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Turkey's rapid population and economic growth have caused a significant increase in energy demand over the last two decades. As a result, a process of evaluating alternative energy strategies and policies was required to be formulated carefully along with the country's longer-term decarbonisation aims. Although Turkey's considerable renewable energy potential exists, its dependency on foreign energy and its dramatically depreciating currency have been the main drivers of revisions to these renewable energy-related policies. This paper aims to demonstrate and evaluate all the strategies and challenges of Turkey's green steps toward a sustainable future. Sustainable developments of many developed countries have been examined and compared to assess Turkish strategies and significant policies that have been taken. As findings, it has been revealed that policy revisions regarding the use of domestic technology in green power plants decelerate investments for a short time. However, it has been found that renewable energy patent applications have declined, although domestic technology in green energy plants has been promoted through these policy revisions. As a result of this dilemma, the quality and effectiveness of green research and development (R&D) in Turkey have been investigated and then benchmarked with most leading countries. It has been observed that there is no correlation and relation between the patent application and the articles on renewable energy. Therefore, the paper has provided insight into new policies and strategies to enhance the productivity of R&D for both Turkey and developing similar countries. Consequently, potential measures to increase Turkey's green energy use and production are discussed and proposed systematically, considering those findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is an important alternative energy source in terms of both sustainable growth and climate change. In this paper, the causality nexus between renewable energy consumption and economic growth is analyzed in 15 emerging countries covering the period from 1990 to 2015. The paper adopts the bootstrap panel causality test which is developed by (Kónya, Econ Model 23:978–992, 2006) to consider the cross-sectional dependence. The results of (Kónya, Econ Model 23:978–992, 2006) prove the validity of the neutrality hypothesis in all countries. Then, we analyze asymmetric causality among the variables. Asymmetric test denotes a causality from negative shocks of economic growth to negative shocks of renewable energy consumption in South Africa, Thailand, and Turkey. Thus, a negative shock in economic growth hampers renewable energy consumption in these countries. Our results demonstrate the consequences of the application of disaggregated data in the analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, interest in industrialisation has increased again, and reindustrialisation policies have begun to be discussed. Because empirical and theoretical evidence indicates that industrialisation plays a significant role in economic growth and development. Nevertheless, studies analysing the factors affecting industrialisation are limited. In consequence, the main purpose of this paper is to analyse the dynamics of industrialisation in Türkiye over the period 1990-2020. For this purpose, the effects of foreign direct investments (FDI), trade globalisation, and renewable energy, which are thought to affect industrialisation significantly, are investigated. The ARDL bounds test, and the Toda-Yamamoto (1995) causality test are employed in this respect. The findings prove that FDI, trade globalisation, and renewable energy consumption positively impact industrialisation in the long-run. At the same time, Toda-Yamamoto's (1995) causality test results indicate a unidirectional causality from FDI to industrialisation, bidirectional causality between renewable energy and industrialisation and no causality between trade globalisation and industrialisation. In this regard, for sustainable industrialisation, effective policies are necessary for FDI, trade globalisation, and renewable energy. In addition, FDI inflows should be directed to specific sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming has become the center of worldwide environmental concerns, especially in recent years. One of the ways to deal with global warming that causes climate change is to adopt the renewable energy power technique. Different renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, ocean, geothermal, and bioenergy are currently the backbone of green and sustainable economic growth. However, renewable energy sites are directly or indirectly dependent on environmental, social, and technical criteria.The main objective of this paper is to identify potential best renewable energy site alternatives using the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) and Geographical Information systems (GIS). Thus, the framework formed by the findings will guide investors in the renewable energy sector. The results showed that suitable areas for solar and wind were mainly located in the Hatay and Mersin of the Eastern Mediterranean Region in Turkey. The energy suitability site maps indicate that 8% (3.42 km2) and 3.39% (1554 km2) of the total study area have suitability and very suitability for solar and wind energy respectively. Moreover, it is seen that 44.82% (20,689km2) of the regions are the same when suitable and very suitable regions are overlaid for the installation of solar and wind energy sites. