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Fatty acids from cooking fumes and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) released from indoor cleaning adversely affect respiratory health, but the molecular-level mechanism remains unclear. Here, the effect of cooking oil fumes [palmitic acid (PA), oleic acid (OA), and linoleic acid (LA)] on lung model phospholipid (POPG) hydrochlorination mediated by HOCl at the air–water interface of the hanged droplets was investigated. Interfacial hydrochlorination of POPG was impeded by OA and LA, while that of POPG was facilitated by PA. The effect on POPG hydrochlorination increased with the decrease in oil fume concentration. A potential mechanism with respect to the chain length of these oil fumes, regardless of their saturation, was proposed. PA with a short carbon chain looses the POPG packing and leads to the exposure of the C=C double bonds of POPG, whereas OA and LA with a long carbon chain hinder HOCl from reaching the C=C bonds of POPG. These results for short chain and low concentration dependence suggest that the decay of oil fumes or the conversion of short-chain species by indoor interfacial chemistry might be adverse to lung health. These results provide insights into the relationship between indoor multicomponent pollutants and the respiratory system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this study is to investigate the effects of Zinc toxicity when fishes are exposed in a controlled environment using two-dimensional correlation spectral analysis. This analysis is superior as subtle spectral changes induced by an external perturbation are not readily noticeable in conventional one-dimensional spectra. A higher decrease in protein and carbohydrates and a lesser decrease in lipids (20%–28%) against the control sample occurs due to Zn toxicity. The lowest value of the bioconcentration factor for Zn shows carbohydrate utilization, which was resolved well in our two-dimensional spectral analysis. Synchronous maps show the predominant changes in protein (1668 cm−1), phospholipids (1771 cm−1), and fatty acids (1707 cm−1). The asynchronous two-dimensional spectra show alteration in phosphodiester stretching of glycogen followed by Amide I. In addition, we explored the importance of principal component analysis coupled two-dimensional spectra analysis which shows weak amide III protein changes. The hetero asynchronous shows well-resolved cross peaks of +(1047, 1389), resulting in improved resolution. The study helps in understanding biomolecular changes of muscle tissues of G. affinis under Zn toxicity using two-dimensional correlation infrared spectral analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review highlights the current state of knowledge of the chemical composition of lipids in halophytic plants. The role of lipids and lipophilic substances of halophytes in protecting plants from the effects of stress factors of abiotic and biotic nature is shown. Data on the composition of lipophilic components of halophytic plants growing in the Aral Sea region and other regions of the republic are presented. The rich composition of fatty acids in lipids of seeds and aerial parts of halophytes is shown. The comparative composition of polyprenols of various cotton varieties depending on resistance to stress factors is given. It was revealed that pre-sowing treatment of seeds of cultivated plants with preparations based on the lipid components of halophytic plants increases their adaptive abilities. Based on the data obtained, the prospects of using halophytes as a source of biologically active lipids and lipophilic substances to protect plants from salinity stress are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity and its associated complications raise significant public concern, revealing gender disparities in the susceptibility to metabolic disorders, with females often displaying greater resistance to obesity-related metabolic disorder than males. Sestrin2 is a crucial protein involved in metabolism and energy balance. This study seeks to explore whether Sesn2 knockout (KO) exacerbates high-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity in female mice. Methods: Female mice with wild-type (WT) and Sesn2 KO were subjected to a 12-week regimen of normal diet or HFD. Using a Body Composition Analyzer, body composition was gauged. Biochemical assays encompassed glucose, lipid, and liver function measurements, alongside 24-hour urine albumin excretion. Echocardiographic evaluation assessed cardiac function. Histopathological analysis of key metabolic tissues (liver, kidney, and heart tissues) were conducted. Western blotting or qRT-PCR evaluated key proteins and genes linked to inflammation, mitochondrial, and lipid metabolism in adipose tissues. Results: In comparison to mice fed a regular diet, those on a HFD exhibited significant increases in body weight and fat mass. Notably, Sesn2 KO further aggravated obesity, showcasing the most pronounced metabolic anomalies: elevated body weight, fat mass, impaired glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity, alongside heightened levels of free fatty acids and triglycerides. Additionally, KO-HFD mice displayed exacerbated multi-tissue impairments, including elevated hepatic enzymes, increased urinary albumin excretion, compromised cardiac function, and accumulation of lipids in the liver, kidney, and heart. Moreover, adipose tissue showcased altered lipid dynamics and function, characterized by enhanced triglyceride breakdown and modified adipokine levels. Browning was diminished, along with decreased Pgc1α and Sirt1 in KO-HFD mice. Conclusion: Sesn2 KO exacerbates HFD-induced obesity and metabolic disorders in female mice. These findings underscore Sestrin2's novel role as a regulator of obesity in female mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the nutritional quality of macrozooplankton is crucial for elucidating energy and matter fluxes in marine food webs and their value as fish prey. This study examines the seasonal (winter, spring, summer) and spatial variability in three quality indicators -energy density (ED), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content, and DHA/EPA ratio- of Euphausia spp. and Grimothea gregaria. These indicators were analyzed in relation to size and environmental variables (temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll-a concentration) in the San Jorge Gulf (45°–47°S, 65°30′-67°30ʹW; Southwest Atlantic Ocean), a key feeding ground for commercially important fish on the Argentine shelf. Results showed that ED increased with size in Euphausia spp. but decreased in G. gregaria. Seasonal changes were the primary drivers of variations in the nutritional quality, with PUFA content being the index most contributing. For both species, the highest mean PUFA content occurred in winter and the lowest in summer, an inverse pattern to ED. The DHA/EPA ratio also peaked in winter and dropped in spring. Species differences significantly affected PUFA content and the DHA/EPA ratio, with Euphausia spp. exhibiting higher values. Although environmental variables, particularly bottom temperature and chlorophyll-a, varied significantly across sampling areas, no clear spatial patterns emerged in the quality indicators, likely due to the limited sample size. These results provide new and baseline information of zooplankton that can clarify the trophic interactions of many fish and their respective predators along the Argentinean Shelf, and how these relationships may change with environmental variability in the current global change context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In case of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), the replacement of digestive enzymes with, for example porcine pancreatin or fungal rizoenzymes, is unavoidable under certain conditions. Current guidelines indicate that preparations from porcine pancreas have more advantageous physicochemical properties compared to those from fungi, especially at high bile salt concentrations, and that the latter can, therefore, only be used clinically to a limited extent. Since rizoenzymes are increasingly used in clinical practice, the present in vitro study investigated efficiency of enzymatic activity of rizoenzymes in comparison to pancreatin under various physiological and partly extreme environmental conditions. The lipolytic properties of two typical preparations containing digestive enzymes from porcine pancreatin and rizoenzymes were compared (same dosage of activity units) at different pH values (pH 3–9), with the addition of different bile salt concentrations (0–15 mmol/L sodium taurocholate). Lipolytic activity was measured by quantifying the fatty acids released from olive oil substrate by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry after enzymatic