.94). Conclusions: Oral health problems in older adults, particularly tooth loss, self‐reported dry mouth and self‐rated oral health were associated with greater incidence of disability. Poor oral health plays a potentially important role in the development of disability in older populations, which in turn is an essential part of quality of life and healthy aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is minimal research about the military-to-civilian transition (MCT) from the perspective of the family. The goal of this scoping review was to identify what is known about military families across the Five Eyes Nations (FVEY) (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States) during this phase as well as identify gaps in the evidence base. Scoping review methods were employed with a narrative review process to conceptualize and organize results. The initial search returned 2,219 sources. From these, 27 sources about military family experiences during MCT were identified. Overall, there was limited research on this topic with the majority of sources being from gray literature. A contributing factor to this lack of literature could be the conflation of the MCT with other military transitions (i.e. deployments). Sources highlighted four major themes that influenced identified needs and current services for military families during MCT: (1) mental health; (2) barriers to care; (3) financial needs; and (4) targeted transition support. The limited literature documents promising family skills-based interventions during MCT. However, there is a need for more empirical research on existing family-based interventions and experiences and needs of the family as a unit during MCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the clinical phenotype of patients with chronic migraine (CM) to patients with new daily persistent headache of the chronic migraine subtype (NDPH‐CM). Methods: A study was conducted of CM (n = 257) and NDPH‐CM (n = 76) from a tertiary headache center in the UK, and in the US of patients with daily CM (n = 60) and NDPH‐CM (n = 22). Results: From the UK cohort, the age of first headache onset was lower in CM (mean ± SD: 16 ± 12 years) than in NDPH‐CM (mean ± SD: 23 ± 14 years; p < 0.001). There was a greater number of associated migrainous symptoms in CM compared to NDPH‐CM (median and interquartile range: 6, 5–8 vs. 5, 4–7; p < 0.001). A family history of headache was more common in CM compared to NDPH‐CM (82%, 202/248, vs. 53%, 31/59; p < 0.001). In the US cohort there were no differences. Osmophobia (B = −1.08; p = 0.002) and older age at presentation to the clinic (B = −0.06; p = 0.001) were negative predictors of NDPH‐CM. Conclusion: NDPH‐CM is relatively less migrainous than CM in the UK cohort. Family history of headache is less common in NDPH‐CM, with negative predictors for NDPH‐CM including osmophobia and older age of presentation to the clinic. More work is required to understand the chronic migraine phenotype of new daily persistent headache. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on counterterrorism efforts in the U.S., with a particular emphasis on the lack of a standardized definition of terrorism within the country's statutory framework. It highlights the challenges posed by this lack of a unified definition and explores how it affects the prosecution and classification of terrorist acts. It also discusses the funding and resources dedicated to counterterrorism in the U.S. and compares it to other industrialized nations like Canada and the UK.

The traditional competency frameworks for coaches, the International Coaching Federation (ICF) and the European Mentoring and Coaching Council (EMCC) disregard the differences in expertise required among the diverse professions that may provide coaching. A recent systematic review has identified competencies specific to health professionals who health coach. There are increasing workload pressures in primary care; pharmacists can potentially shift to the greater provision of health promotion services, such as health coaching. The provision of such services needs to be underpinned by competency frameworks, which support the role of pharmacists as health coaches. This analysis identifies the competency gaps for pharmacists if they are to take on the role of health coaching. The enabling competencies of health coaches were compared to the competency frameworks of pharmacists from Australia (AUS), Canada (CAN), New Zealand (NZ), the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States of America (USA). Correlations between the international pharmacist competency frameworks and the competencies enabling health coaching showed that entry to practice pharmacists from AUS, CAN and NZ all require training enabling the health coaching competency 'demonstrates confidence', whereas competency frameworks for pharmacists from both the UK and the USA included all competencies required to health coach. Although pharmacists from the countries examined had most of the competencies required to health coach, gaps within the international pharmacist competency frameworks were apparent, university curricula addressing these gaps would equip entry to practice pharmacists with the knowledge and understanding to confidently provide emerging professional pharmacy services such as health coaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]