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate model performance. The area under the curve (AUC) values are calculated 0.87 and 0.95 for solar and wind energy, respectively. Relying on realistic data, this paper proposes an innovative method to identify suitable areas for solar and wind power plants. The maps obtained to contribute to renewable energy production will be useful for creating future strategies in the Mediterranean region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is an indispensable requirement for the sustainable development of countries. Turkey has been trying to increase the use of renewable sources in electricity energy production with the policies it has implemented recently. This study investigates the effect of disaggregate energy consumption on economic growth in Turkey via the Augmented ARDL. Robust results are obtained by Augmented ARDL in econometric analysis. In this context, it is to examine the impact of renewable energy, natural gas, and coal consumption. Considering the 2001 crisis in Turkey, we add a dummy variable to the cointegration equation. The paper employs the recently developed augmented ARDL approach in the presence of one structural break to investigate annual time series data during the period 1988–2018. The results obtained in this study showed that all variables were statistically significant eventually. Long-term estimation results suggest that among the energy sources examined in the study, on economic growth has a positive effect coal consumption, natural gas consumption, and renewable energy. Moreover, empirical results indicated that economic growth and energy consumption also contribute to environmental damage. On the contrary, natural gas both increases economic growth and is effective in increasing environmental quality. The fact that the positive effect of renewable energy sources on economic growth eventually is greater than natural gas is the most striking finding of the study. In line with these results, it can be said that Turkey can reduce its energy dependence by increasing the use of domestic and renewable energy sources and providing sustainable economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the impact of renewable energy consumption, total factor productivity (TFP), income, imports, and exports on consumption-based CO2 emissions in Turkey from 1990 to 2019, utilizing the Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) method. The findings indicated that the use of renewable energy, total factor productivity and exports negatively influence CO2 emissions. On the other hand, the positive impact of income and imports on CO2 emissions was found. The negative impact of renewable energy consumption and total factor productivity highlights the importance of implementing environmentally friendly measures in the energy sector (particularly raising the proportion of renewable energy in overall energy consumption) and technological innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large part of the electricity generation is from imported fossil fuels, which makes Turkey heavily dependent on fossil fuels. For this reason, Turkey aims to increase the ratio of renewable energy resources in the total installed power. Among renewable resources, Turkey's wind energy potential is very high. Although the onshore wind power installed capacity has increased significantly in the last ten years in Turkey, offshore wind energy deployment has not gained satisfactory attention even though the country is surrounded by seas on three of its sides. Therefore, the installation of Turkey's first offshore wind farm, which will be established by the Turkish government was accelerated by opening a tender in 2018. Three potential candidate regions were identified, two located in the Aegean Sea and one in the Black Sea. This paper performs a comprehensive techno-economic analysis of offshore wind farm projects in identified three regions. It was calculated that the total offshore wind power capacity at the specified sites is 3,329.4 MW. In addition, offshore regions were compared in the scope of the methods used in the economic analysis. In this context, the best results an obtained in the Saros OWF region. This study aims to contribute scientifically to the region's offshore wind energy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the literature on energy and environmental economics, it is generally acknowledged that renewable energy can improve environmental quality; however, certain papers suggest that an optimal level of the usage of renewable energy sources may exist. Consequently, the utilization of renewable energy sources can result in environmental degradation up to a certain threshold. Then, environmental quality can be enhanced through the continued application of renewables. This indicates that the link between renewable energy and environmental devastation is inverted U-shaped. This paper presents empirical evidence concerning this possible association between renewable energy and environmental destruction in Türkiye, a country where fossil energy predominates in the energy mix. Additionally, the paper investigates the environmental influences of natural resource rents and schooling. This study utilizes annual data from 1971 to 2020 and implements time series methodologies that rely on the Fourier approximation. The paper thus accounts for an undetermined quantity of structural breaks. The results suggest that an inverted U-shaped link occurs between renewable energy and environmental destruction, signifying renewable energy initially contributes to a diminution in environmental quality before subsequently improving it. Additionally, environmental quality is positively associated with natural resource rents and negatively associated with schooling, according to the