digestion. For both enzyme preparations, the lipolytic activity maximum was reached at pH 7 with comparable fatty acid conversion rates (57% pancreatin, 58% rizoenzymes). However, in contrast to pancreatin, rizoenzymes were already active for certain fatty acids from pH 3 to 4. At a bile salt concentration up to 10 mmol/L taurocholate, there was an increase in activity of both enzyme preparations (rizoenzymes 69% vs. pancreatin 58% enzymatic conversion). Only at rather unphysiological concentration of 15 mmol/L during EPI, there was a slight decrease in activity (to 56%) for the rizoenzymes. Rizoenzymes are an alternative therapeutic option for EPI. Relevant differences between rizoenzymes and pancreatin with regard to lipolytic activity under different physicochemical conditions could not be demonstrated in this study, whereas a potential advantage in favor of rizoenzymes activity at already low pH values was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Cottonseed oil (CSO) is higher in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) than many liquid plant oils. Objectives To conduct a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining effects of CSO on markers of lipid metabolism and evaluate lipid and lipoprotein effects of incorporating CSO into a healthy dietary pattern using regression equations. Data Sources A systematic search was conducted for RCTs comparing CSO with a non-CSO comparator in any population. Data Analyses The Katan regression equation was used to predict lipid/lipoprotein changes when incorporating CSO into a US-style healthy eating pattern at 25 to 100% of the total oil allowance (ie, 27 g/2000 kcal) compared with average American intake (NHANES 2017 to 2020 pre-COVID pandemic). Results In total, 3 eligible publications (n = 2 trials), with 58 participants that provided 44% and 30% of total energy as CSO, were included. Fasting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; ≈ –7.7 mg/dL) and triglycerides (≈ –7.5 mg/dL) were lower after 5 days of a CSO-enriched diet vs olive oil (OO). In a 56-day trial, CSO lowered total cholesterol (TC; ≈ –14.8 mg/dL), LDL-C (≈ –14.0 mg/dL), and non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (≈ –14.2 mg/dL) vs OO. Postprandially, angiopoietin-like protein-3, -4, and -8 concentrations decreased with CSO and increased with OO intake. Compared with average American intake, a healthy eating pattern with 27 g of CSO was estimated to lower TC (–8.1 mg/dL) and LDL-C (–7.3 mg/dL) levels, with minimal reduction in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (–1.1 mg/dL). Compared with the healthy eating pattern, incorporating 27 g of CSO was predicted to increase TC and LDL-C levels by 2.4 mg/dL. Conclusion Limited high-quality research suggests CSO may improve lipid/lipoprotein levels compared with OO. Cholesterol predictive equations suggest CSO can be incorporated into a healthy dietary pattern without significantly affecting lipids/lipoproteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central control of energy homeostasis is a regulatory axis that involves the sensing of nutrients, signaling molecules, adipokines, and neuropeptides by neurons in the metabolic centers of the hypothalamus. However, non-neuronal glial cells are also abundant in the hypothalamus and recent findings have underscored the importance of the metabolic crosstalk and horizontal lipid flux between glia and neurons to the downstream regulation of systemic metabolism. New transgenic models and high-resolution analyses of glial phenotype and function have revealed that glia sit at the nexus between lipid metabolism and neural function, and may markedly impact the brain's response to dietary lipids or the supply of brain-derived lipids. Glia comprise the main cellular compartment involved in lipid synthesis, lipoprotein production, and lipid processing in the brain. In brief, tanycytes provide an interface between peripheral lipids and neurons, astrocytes produce lipoproteins that transport lipids to neurons and other glia, oligodendrocytes use brain-derived and dietary lipids to myelinate axons and influence neuronal function, while microglia can remove unwanted lipids in the brain and contribute to lipid re-utilization through cholesterol efflux. Here, we review recent findings regarding glial-lipid transport and highlight the specific molecular factors necessary for lipid processing in the brain, and how dysregulation of glial-neuronal metabolic crosstalk contributes to imbalanced energy homeostasis. Furthering our understanding of glial lipid metabolism will guide the design of future studies that target horizontal lipid processing in the brain to ameliorate the risk of developing obesity and metabolic disease. • Lipid processing in the brain involves metabolic crosstalk and horizontal lipid flux between neurons and non-neuronal glia. • Disruption of this complex neuron-glia interplay has effects on neuronal function, and systemic energy balance. • Exposure to high-fat diets cause a shift towards a more inflammatory glial phenotype and away from metabolic support. • Sexual dimorphism in glial metabolism and phenotype could contribute to metabolic disease susceptibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceramides are essential lipids for skin barrier function, and various classes and species exist in the human stratum corneum (SC). To date, the relationship between skin conditions and ceramide composition in healthy individuals has remained largely unclear. In the present study, we measured six skin condition parameters (capacitance, transepidermal water loss, scaliness, roughness, multilayer exfoliation, and corneocyte cell size) for the SC of the cheeks and upper arms of 26 healthy individuals and performed correlation analyses with their SC ceramide profiles, which we measured via liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. In the cheeks, high levels and/or ratios of two free ceramide classes containing an extra hydroxyl group in the long-chain moiety and a protein-bound ceramide class containing 6-hydroxysphingosine correlated with healthy skin conditions. In contrast, the ratios of two other free ceramide classes, both containing sphingosine, and a protein-bound ceramide class containing 4,14-sphingadiene correlated with unhealthy skin conditions, as did shortening of the carbon chain of the fatty acid portion of two ceramide classes containing non-hydroxy fatty acids. Thus, our findings help to elucidate the relationship between skin conditions and ceramide composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to direct damage to hepatocytes, long-term ethanol consumption leads to lipid accumulation and hepatic steatosis, as well as to the dysregulation of lipid metabolism. The final step in various liver diseases is cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to compare the FA (fatty acids) profile and expression levels of genes involved in lipid metabolism in cirrhotic liver tissue and normal liver tissue. Exploring the changes in the FA profile and expression of genes related to fatty acid metabolism in cirrhotic liver tissue reveals a molecular landscape that goes beyond the surface of traditional liver function assessments. Understanding the shifts in gene expression and fatty acid composition in liver tissue opens avenues for interventions that may aid in the treatment of cirrhosis in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichusmawsoni) have been analyzed for qualitative and quantitative determination of muscular lipid distribution. The specimens were representative of different physical condition and life stage: two adults in good condition and two adults in poor condition (termed "axe handles" based on their emaciated shape) from the spawning area of the Ross Sea seamounts, and two sub-adults from the continental shelf. Axe handles had lower lipid quantities. Among the individuals in good condition, adults from the seamounts had higher accumulation of lipid in the dorsal portion, maybe related to the neutral buoyancy for the reproductive migration. Thirteen saturated fatty acids (SFA) and three unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) have been identified. Subadults from the shelf had higher SFA/UFA ratios in the anterior part of the body, where they might store somatic lipids for buoyancy. The individuals from the spawning area had higher SFA/UFA ratios in the posterior part of the trunk, indicating after the migration a primary consumption of the somatic fatty acids near the center of buoyancy. SFA uptake from the diet seems to be difficult at the spawning area and they may be replaced by UFA. This translates into a reduced ability to re-acquire neutral buoyancy for a returning migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation has evaluated the use of effluents from a secondary municipal