findings. Furthermore, the findings reveal that schooling worsens the combined effect of renewable energy on environmental degradation. These conclusions are discussed in the paper. [Display omitted] • A nonlinear pattern exists between renewable energy and the environment. • Natural resource rents decrease environmental destruction. • Schooling increases environmental destruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind is a stochastic and intermittent renewable energy source. Due to its nature, it is extremely hard to forecast wind power. Accurate wind power forecasting can be encouraging and motivating for investors to shed light on future uncertainties caused by global warming. Thus, CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHG) which are harmful to the environment will not be released into the atmosphere, while generating electrical energy. This paper presents a novel precise, fast and powerful hybrid metaheuristic wind power forecasting approach based on statistical and mathematical data from real weather stations. The model was developed as a hybrid metaheuristic algorithm based on artificial neural networks (ANNs), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and radial movement optimization (RMO). Real-time wind data was gathered from wind measuring stations (WMS) at two separate places in Burdur and Osmaniye cities, Turkey. The key contribution of this new model is the ability to perform wind power forecasting studies, without needing wind speed data, with high accuracy and rapid solutions. Also, wind power forecasting studies with high accuracy have been carried out despite the height differences between the sensors. That is, for WMS-1 and WMS-2, it has succeeded the wind power forecasting at 61 m and 60.3 m using temperature (3 m), humidity (3 m) and pressure (3.5 m) data. The performance results were presented in tables and graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey is a developing country with rising energy demands. Energy access is one of the key parameters to sustain the development, since the country meets a considerable part of energy demands by imported fossil fuels. Distributed photovoltaic power generation (DPPG) is one of the sustainable solutions to increase renewable energy sources (RES) shares in primary energy demand. This paper investigates Turkey's current policy system with its excellences and shortcomings in different stages of distributed photovoltaic power generation development in the country. By the assessment of the current situation, a strengths (S) and weaknesses (W) and external opportunities (O) and threats (T) analysis is also conducted to propose urgent strategies to contribute the development of DPPG sector in Turkey. In conclusion, future roles of the government and energy market are discussed to increase integration of DPPG in Turkish renewable energy market comprehensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of geopolitical risks on renewable energy generation in MENAT oil-importing countries, namely, Egypt, Tunisia, and Turkey over the period 1990–2020 using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The main findings emphasize that geopolitical risks play a crucial role in inducing renewable energy development in MENAT oil-importing countries in the short and long run. Financial development appears to positively and significantly affect renewable energy generation in the three countries. Furthermore, the speeds of adjustment towards the long-run equilibrium are 36.78%, 66.03%, and 17.81% annually in Egypt, Tunisia, and Turkey, respectively. In today's volatile and turbulent world, dramatically rising geopolitical risks make the transition to renewable energy an inevitable reality. Consequently, it is incumbent upon policymakers and relevant authorities in MENAT oil-importing countries to preemptively redirect their efforts and strategies to conform to the demands of the inevitable transition to renewable energy sources and boost energy self-reliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the resistance to geothermal energy projects in the Aegean region in Turkey. It explores, drawing on the analysis of documents and the fieldwork conducted in four Aegean cities, why there is a widespread local resistance to geothermal energy, which is widely promoted as environmentally benign and renewable and, as such, critical for the low-carbon energy transition. Examining the resistance from a political ecology perspective, I show how the power/resistance nexus in the field of renewable energy is shaped in those contexts where authoritarianism, populism, and geographically specific forms of capital accumulation operate in and through each other. Specifically, I demonstrate that the formulation of geothermal policy and practices to perpetuate and consolidate the power of the authoritarian populist AKP government laid the groundwork for the generation of widespread resistances by threatening to create new environmental injustices and to deepen existing class, and gender inequalities. The study also shows that geothermal energy may be as destructive as fossil fuel-based energy when not planned, regulated, or monitored effectively. It is concluded therefore that the practice of grouping renewable energy sources in a single 'clean energy' category should be reconsidered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public acceptance of renewable energy (RE) will accelerate the transition from energy sources that cause high emissions to environmentally friendly energy sources to combat climate change. For this reason, it is crucial to investigate the adoption intentions of different target audiences. This research delves into the determinants that shape the intention of Turkish university students, who are the future decision-makers, to adopt RE within the context of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Previous research in existing literature primarily focuses on "RE awareness" and "willingness-to-pay" in Türkiye. However, RE adoption intention has remained an underexplored topic in research. This paper investigated two frameworks within the context of TPB. The first model analyzed the effect of attitude (ATT), subjective norms (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC) on students' intention to adopt RE and utilized structural equation modeling. The second model extended TPB constructs with background factors (Cost of RE (CRE), awareness of RE (ARE), beliefs about the benefits of RE (BBRE), moral norms and values (MNV), and perception of neighbor's participation (PNP)) and used path analysis. A total of 418 students were surveyed. i-) The main TPB constructs (ATT, SN, PBC) are valid in explaining students' adoption intention in both models. ii-) CRE, ARE, BBRE, MNV, and PNP significantly influence the students' attitudes towards adopting RE. Additionally, ARE and PNP significantly shape students' subjective norms regarding RE adoption. Iii-) MNV and ARE positively affect the intentions of students to adopt RE. iv-) Turkish youth are willing to pay up to 10 % more to receive energy from renewable sources. • The TPB is confirmed with two separate model and analysis method for the students' intention to adopt RE in Türkiye. • The variables of CRE, ARE, BBRE, MNV, and PNP significantly influence the students' attitudes towards adopting RE • MNV and ARE positively affect the intentions of students to adopt RE. • Turkish youth are willing to pay up to 10% more to receive energy from renewable sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The most profitable system is on-grid PV-Wind Turbine system with an NPC of $52.8 M. • For 0% and 25% sale constrained systems low penetration systems are optimal. • For 50% sale constrained and unconstrained systems high penetration systems are preferred. • Fire hawk Optimizer, Grey Wolf Optimizer and Particle Swarm Optimizer are used to size the system by power flow analysis. Fire Hawk Optimizer is found to be usable in optimal power flow analysis and system sizing. • Increase in penetrations leads to enlargement of the system in the region with high load demand because of optimizations. Today, with a human population of 7.5 billion, increasing power consumption, and widespread use of high-technology equipment, the need for energy in the world is increasing day by day. The damage to nature caused by non-renewable energy resources and the economic and political disadvantages they cause in countries that must import these resources have led the world to search for alternative energy sources. One of the most important benefits of renewable energy sources is that they can create hybrid energy systems with other energy sources. Hybrid energy systems are structures in that more than one energy generation unit works together to feed the electrical load. In this paper, a hybrid system will be designed by using Homer PRO, to supply the energy consumed in the residential areas of Karaburun and Urla districts of Izmir province in Turkey with hybrid renewable energy systems. Systems of different sizes are designed for 50%, 75%, and 100% penetration rates, and sales to the grid are constrained to 0%, 25%, 50%, and no constraint on sales. Sensitivity analyses have been performed for 10% and 20% more power required by the load. Techno-economic analyses were done for the systems and the optimal system has been identified. The power flow of the optimal system is inspected by defining the network in Python and Fire Hawk Optimizer (FHO), Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) are used for optimal sizing of the system. The optimal system has a Net Present Cost (NPC) of $52.3 M, 34 wind turbines, and 954 kW PV with conditions of 100% penetration and no restrictions on sales to the grid. FHO proposed 26 wind turbines and 780 kW PVs for Urla and 8 wind turbines, and 174 kW PVs for Karaburun. GWO proposed 25 wind turbines and 747 kW PVs for Urla, 9 wind turbines, and 165 PVs for Karaburun. PSO offered 24 wind turbines and 708 kW PVs for Urla, 10 wind turbines, and 246 kW PVs for Karaburun. When there is no sale to and 25% sales to the grid, it is seen that the optimal scenario is the system with a 50% penetration rate. In fully sale-constrained systems, NPCs are higher than the base system and they can never pay for themselves compared to the base system. It is concluded that smaller-sized systems are more suitable for systems with high constraints. The proposed FHO algorithm and GWO algorithm react to increasing penetration ratios by enlarging the system size in the regions with high load demand. PSO sizes the system like predictions by load demand. FHO reacts quicker to increasing penetrations than PSO and GWO. FHO algorithm is found to be usable to solve optimal power flow problems and optimal system sizing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the potential for renewable energy-based electricity generation using existing wave, wind, and solar energies in Türkiye. A significant part of Türkiye's energy needs is still met using fossil fuels. Considering the country's resources, renewable energy sources appear as an alternative source to meet these needs. The objective of this study is to find an effective, efficient, economical, environmentally friendly, and sustainable way to produce electricity to reach net-zero targets and transition towards low-carbon and carbon-free energy systems. To be able to make a deep