wastewater treatment plant for biomass production and potential of the biomass for biodiesel production. Cultivations of Chlorella vulgaris using wastewater, wastewater with supplementation, and WC medium were carried out. Effect of wastewater collected in different months on biomass productivity (BP) and lipid composition was studied. Methods based on NMR and GC–MS techniques were applied for determining the composition of the lipids and their fatty acid profile including poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Lipids extracted are comprised of both neutral (tri acyl glycerides, TAG; free fatty acids, FFA) and polar (glyco glycero/phospho) lipids. The TAG content of the extracted lipids was determined in the range of 22.5–41.3% w/w. The NMR and GC–MS compositional results of microalgal lipids of biomasses cultivated in wastewater without nutrient supplementation, collected in different months, showed potential for biodiesel production. The fatty acid profiles of neutral and polar lipids, which are mainly comprised of saturated and unsaturated long alkyl chain (C16-C22) fatty acids, are potential sources for the biodiesel and food industry. The concentration of nitrates (45–78 mg L−1) in wastewater without supplementation, collected in different months, was found to be optimum to enable cultivation of biomasses with reasonably good BP of 21.5–28.1 mg L−1 day−1. Similar results have been obtained in the present work as well as reported in the literature in the case of WC medium (nitrate, 69 mg L−1) with BP of 25.5–28.2 mg L−1 day−1, thus highlighted the significance of the presented work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Marine red yeast is a good feed additive for the aquaculture industry that can promote the growth of aquatic animals, and significantly improve their antioxidant capacity, survival rate, and nonspecific immune ability of the body. Our hypothesis is that dietary supplementation with marine red yeast could affect the serum biochemistry, muscle composition, muscle fatty acid composition, lipid metabolism enzyme activity, and expression of antioxidant and inflammatory genes in juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus). Five diets with different levels of marine red yeast (0 %, 0.25 %, 0.50 %, 0.75 %, and 1.00 %) were used to feed juvenile GIFT (initial weight: 21.12 ± 0.86 g) for 60 days. The main results are as follows: Compared with the control group (0 % marine red yeast), the contents of total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and free fatty acid (FFA) in the serum of juvenile GIFT tilapia significantly increased (P < 0.05), while the contents of glucose (GLU), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHO), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The contents of crude protein, crude fat, and docosahexaenoic acid + eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA+EPA) in the muscle significantly increased (P < 0.05), while the contents of moisture and monounsaturated fatty acids (∑MUFAs) significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The activities of acetyl CoA carboxylase a (ACCα), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) in the liver significantly increased (P < 0.05). The expression levels of catalase (cat), alkaline phosphatase (alp), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (nrf2), lysozyme (lyz), glutathione S-transferase (gst), glutathione peroxidase (gsh-px), and superoxide dismutase (sod) genes in the liver significantly increased (P < 0.05). The expression levels of tumor necrosis factor α (tnf-α), interferon-γ (inf-γ), interleukin 6 (il-6), interleukin 8 (il-8), interleukin 1β (il-1β), and transforming growth factor-β (tgf-β1) genes in the liver, spleens, and head kidney significantly increased (P < 0.05), while the expression level of interleukin 10 (il-10) gene significantly decreased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of different levels of marine red yeast could significantly affect the serum biochemistry, muscle composition, muscle fatty acid composition, lipid metabolism enzyme activity, and expression of antioxidant and inflammatory genes in juvenile GIFT tilapia. Based on the results, the optimal dietary marine red yeast level was 0.50 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oleaginous fungi have attracted a great deal of interest for their potency to accumulate high amounts of lipids (more than 20% of biomass dry weight) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which have a variety of industrial and biological applications. Lipids of plant and animal origin are related to some restrictions and thus lead to attention towards oleaginous microorganisms as reliable substitute resources. Lipids are traditionally biosynthesized intra-cellularly and involved in the building structure of a variety of cellular compartments. In oleaginous fungi, under certain conditions of elevated carbon ratio and decreased nitrogen in the growth medium, a change in metabolic pathway occurred by switching the whole central carbon metabolism to fatty acid anabolism, which subsequently resulted in high lipid accumulation. The present review illustrates the bio-lipid structure, fatty acid classes and biosynthesis within oleaginous fungi with certain key enzymes, and the advantages of oleaginous fungi over other lipid bio-sources. Qualitative and quantitative techniques for detecting the lipid accumulation capability of oleaginous microbes including visual, and analytical (convenient and non-convenient) were debated. Factors affecting lipid production, and different approaches followed to enhance the lipid content in oleaginous yeasts and fungi, including optimization, utilization of cost-effective wastes, co-culturing, as well as metabolic and genetic engineering, were discussed. A better understanding of the oleaginous fungi regarding screening, detection, and maximization of lipid content using different strategies could help to discover new potent oleaginous isolates, exploit and recycle low-cost wastes, and improve the efficiency of bio-lipids cumulation with biotechnological significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activation of pregnane X receptor (PXR) by xenobiotics has been associated with metabolic diseases. This study aimed to reveal the impact of PXR activation on hepatic metabolome and explore novel mechanisms underlying PXR-mediated lipid metabolism disorder in the liver. Wild-type and PXR-deficient male C57BL/6 mice were used as in vivo models, and hepatic steatosis was induced by pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile, a typical rodent PXR agonist. Metabolomic analysis of liver tissues showed that PXR activation led to significant changes in metabolites involved in multiple metabolic pathways previously reported, including lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, and amino acid metabolism. Moreover, the level of hepatic all- trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the main active metabolite of vitamin A, was significantly increased by PXR activation, and genes involved in ATRA metabolism exhibited differential expression following PXR activation or deficiency. Consistent with previous research, the expression of downstream target genes of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) was decreased. Analysis of fatty acids by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer further revealed changes in polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism upon PXR activation, suggesting inhibition of PPARα activity. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel metabolomic signature of hepatic steatosis induced by PXR activation in mice. [Display omitted] • PXR activation and deficiency have different impact on hepatic metabolomics in mice. • PXR activation increased hepatic all- trans -retinoic acid by affecting the expression of genes involved in ATRA metabolism. • PXR activation inhibited PPARα-target genes involved in lipid metabolism and altered the composition of hepatic fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipophagy in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a microautophagic process in which lipid droplets (LDs) are directly engulfed into the vacuole, despite the fact that multiple core ATG (autophagy related) genes related to general autophagy have been reported to be essential for this process for unknown reasons. In this study, we report new findings about the regulation of lipophagy by analyzing, under different culture conditions, both the engulfment of LDs into the vacuole and the degradation of LD surface proteins. We find that the degradation of LD surface proteins relies on autophagy and can occur independently of lipophagy. Furthermore, glucose restriction can trigger an ATG1-independent lipophagic process, depending on the glucose concentration in the mediums. In summary, we describe an ATG-independent lipophagic process in yeast, such that the overall level of lipophagy in cells is governed by a dynamic balance between the ATG-dependent and -independent lipophagic processes. AP: autophagosome; ATG: autophagy related; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; ESCRT: endosomal sorting complex required for transport; FA: fatty acid; LD: lipid droplet; Ld microdomains: liquid-disordered microdomains; NL: neutral lipid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Horses often suffer from two common respiratory diseases: mild–moderate equine asthma and severe equine asthma. Symptoms of these conditions include coughing, nasal discharge, reduced performance (especially in physically demanding activities), and difficulties breathing. These symptoms mainly result from inflammation deep within the lungs, the severity of which veterinarians and researchers struggle to accurately assess. Even the best method available, obtaining a sample of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, has limitations. Lipidomics, a relatively unexplored field in veterinary medicine, represents an intriguing avenue for exploration. Lipidomics focuses on studying cellular mechanisms and interactions, which are crucial in inflammation. Researchers aim to uncover fresh insights into equine lower airway diseases using lipidomics, potentially leading to improved treatments. This review article aims to compile the latest knowledge in this area. Mild–moderate and severe equine asthma (MEA and SEA) are prevalent inflammatory airway conditions affecting horses of numerous breeds and disciplines. Despite extensive research, detailed disease pathophysiology and the differences between MEA and SEA are still not completely understood. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology, broadly used in clinical practice and in equine asthma research, has limited means to represent the inflammatory status in the lower airways. Lipidomics is a field of science that can be utilized in investigating cellular mechanisms and cell-to-cell interactions. Studies in lipidomics have a broad variety of foci, of which fatty acid and lipid mediator profile analyses and global lipidomics have been implemented in veterinary medicine. As many crucial proinflammatory and proresolving mediators are lipids, lipidomic studies offer an interesting yet largely unexplored means to investigate inflammatory reactions in equine airways. The aim of this review article is to collect and summarize the findings of recent lipidomic studies on equine airway inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of diatoms as aquatic bait, attribute to their abundance in highly unsaturated fatty acids, has been extensively studied. Temperature plays a crucial role in the synthesis of these fatty acids. This study specifically investigated the impact of temperature on the growth, total lipid content, and fatty acid composition of Skeletonema dohrnii, a planktonic diatom commonly associated with red tides andwater blooms in China. The aim is to evaluate its suitability as an aquatic bait and provide insights for large-scale factory farming. Results indicated that the highest biomass and maximum growth rate occurred at 28°C, with no significant deviation from the control group at 25°C. At 28°C and 15°C, there was a significant increase in the total lipid content and the total fatty acid content, with a more pronounced effect at 15°C. At 28°C, EPA and DHA content measured at 0.97 ± 0.01 mg.DW.L-1 and 0.264 ± 0.01 mg.DW.L-1 respectively, surpass those at 15°C due to lower biomass. Conversely, at 15°C, substantial synthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, with EPA constituting up to 32.24 ± 0.24% of the total fatty acids, is observed. Modulating the temperature could optimize the utilization of S. dohrnii as an aquatic feed source. These findings underscore the potential of S. dohrnii as a high-quality aquafeed and lay the groundwork for its success in ocean warming scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of salinity on the proximate composition and fatty acid profile of the Nile tilapia fillet when reared in a biofloc system. Juveniles (200 ± 10 g) were reared at salinities of 2, 8, 15 and 22 PSU for 56 days. At the end of the experiment, the proximate composition and the fatty acid profile were evaluated in the fillets. No significant differences were observed for crude protein, ether extract, dry matter and ash levels. However, saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acids were higher in tilapia reared at 2 PSU compared to other salinities (8, 15, and 22 PSU). The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) contents did not vary among fish reared at salinities of 2, 8, and 15 PSU but were significantly lowest in tilapia reared at 22 PSU. The overall results suggest that the different salinities do not significantly affect the proximate composition of the Nile tilapia file reared in a biofloc system. On the other hand, the fatty acid composition was influenced by salinity, as a reduction in PUFA content was observed at the highest tested salinity (22 PSU) and an increase in SFA and MUFA contents were recorded at the lowest tested salinity (2 PSU). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant cuticle controls non‐stomatal water loss and can serve as a barrier against biotic agents, whereas the heteropolymer suberin and its associated waxes are deposited constitutively at specific cell wall locations. While several transcription factors controlling cuticle formation have been identified, those involved in the transcriptional regulation of suberin biosynthesis remain poorly characterized. The major goal of this study was to further analyse the function of the R2R3‐Myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factor AtMYB41 in formation of the cuticle, suberin, and suberin‐associated waxes throughout plant development.For functional analysis, the organ‐specific expression pattern of AtMYB41 was analysed and Atmyb41ge alleles were generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. These were investigated for root growth and water permeability upon stress. In addition, the fatty acid, wax, cutin, and suberin monomer composition of different organs was evaluated by gas chromatography.The characterization of Atmyb41ge mutants revealed that AtMYB41 negatively regulates the production of cuticular lipids and fatty acid biosynthesis in leaves and seeds, respectively. Remarkably, biochemical analyses indicate that AtMYB41 also positively regulates the formation of cuticular waxes in stems of Arabidopsis thaliana.Overall, these results suggest that the AtMYB41 acts as a negative regulator of cuticle and fatty acid biosynthesis in leaves and seeds, respectively, but also as a positive regulator of wax production in A. thaliana stems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cervical cancer is the fourth most prominent cancer in women worldwide. Early cancer detection, timely treatment, and prognostic marker identification are vital to ensure that patients have improved outcomes. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a powerful tool for detecting metabolites in vivo. This review article covers the role of MRS for cervical cancer for diagnosis, treatment response evaluation, and future applications of this technology. This review article investigates the utilization of MRS in the setting of cervical cancer. A variety of different techniques have been used in this space including single-voxel techniques such as point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) and stimulated echo acquisition mode spectroscopy (STEAM). Furthermore, the experimental parameters for these acquisitions including field strength, repetition times (TR), and echo times (TE) vary greatly. This study critically examines eleven MRS studies that focus on cervical cancer. Out of the eleven studies, ten studies utilized PRESS acquisition, while the remaining study used STEAM acquisition. These studies generally showed that the choline signal is altered in cervical cancer (4/11 studies), the lipid signal is generally increased in cervical cancer or the lipid distribution is changed (5/11 studies), and that diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) can quantitatively detect lower apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in cervical cancer (2/11 studies). Two studies also investigated the role of MRS for monitoring treatment response and demonstrated mixed results regarding choline signal, and one of these studies showed increased lipid signal for non-responders. There are several new MRS technologies that have yet to be implemented for cervical cancer including advanced spectroscopic imaging and artificial intelligence, and those technologies are also discussed in the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This review aims to deepen the understanding of buffalo farming in the Amazon, presenting the quality and nutritional value of buffalo meat and liver. We will explore the characteristics of nutrients and their influence on human health, with a special focus and particular emphasis in vitamins, minerals, and lipids. By investigating fatty acids and cholesterol, we seek to understand the complexity of lipids and their contribution to nutritional quality. The main objective of this study was to provide subsidies to improve buffalo farming practices, promote a healthier human diet and contribute to environmental sustainability in the Amazon region. Thus, this review aims to deepen the understanding of buffalo farming in the Amazon, presenting the quality and nutritional value of buffalo meat and liver. This information serves as a subsidy to improve practices related to the breeding system, nutrition, health and sustainability associated with aquatic buffaloes. For this, a review of the databases was carried out using the descriptors "nutritional value of buffalo meat", "nutritional value of buffalo liver" and "buffalo breeding in the Amazon". Thus, the consumption of foods derived from aquatic buffaloes has important nutritional value for human consumption. In view of this, it is possible to conclude that the nutrition of these animals is influenced by the biodiversity of the Amazon, giving unique characteristics to its products, also highlighting the importance of carrying out research that aims to value the potential use of this species and strengthen the economy of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

*1. In many countries, eggs are not refrigerated and must be stored at room temperature. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of dietary oregano oil (275 mg $/$ / kg; ORE) versus an unsupplemented control diet (CON) on laying hens on the shelf life and fatty acid profile of eggs. 2. Treatments were randomly distributed into 10 pens containing 27 birds each. A total of 200 eggs were collected from both groups on the same day and were stored for either 0, 10, 21 and 35 d. At each storage time, egg yolks were analysed for fatty acid profile and lipid peroxidation. 3. The main indicator of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA), was significantly lower in ORE eggs compared to CON eggs (p = 0.001). Storage time had a significant impact on MDA concentrations (p = 0.023), with the highest found after 35 d. Significant differences were found for individual fatty acids, saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid were significantly lower in ORE eggs compared to CON eggs (p < 0.05). Palmitoleic acid (p = 0.002), linolenic acid (p = 0.001) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, p = 0.001) were significantly higher in ORE eggs. 4. Storage only affected oleic, linolenic, linoleic, arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids (p < 0.05). Total SFA, MUFA, n-6 and ratio of n-3 to n-6 (n-3:n-6) PUFA were significantly higher in CON eggs (p < 0.05). The ratio of SFA to PUFA (SFA:PUFA, p = 0.005) and total n-3 PUFA (p = 0.001) were significantly higher in ORE eggs. 5. The n-3:n-6 ratio was significantly impacted by treatment (p = 0.021) and storage (p = 0.031) with no significant interaction. This ratio is important for human health indication and could lead to the development of designer eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are no FDA-approved lipid inhibitors for cancer treatment despite promising preclinical data to suggest their utility. Only fatty acid synthase (FASN) inhibitors have reached clinical-stage testing. New results suggest central nervous system (CNS)-resident tumors are primed for FASN and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) inhibitors due the paucity of microenvironmental lipids. SCD1 is an emerging therapeutic target due to the central role that monounsaturated fatty acids play in preventing cell death. Cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) inhibitory antibodies are poised for a clinical breakthrough based on their seemingly unanimous pro-tumorigenic function in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and CD36 inhibition may enhance the activity of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Alterations in dietary lipids through prescribed diets have shown exciting activity in preclinical testing, although more optimization of diet composition and molecular targets is required. Cancer cells perturb lipid metabolic pathways for a variety of pro-tumorigenic functions, and deregulated cellular metabolism is a hallmark of cancer cells. Although alterations in lipid metabolism in cancer cells have been appreciated for over 20 years, there are no FDA-approved cancer treatments that target lipid-related pathways. Recent advances pertaining to cancer cell fatty acid synthesis (FAS), desaturation, and uptake, microenvironmental and dietary lipids, and lipid metabolism of tumor-infiltrating immune cells have illuminated promising clinical applications for targeting lipid metabolism. This review highlights emerging pathways and targets for tumor lipid metabolism that may soon impact clinical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgal biomass is an excellent platform for producing food, feed, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and biofuels. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the trophic mode of cultivation (phototrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic) on the growth and biomass composition of Chlorella vulgaris S2. The contents of lipids and carbohydrates, as well as the fatty acid composition of total lipids, were studied. The effects of the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N) and the organic carbon concentration of the growth media under mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions were also investigated. The C:N ratio of 30 mol mol−1 favoured lipid synthesis, and the C:N ratio of 10 mol mol−1 favoured carbohydrate synthesis. Maximal lipid and biomass productivities (2.238 and 0.458 g L−1 d−1, respectively) were obtained under mixotrophic conditions at the C:N ratio of 50 mol mol−1 and glucose concentration of 50 g L−1. Fed-batch cultivation conducted in a stirrer tank bioreactor under heterotrophic growth conditions increased biomass (2.385 g L−1 d−1, respectively) and lipid (0.339 L−1 d−1) productivities ~50 and ~60 times compared to the fed-batch phototrophic cultivation, respectively. The trophic mode, growth phase, and growth medium composition significantly influenced the fatty acid composition. Under mixotrophic and heterotrophic growth conditions, lipid accumulation is associated with an increase in oleic acid (C18:1) content. Mixotrophically grown biomass of Chlorella vulgaris S2 under optimised conditions is a suitable source of lipids for biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on characterizing the seed oil of Thapsia garganica (Apiaceae), a medicinal plant native to Laghouat, Algeria, and evaluating its antioxidant properties. Various solvent systems were employed to extract and fractionate the lipid content of T. garganica seeds oil. Chemical indices were determined, and fatty acids methyl esters were analyzed using GC/MS. Tocopherol composition was assessed via HPLC, and antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2-diphényl 1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) method. The GC/MS analysis revealed distinct fatty acid profiles across various fractions, highlighting a notable presence of petroselinic acid and higher-than-usual levels of pentadecanoic acid in all fractions. T. garganica oil exhibited richness in tocopherols, particularly with α-tocopherol being the predominant homolog. The antioxidant activity assessment of different lipid fractions indicated potent activity within polar lipids (glycolipids and phospholipids). Furthermore, T. garganica oil was abundant in unsaturated fatty acids, notably petroselinic acid, displaying significant radical scavenging activity in its polar fractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the growth, fatty acid profile and concentration of malondialdehyde of muscle tissue of meagre Argyrosomus regius fed diets with different lipid content. The long-term experiment was conducted in three feeding groups: A (CP = 52.0; CL = 21.0), B (CP = 56.0; CL = 18.0), C (CP = 48.0; CL = 16.0) with two replicates in marine net cages on Bisage Island, Adriatic Sea over 20 months. At the beginning of the experiment, fish were of equal weight (6.83 ± 1.03 g) and length (8.57 ± 0.49 cm) and were fed to satiation during the experiment. At the end of the experiment, the fish from each feeding group (n = 110) were measured and muscle tissue was