investigation about the relevant issue, six provinces from different regions of Türkiye (Antalya, Çanakkale, İstanbul, İzmir, Kırklareli, and Muğla) are assessed in terms of wave, wind, and solar energy potential, including wave data, wind speeds, sunshine duration, and global radiation values. Wind, wave, and solar energy data of the selected regions were taken from the ERA5 database, which is the weather forecast model of the European Center for Medium-Term Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), and the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources of the Republic of Türkiye and the General Directorate of Meteorology. Calculations were made using monthly data for the last 5 years. Considering the coastal lengths in the determined regions, the annual total electrical power produced from wave, solar, and wind energies was calculated. In these calculations, the coastal length parameter was assumed to be uniform across all cities, and the electrical power potential from these energy sources was analyzed. Within the framework of these analyses, the number of houses in the selected regions whose electricity needs can be met was calculated. As a result, the potential electrical power and the amount of affordable housing units in the selected regions were compared. As an important result of the studies, it was determined that the characteristic features of the selected regions, such as wavelength, wave height, and wind speed, were directly related to the applicable coast length. The power obtained from wave energy was higher than that from other renewable energy sources, considering the determined coast lengths. Wave energy was followed by parabolic solar collector, wind, and photovoltaic solar energy systems. According to the model, the power obtained from renewable energy systems was at the highest level in the Kırklareli/Demirköy province compared to other locations. Kırklareli was followed by İstanbul, Antalya, İzmir, Muğla, and Çanakkale. It was also found that the electricity needs of 763,578 houses were met in the Kırklareli/Demirköy region, and the electricity needs of 470,590 houses were met in the Çanakkale/Ayvacık region. The statistically optimized factors using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for wind, photovoltaic, parabolic solar collector, and wave power were reported as 995.278, 4529.743, 2264.546, and 276,495.09, respectively. The optimal factors aim to achieve a total electricity generation rate of 2.491 × 109 (kWh/year), a total number of houses of 682,590.55 (number/year), and a total cost of USD 813,940,876. In line with the results obtained, the Kırklareli/Demirköy region becomes favorable when considering wave and wave-integrated wind and solar energies. The proposed system has the potential to meet the entire electricity demand of the Kırklareli province based on data from the Republic of Türkiye Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Presenting of the solar PV potential in Turkey and its future prospects. • Performing the PESTLE analysis to study the solar energy potential in Turkey. • A comparative analysis of the solar energy potential using the PVsyst program. Renewable energy sources have a tremendous amount of potential in Turkey. In the previous year, 43.2% of the country's electricity was generated from renewable energy sources. Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy accounted for 4.7% of the electricity generation and the installed capacity was 9.425 GW with 9353 solar power plants of various types. This paper provides an overview of the current state of solar PV potential in Turkey, evaluates its capacity to meet the country's energy demand, and discusses its future prospects. The PESTLE analysis is performed based on political (P), economic (E), social (S), technological (T), legal (L), and environmental (E) factors to study the sustainable development of solar energy potential in Turkey. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the solar energy potential between the Konya and Diyarbakır regions which are recognized as promising areas for harnessing the country's abundant solar resources has been conducted using the PVsyst software. The electricity consumption in Turkey will be 380.2 TWh in 2025, 455.3 TWh in 2030, and 510.5 TWh in 2035, according to the Turkey National Energy Plan. Hence, it is essential to maximize the use of solar energy capacity in the production of electricity to meet the increased energy demand. The main objective of this study is to help strategic and systematic evaluation of the solar energy resource potential affecting large and small-scale solar power projects in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since investigating the long-term trends of the renewable energy potential may help in planning sustainable energy systems, this study intends to forecast the renewable energy potential of the East Thrace, Turkey region, in the future based on CMIP6 Global Circulation Models data using the ensemble mean output of the best-performed tree-based machine learning method. To evaluate the accuracy of global circulation models, Kling-Gupta efficiency, modified index of agreement, and normalized root-mean-square error are applied. The best four global circulation models are detected as a result of the comprehensive rating metric, which combines all accuracy performance results into a single metric. Three different machine learning methods, random forest, gradient boosting regression tree, and extreme gradient boosting, are trained using the historical data of the top-four global circulation models and the ERA5 dataset to calculate the multi-model ensembles of each climate variable, and then, the future