collected (n = 60) and stored at −80 °C until analysis. The final weight and condition factor were significantly different (p < 0.05) between the groups. The highest ratio of crude fats and n-3/n-6-fatty acids was found in the muscle tissue of group A. Fish fed diet A also exhibited higher MDA levels compared to fish in the other feeding groups, indicating elevated levels of lipid peroxidation in muscle tissues. Experimental feeding group A showed better growth performance, a higher content of the beneficial fatty acids EPA and DHA and a more favorable n-3/n-6 ratio than feeding groups B and C. Continuously monitoring and adjusting feeding protocols in accordance with lipid content and fatty acid composition could maximize growth and health outcomes in meagre farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shifts in the hydrogen stable isotopic composition (²H/¹H ratio) of lipids relative to water (lipid/water ²H-fractionation) at natural abundances reflect different sources of the central cellular reductant, NADPH, in bacteria. Here, we demonstrate that lipid/water ²H-fractionation (²εfattyacid/water) can also constrain the relative importance of key NADPH pathways in eukaryotes. We used the metabolically flexible yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a microbial model for respiratory and fermentative metabolism in industry and medicine, to investigate ²εfattyacid/water. In chemostats, fatty acids from glycerol-respiring cells were >550‰ ²H-enriched compared to those from cells aerobically fermenting sugars via overflow metabolism, a hallmark feature in cancer. Faster growth decreased ²H/¹H ratios, particularly in glycerol-respiring cells by 200%. Variations in the activities and kinetic isotope effects among NADP+-reducing enzymes indicate cytosolic NADPH supply as the primary control on ²εfattyacid/water. Contributions of cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase (cIDH) to NAPDH production drive large ²H-enrichments with substrate metabolism (cIDH is absent during fermentation but contributes up to 20 percent NAPDH during respiration) and slower growth on glycerol (11 percent more NADPH from cIDH). Shifts in NADPH demand associated with cellular lipid abundance explain smaller ²εfattyacid/water variations (<30%) with growth rate during fermentation. Consistent with these results, tests of murine liver cells had ²H-enriched lipids from slower-growing, healthy respiring cells relative to fast-growing, fermenting hepatocellular carcinoma. Our findings point to the broad potential of lipid ²H/¹H ratios as a passive natural tracker of eukaryotic metabolism with applications to distinguish health and disease, complementing studies that rely on complex isotope-tracer addition methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past two decades, we have witnessed a growing appreciation for the importance of membrane contact sites (CS) in facilitating direct communication between organelles. CS are tiny regions where the membranes of two organelles meet but do not fuse and allow the transfer of metabolites between organelles, playing crucial roles in the coordination of cellular metabolic activities. The significant advancements in imaging techniques and molecular and cell biology research have revealed that CS are more complex than what originally thought, and as they are extremely dynamic, they can remodel their shape, composition, and functions in accordance with metabolic and environmental changes and can occur between more than two organelles. Here, we describe how recent studies led to the identification of a three‐way mitochondria–ER–lipid droplet CS and discuss the emerging functions of these contacts in maintaining lipid storage, homeostasis, and balance. We also summarize the properties and functions of key protein components localized at the mitochondria–ER–lipid droplet interface, with a special focus on lipid transfer proteins. Understanding tripartite CS is essential for unraveling the complexities of inter‐organelle communication and cooperation within cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our body stores energy mostly in form of fatty acids (FAs) in lipid droplets (LDs). From there the FAs can be mobilized and transferred to peroxisomes and mitochondria. This transfer is dependent on close opposition of LDs and mitochondria and peroxisomes and happens at membrane contact sites. However, the composition and the dynamics of these contact sites is not well understood, which is in part due to the dependence on the metabolic state of the cell and on the cell‐ and tissue‐type. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the contacts between lipid droplets and mitochondria both in mammals and in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which various contact sites are well studied. We discuss possible functions of the contact site and their implication in disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metabolism of glucose and lipids plays a crucial role in the normal homeostasis of the body. Although glucose is the main energy substrate, in its absence, lipid metabolism becomes the primary source of energy. The main means of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) takes place in the mitochondrial matrix through β-oxidation. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common form of primary malignant brain tumor (45.6%), with an incidence of 3.1 per 100,000. The metabolic changes found in GBM cells and in the surrounding microenvironment are associated with proliferation, migration, and resistance to treatment. Tumor cells show a remodeling of metabolism with the use of glycolysis at the expense of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), known as the Warburg effect. Specialized fatty acids (FAs) transporters such as FAT, FABP, or FATP from the tumor microenvironment are overexpressed in GBM and contribute to the absorption and storage of an increased amount of lipids that will provide sufficient energy used for tumor growth and invasion. This review provides an overview of the key enzymes, transporters, and main regulatory pathways of FAs and ketone bodies (KBs) in normal versus GBM cells, highlighting the need to develop new therapeutic strategies to improve treatment efficacy in patients with GBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Rhizobial phosphatidylcholine (PC) is thought to be a critical phospholipid for the symbiotic relationship between rhizobia and legume host plants. A PC‐deficient mutant of Sinorhizobium meliloti overproduces succinoglycan, is unable to swim, and lacks the ability to form nodules on alfalfa (Medicago sativa) host roots. Suppressor mutants had been obtained which did not overproduce succinoglycan and regained the ability to swim. Previously, we showed that point mutations leading to altered ExoS proteins can reverse the succinoglycan and swimming phenotypes of a PC‐deficient mutant. Here, we report that other point mutations leading to altered ExoS, ChvI, FabA, or RpoH1 proteins also revert the succinoglycan and swimming phenotypes of PC‐deficient mutants. Notably, the suppressor mutants also restore the ability to form nodule organs on alfalfa roots. However, nodules generated by these suppressor mutants express only low levels of an early nodulin, do not induce leghemoglobin transcript accumulation, thus remain white, and are unable to fix nitrogen. Among these suppressor mutants, we detected a reduced function mutant of the 3‐hydoxydecanoyl‐acyl carrier protein dehydratase FabA that produces reduced amounts of unsaturated and increased amounts of shorter chain fatty acids. This alteration of fatty acid composition probably affects lipid packing thereby partially compensating for the previous loss of PC and contributing to the restoration of membrane homeostasis. Significance Statement: The membrane lipid phosphatidylcholine (PC) is crucial for the bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti when generating nitrogen‐fixing nodules on the roots of their host plant. Although PC‐deficient mutants of S. meliloti cannot form any nodules on their host plant, suppressor mutants were isolated which partially recover the ability to trigger nodule formation. Among these suppressor mutants, we detected a reduced function mutant of FabA that produces reduced amounts of unsaturated and increased amounts of shorter chain fatty acids thereby probably affecting lipid packing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All over the world, birds' eggs are an important and valuable component of the human diet. This study aimed to compare the content of lipid components and their nutritional value as well as iron and zinc levels in chicken and quail eggs commonly available on the market. In egg lipids, unsaturated fatty acids were dominant, especially oleic acid, the content of which was about 