trends of those variables are forecasted based on the output of ensemble means of best-performed machine learning methods with the lowest out-of-bag root-mean-square error. It is foreseen that there will not be a significant change in the wind power density. The annual average solar energy output potential is found to be between 237.8 and 240.7 kWh/m2/year depending on the shared socioeconomic pathway scenario. Under the forecasted precipitation scenarios, 356–362 l/m2/year of irrigation water could be harvested from agrivoltaic systems. Thereby, it would be possible to grow crops, generate electricity, and harvest rainwater on the same area. Furthermore, tree-based machine learning methods provide much lower error compared to simple mean methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is an increasing necessity due to the change in needs and the development of the industry with the rapid growth of the world's population. Today, the energy supply usually meet from non-renewable (fossil-based) sources. This situation causes adverse effects globally and a decrease in the fossil resources that future generations need. Sustainable, efficient, and clean energy will only be possible using renewable resources. Installation of renewable energy systems requires large areas, but suitable terrestrial for onshore are not always available. Therefore, in our country, it is necessary to increase floating renewable energy power plants. In the study, the offshore installation potential of solar, wind, and wave renewable energy required for sustainable energy production in Türkiye was examined. A qualitative evaluation was conducted for solar, wind, and wave energy generation. It has been concluded that coastal areas and stagnant water surfaces of Türkiye are suitable for the installation of floating energy systems. This study aims to emphasize the necessity of floating renewable energy systems for Türkiye. It also provides essential contributions to the studies to be carried out on floating energy systems in Türkiye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is an essential requirement for sustainable development, society, and the world. Turkey has been trying to increase the use of renewable sources in electricity energy production with the incentive policies it has implemented in recent years. Accordingly, in the 2019–2023 Strategic Plan of the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, targets to increase the installed capacity of renewable energy sources have been determined. In this context, this article examines fort the first time, the effect of installed capacity of renewable energy sources on sectoral electricity demand. Thus, the study aims to evaluate the renewable energy policies implemented in Turkey. For this purpose, firstly, sectoral electricity demands were estimated for the period 1988–2017 using the autoregressive distributed lag bound testing approach. Then, forecasts were made for the period 2019–2023 with the econometric simulation method. The findings show that the Installed Capacity variable significantly and negatively affects electricity demand in all sectors in the long run. According to the forecast results made in the second stage of the study, it was observed that the higher the increase rate in the installed capacity of renewable energy sources, the faster the electricity demand would decrease. According to these results, Turkey needs to increase the share of renewable energy sources in electricity production in terms of economic and environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increasing energy demand and the climate crisis in the world, the importance of alternative energy generation techniques, which are clean and cheap, is increasing. Since renewable energy sources are clean and sustainable, their integration into the grids at transmission or distribution levels as distributed generation sources provides significant benefits both economically and environmentally. Rooftop solar panels are also an application of small-power renewable distributed generation technologies. In this study, the economic and environmental analysis of the rooftop photovoltaic system designed to increase the green energy usage rate and reduce the greenhouse gases released to the environment has been made. Considering the electricity consumption data and roof area of an office building of a factory located in the north of Turkey, solar radiation data obtained from three different sources such as the General Directorate of Meteorology, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and Photovoltaic Geographical Information System were used during the analyses carried out in the Hybrid Optimization Models for Energy Resources program. By providing an annual average of 160 000 kWh (11%) clean energy generation, the annual release of pollutants such as 101.353 kg of carbon dioxide, 0.439 kg of sulfur dioxide, and 0.215 kg of nitrogen oxide to the environment has been prevented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A plethora of studies have shown that structural change helps nations achieve socioeconomic growth. The influence of structural change on environmental quality, on the other hand, has yet to be thoroughly investigated. As a result, the current study assesses the asymmetric impact of structural change on CO2 emissions while controlling for the effects of economic progress, renewable energy utilization, and nonrenewable energy in Turkey. To this end, this research used yearly data stretching from 1965 to 2019. The study applied several econometric approaches including nonlinear auto-regressive distributed lag (NARDL) and spectral causality to assess these associations. The outcomes from the NARDL reveal that variations in the regressors have a nonlinear influence on CO2 in Turkey. Moreover, the transition in the economy's structure helps to boost ecological quality, while the findings also show that Turkey's current economic progress trajectory is unsustainable due to the country's reliance on fossil fuel-based energy consumption. The outcomes of the spectral causality test also show that structural change can predict CO2 emissions in Turkey at different frequencies. Based on the study findings, the government should encourage investment in the service sector in order to maintain a suitable level of environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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[Display omitted] • A model is proposed to maximize market performance including tradable certificates. • The long-term impacts of regulations on market are discussed by fine and subsidy. • Three important objectives for government are investigated under four scenarios. • The obtained results are validated by Turkey's energy data as a real case study. • Fine policy is more effective than a subsidy to empower renewable electricity. In the last decades, due to the increasing environmental concerns such as energy-resource depletion and global warming, energy efficiency instruments and renewable energy production has been promoted more than ever. This paper investigates a comprehensive comparison between two energy markets, i.e., the tradable white certificate (TWC) market and the tradable green certificate (TGC) market. How to coordinate the two energy markets and what the coordination impacts become the main issues under a reward-penalty mechanism. This multi-agent problem is discussed in an electricity supply chain consisting of two populations of traditional energy suppliers who want to decide about using one of them under government intervention. In this regard, the behavior of the suppliers is analyzed under three different Scenarios, including traditional power generation, energy efficiency program (EEP), and renewable portfolio standards (RPSs). An evolutionary game is applied to formulate the problem. The results show that a mandatory fine policy is more useful than an energy-saving subsidy to motivate the traditional suppliers to move toward sustainable energy generation. This policy also helps governments to meet their sustainable-oriented goals, as we discussed in this work. The findings can be applied to extend sustainable-based energy projects in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkish government aimed to increase the installed capacities of coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) according to several policies and strategic plans published in recent years. Energy production from CFPPs and subsidizing the coal sector were selected for reducing the import dependency as a cheaper option. CFPPs with gaseous emissions as well as fly ash and fine dust, along with ash storage, coal storage, and coal mining operations and water use for cooling of the plants, affect the environmental quality. Hence, the health of inhabitants of the environment is affected. CFPPs to be built, according to strategic plans, will emit a significant amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and would severely undermine the targets for a 1.5 ℃ or 2 ℃ warmer world. Subsidies to the coal sector, along with exemptions from environmental regulations, combined with slower growth of energy production from renewable energy sources (RES), may lead to a path dependence on coal, while the rest of the world increases their energy production from RES. This study demonstrates the concrete examples of pollution caused by CFPPs in Turkey, along with health effects with the addition of policy context toward utilization of CFPPs, to point out the risks these plants constitute both for the environment and economy. Increasing the share of RES in the energy mixture is particularly important for Turkey due to being in a geographical region that is highly vulnerable to climate change effects. This study also briefly discusses how the increase of RES and de-carbonization in Turkey could be conducted in the short- and long-term, upon the literature provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Turkey is not the biggest GHG polluter, its emissions have increased by 110.4% since 1990. Currently, its CO2 emissions alone have crossed 400 Mt. Within the scope of 2 °C targets (2D scenario), the country can easily surpass this target test by increasing its renewable energy sources as a primary energy source mix, by developing its Enhanced Geothermal Sources (EGS) locked up in the radiogenic granites of western Anatolia. The radiogenic heat generated by these granites, spread over an area of 4221 sq. km, varies from 5.3 to 16.34 µW/m3. Based on the electricity generation capacity of granites from Soultz-sous-Forets and Cooper Basin EGS sites, the combined electricity generation capacity of Kestanbol and Kozak granite plutons is about 830 billion kWh. For the period extending from 2019 to 2023, Turkey is aiming at reducing the usage of gas for electricity generation from 29.9 to 20.7%, increasing the share of renewable energy sources from 32.5 to 38.8%, increasing the electricity production from local energy sources from 150 to 219 TWh and increasing the electricity usage per-capita from 3.7 to 4.3 MWh. These energy targets can be achieved by major contributions from hydrothermal and EGS energy sources. This review demonstrates that besides electricity and heat, EGS energy can be utilized, together with other renewable energy sources, such as hydrothermal, wind, and concentrated solar for providing fresh water through the desalination process. These energy sources would provide food, energy, and water security to the country for several decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy is a source of alternative energy for fossil fuels. The importance of solar energy is due to its qualities. It is both unlimited and nondestructive to nature. It also has zero emissions and limitations unlike fossil fuels. In this study, the conceptual design of a solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), with six hours of endurance, is performed. An evaluation of the literature and powertrain architecture design is carried out. Components, such as solar panels, battery, and Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) are evaluated. The city of Eskisehir in Turkey is selected as a flight region with a continental climate. Flight environment and solar energy generation efficiency are investigated. Monthly sunshine times are calculated and compared with the semi empirically calculated power requirement of the UAV. It has been found that the UAV that is the subject of this study can achieve six hours of solar flight during the period between the fourth and the tenth months in Eskisehir, with 472.29 Wh of electrical energy required to be generated within a 1.084 m2 wing area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was aimed to determine the regional priorities of renewable energy sources in Turkey. Unlike the literature, renewable energy sources were selected on a regional basis. While criteria weights were obtained by the AHP method, the alternative ranking was found for each region by the MARCOS method. While investment cost was determined as the most important criterion, it was determined as a result of the application of the MARCOS method that the energy sources that should be preferred firstly were hydro energy sources in Eastern Anatolia, Mediterranean, Southeastern Anatolia and Black Sea Region, wind energy sources in Marmara and Aegean Region, and solar energy sources in Central Anatolia Region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste-to-energy approaches are becoming increasingly important around the world, and municipal solid waste (MSW) as a renewable and sustainable energy source is of great importance to be considered in preventing climate change. On the other hand, since uncontrolled MSW is a threat to the environment and human health, sustainable municipal solid waste management should be evaluated to reduce negative environmental impacts. In this study, various municipal solid waste management options having energy production were selected and analysed by using SimaPro 9.0.0.49 to determine the most environmentally friendly waste management system. One-ton MSW in Kırklareli/Turkey was chosen as the functional unit. Environmental impacts were calculated via the CLM-IA method; impact groups were abiotic depletion, abiotic depletion (fossil fuels), global warming, ozone layer depletion, human toxicity, freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecotoxicities, photochemical oxidation, acidification and eutrophication. The first results indicated that energy recovery reduces the environmental impacts and future waste management plant of Kırklareli (material separation for recycling, biomethanisation and landfilling) is the best option within the scope of the environment at present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of fossil fuels has risen to be the main source of energy generation in most countries since the start of the industrial revolution around the world. The greenhouse gases generated from this use produce significant negative effects on the environment and human health. As a result of these disadvantages, the world needs to search for alternative energy sources that are low in carbon. The article focused on the amount of renewable energy generation in Turkey, Iran and Iraq from the collection of statistical data for the period from 2010-2020. Turkey occupied the clear progress to benefit from renewable energy sources, followed by Iran and Iraq. Where the percentage of annual growth of power generation based on hydropower in Turkey, Iran and Iraq (71.4%, 28.5% and 0.1%) respectively. With regard to other sources of renewable energy, Turkey had the largest share in generating energy from wind and solar energy, with an annual growth rate of (88.03%, 98.22%), respectively. Finally, renewable energy can be considered as a promising source of energy for future generations when correct planning policies are determined by countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With heightening global concerns about the impacts of climate change, the debate around different carbon mitigation options is gaining momentum. A widespread argument is between those for and against utilizing nuclear energy as a low-carbon energy source. This debate is also relevant for Turkey, a country that is set to introduce nuclear energy to its electricity generation mix over the coming years. The purpose of the study is to assess the potential merits and drawbacks of the utilization of nuclear energy in the country versus the increased utilization of renewable energy sources. A fundamental merit order model is used for modeling the Turkish electricity market until 2025 under three scenarios. The comparative effects of renewable energy sources and nuclear energy are evaluated in terms of their impact on electricity generation costs, CO2 emissions and energy security. The results of the study show that the increased utilization of renewable energy has a more effective role in achieving the country's energy targets in comparison to nuclear energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]