40% of the total fatty acids (TFAs). Linoleic acid was the major polyunsaturated fatty acid. Compared to other products of animal origin, eggs were characterized by favorable values of lipid quality indices, especially the index of atherogenicity, thrombogenicity, and the hypocholesterolemic-to-hypercholesterolemic ratio. In the present study, no differences were found in the content of tested nutrients between eggs from different production methods (organic, free-range, barn, cages). Based on linear discriminant analysis, inter-breed differences were noticed. Cluster analysis showed that eggs enriched in n3 PUFAs (according to the producers' declarations) differed from other groups of chicken eggs. However, in eggs from one producer only, the amount of EPA and DHA exceeds 80 mg per 100 g, entitling the use of the nutrition claim on the package. Quail eggs differed from chicken eggs in FA profile and cholesterol and iron levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Botryococcus braunii, a colonial green microalga which is well-known for its capacity to synthesize hydrocarbons, has significant promise as a long-term source of feedstock for the generation of biofuels. However, cultivating and scaling up B. braunii using conventional aqua-suspended cultivation systems remains a challenge. In this study, we optimized medium components and light intensity to enhance lipid and hydrocarbon production in a multi-cultivator airlift photobioreactor. BBM 3N medium with 200 μmol/m2/s light intensity and a 16 h light–8 h dark regimen yielded the highest biomass productivity (110.00 ± 2.88 mg/L/day), as well as the highest lipid and hydrocarbon content. Cultivation in a flat-panel bioreactor resulted in significantly higher biomass productivity (129.11 ± 2.74 mg/L/day), lipid productivity (32.21 ± 1.31 mg/L/day), and hydrocarbon productivity (28.98 ± 2.08 mg/L/day) compared to cultivation in Erlenmeyer flasks and open 20-L raceway pond. It also exhibited 20.15 ± 1.03% of protein content including elevated levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids. This work is noteworthy since it is the first to describe fatty acid and hydrocarbon profiles of B. braunii during cobalt treatment. The study demonstrated that high cobalt concentrations (up to 5 mg/L of cobalt nitrate) during Botryococcus culture affected hydrocarbon synthesis, resulting in high amounts of n-alkadienes and trienes as well as lipids with elevated monounsaturated fatty acids concentration. Furthermore, pyrolysis experiments on microalgal green biomass and de-oiled biomass revealed the lipid and hydrocarbon compounds generated by the thermal degradation of B. braunii that facilitate extra economical value to this system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warming temperatures in the Gulf of Alaska have been linked to recruitment failure in Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), but the mechanisms and timing of mortality events for juveniles are unclear. To date, limited research has focused on overwintering success, and the knowledge of juvenile ecology and physiology is based entirely on summer observations. Here, we investigate the changes in body condition, diet composition, and tissue-specific fatty acid (FA) storage for age-0 Pacific cod in Kodiak, Alaska, from February to December during 2018 and 2020. We observed protracted nearshore residency from June to December. Cod body condition (K dry) and predicted weight at length were lowest in October, November, and December. Although not different interannually, diet composition varied seasonally, which corresponded to an increase in cod length. A range of condition metrics (HSIwet, FA concentration in liver tissue, and the % of whole body FAs stored in the liver) began to increase in September. Cod prioritized growth during the summer, while in the autumn and pre-winter they allocated more energy into lipid storage. We conclude that seasonal changes in tissue-specific FA storage and pre-winter fish conditions are important factors to consider for understanding overwintering potential of juvenile Pacific cod. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids have key functions in the assembly of cell structures, serve as an important energy source, and are precursors for signaling molecules. Ubiquitination is one of the most common post-translational modifications in eukaryotes and is essential for cellular and tissue homeostasis. Ubiquitination is central in regulating lipid metabolism by controlling the turnover of proteins and lipids involved in lipid metabolism. Dysregulation of ubiquitination contributes to lipid abnormalities in divergent disorders, and targeting the ubiquitin-proteasome system serves as an interesting therapeutic approach. Lipids are essential molecules that play key roles in cell physiology by serving as structural components, for storage of energy, and in signal transduction. Hence, efficient regulation and maintenance of lipid homeostasis are crucial for normal cellular and tissue function. In the past decade, increasing research has shown the importance of ubiquitination in regulating the stability of key players in different aspects of lipid metabolism. This review describes recent insights into the regulation of lipid metabolism by ubiquitin signaling, discusses how ubiquitination can be targeted in diseases characterized by lipid dysregulation, and identifies areas that require further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of fat in infant milk is determined by the fatty acid profile and selected indices describing nutritional value. The aim of this study was to analyze the fatty acid profile and lipid quality indices of infant formulas and compare these data with breast milk. The study material included seven types of cow's milk-based follow-on infant formulas and samples of mature breast milk. The determination of fatty acids was performed using the gas chromatography (GC) technique. Lipid quality indices were calculated based on the relevant equations. Infant formulas contained more medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and oleic acid. Moreover, they contained more than 30% more linoleic acid and more than twice as much α-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. In contrast, significant amounts of trans fatty acids (TFAs) were noted in breast milk, while infant formulas contained trace amounts. Infant formulas were characterized by a lower AI (Index of Atherogenicity) (0.49–0.98) and TI (Index of Thrombogenicity) (0.48–0.60) and a higher H/H (hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic) ratio (1.93–2.30) compared with breast milk (1.47, 1.60, and 1.21, respectively). The composition of infant formulas depended on the type of fat added at the production stage and differed significantly from breast milk, particularly in terms of polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid quality indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PGPR is an emulsifier (E476) widely used in the food industry. In this study, a gas chromatography–flame ionisation detection (GC-FID) method was developed for the quantitative characterisation of the polyglycerol composition of PGPR. The method was validated to analyse quantitatively the polyglycerol species in neat PGPR products and in PGPR samples present in a lipid matrix. This method consists of saponification, acidification and petroleum ether extraction to remove interfering fatty acids, neutralisation, silylation and finally GC-FID analysis. Phenyl β-D-glucopyranoside was used as internal standard as sorbitol proved unsuitable due to its susceptibility to interference from Na/K chloride during silylation. The response factors of glycerol and diglycerol towards phenyl β-D-glucopyranoside were determined using pure standards, while response factors of polyglycerols with a degree of polymerisation of at least 3 could be reliably estimated according to an effective carbon number (ECN) approach. The validity of the method applied to PGPR samples was further supported on the basis of a mass balance considering the experimentally determined polyglycerol and fatty acid content. Moreover, recoveries of di-, tri-, tetra- and pentaglycerol were more than 95% for various PGPR samples added to two different lipid matrices at 2 wt% and 5 wt% concentrations. Furthermore, the method proved to be very repeatable (with relative standard deviation values below 2.2%). On the other hand, the inevitable presence of glycerol in the lipid samples caused fouling of the detector and column overloading, requiring frequent cleaning of the detector and trimming off part of the column. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of combined short-term (3 days) exposure to Fusarium mycotoxins at both the EU recommended limit (T-2/HT-2 toxin: 0.25 mg/kg; DON/3-AcDON/15-AcDON: 5 mg/kg; FB1: 20 mg/kg) and twice the dose (T-2/HT-2 toxin: 0.5 mg/kg, DON/3-AcDON/15-AcDON: 10 mg/kg, and FB1: 40 mg/kg feed) on the kidneys of laying hens were examined. Our study aimed to investigate how these mycotoxins interacted with membrane lipid fatty acid (FA) composition and lipid peroxidation processes. It was observed that the levels of conjugated dienes and trienes were higher than the control in the low-mix group on day 3, and malondialdehyde concentration was higher on days 2 and 3. The proportion of phospholipid (PL) FAs showed that saturated and monounsaturated FAs increased. Still, both n3 and n6 polyunsaturated FAs decreased significantly on day 2 of exposure in the high-mix group. Among the n3 FAs, the level of docosahexaenoic (C22:6 n3) and among n6 FAs, arachidonic (C20:4 n6) acids decreased mainly on day 2 in the high-mix group. The results suggest that the combined exposure to Fusarium mycotoxins induced lipid peroxidation in the kidneys of laying hens, which resulted in marked changes in the PL FA profile. Histological examination revealed time- and dose-dependent increases as consequences of mycotoxin exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate warming causes shorter winters and changes in ice and snow cover in subarctic lakes, highlighting the need to better understand under-ice ecosystem functioning. The plankton community in a subarctic, oligotrophic lake was studied throughout the ice-covered season, focusing on lipid dynamics and life history traits in two actively overwintering copepods, Cyclops scutifer and Eudiaptomus graciloides. Whereas C. scutifer was overwintering in C-IV to C-V stage, E. graciloides reproduced under ice cover. Both species had accumulated lipids prior to ice-on and showed a substantial decrease in total lipid content throughout the ice-covered period: E. graciloides (60%–38% dw) and C. scutifer (73%–33% dw). Polyunsaturated fatty acids of algal origin were highest in E. graciloides and declined strongly in both species. Stearidonic acid (18:4n-3) content in E. graciloides was particularly high and decreased rapidly during the study period by 50%, probably due to reproduction. The copepods differed in feeding behavior, with the omnivore C. scutifer continuing to accumulate lipids until January, whereas the herbivorous E. graciloides accumulated lipids from under-ice primary production during the last months of ice-cover. Our findings emphasize the importance of lipid accumulation and utilization for actively overwintering copepods irrespective of the timing of their reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Extracellular vesicles in human milk are critical in supporting newborn growth and development. Bioavailability of dietary extracellular vesicles may depend on the composition of membrane lipids. Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the fatty acid desaturase gene cluster impact the content of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk phospholipids. This study investigated the relation between variation in FADS1 and FADS2 with the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in extracellular vesicles from human milk. Methods: Milk was obtained from a cohort of mothers (N = 70) at 2–4 weeks of lactation. SNPs in the FADS gene locus were determined using pyrosequencing for rs174546 in FADS1 and rs174575 in FADS2. Quantitative lipidomic analysis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk and extracellular vesicles from human milk was completed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results: The rs174546 and rs174575 genotypes were independent predictors of the arachidonic acid content in extracellular vesicles. The rs174546 genotype also predicted eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in extracellular vesicles. The reduced content of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in extracellular vesicles in human milk may be due to lower fatty acid desaturase activity in mothers who are carriers of the A allele in rs174546 or the G allele in rs174575. Conclusion: The polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of milk extracellular vesicles is predicted by the FADS genotype. These findings yield novel insights regarding extracellular vesicle content and composition that can inform the design of future research to explore how lipid metabolites impact the bioavailability of human milk extracellular vesicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cunninghamella genus has been utilized for the production of PUFA-rich lipids. Therefore, we investigate the impact of plant oil supplementation in the culture medium (soybean oil, rice bran oil, and perilla oil), selected based on their different fatty acid predominant, on lipid production and fatty acid composition in C. elegans (TISTR 3370). All oils significantly boosted fungal growth, each influencing distinct patterns of lipid accumulation within the cells. The cells exhibited distinct patterns of lipid accumulation, forming intracellular lipid bodies, influenced by the different oils. Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were found to be the most abundant, followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in the fungal lipid cultures. Oleic acid was identified as the primary MUFA, while palmitic acid was the predominant SFA in perilla oil supplements. Remarkably, perilla oil supplement provided the highest total lipid production with arachidonic acid being exclusively detected. The percentage of PUFAs ranged from 12% in the control to 33% in soybean oil, 32% in rice bran oil, and 61% in perilla oil supplements. These findings offer valuable opportunities for advancing biotechnological applications in lipid production and customization, with implications for food and nutrition as well as pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acids (FAs) exert diverse biological functions in humans, influencing physiological responses and, ultimately, health and disease risk. The analysis of FAs in human samples has significant implications and attracts interest in diagnostics and research. The standard method for assessing FA profiles involves the collection of blood samples, which can be inconvenient, invasive, and potentially painful, particularly for young individuals outside hospital settings. Saliva emerged as a promising alternative for evaluating FA profiles in both clinical and research settings. However, to the best of our knowledge, an updated synthesis of the related evidence is unavailable. This comprehensive review aims to summarize data on FA analysis and highlight the potential of the use of salivary FAs as a biomarker in health and disease. Over the past decade, there has been a growing interest in studying salivary FAs in chronic diseases, and more recently, researchers have explored the prognostic value of FAs in acute conditions to check the availability of a non-invasive sampling methodology. A deeper understanding of salivary FAs could have relevant implications both for healthy individuals and patients, particularly in elucidating the correlation between the dietary lipidic content and salivary FA level, Finally, it is crucial to address the standardization of the methods as the sampling, processing, and analysis of saliva are heterogeneous among studies, and limited correlation between blood FAs and salivary FAs is available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near-infrared spectroscopy has become a common quality assessment tool for fishmeal products during the last two decades. However, to date it has not been used for active online quality monitoring during fishmeal processing. Our aim was to investigate whether NIR spectroscopy, in combination with multivariate chemometrics, could actively predict the changes in the main chemical quality parameters of pelagic fishmeal and oil during processing, with an emphasis on lipid quality changes. Results indicated that partial least square regression (PLSR) models from the NIR data effectively predicted proximate composition changes during processing (with coefficients of determination of an independent test set at R C V 2 = 0.9938, RMSECV = 2.41 for water; R C V 2 = 0.9773, RMSECV = 3.94 for lipids; and R C V 2 = 0.9356, RMSECV = 5.58 for FFDM) and were successful in distinguishing between fatty acids according to their level of saturation (SFA ( R C V 2 = 0.9928 ,   R M S E C V = 0.24) , MUFA ( R C V 2 = 0.8291 ,   R M S E C V = 1.49) , PUFA ( R C V 2 = 0.8588 ,   R M S E C V = 2.11) ). This technique also allowed the prediction of phospholipids (PL R C V 2 = 0.8617 ,   R M S E C V = 0.11 , and DHA ( R C V 2 = 0.8785 ,   R M S E C V = 0.89)   and EPA content R C V 2 = 0.8689 ,   R M S E C V = 0.62) throughout processing. NIR spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics is, thus, a powerful quality assessment tool that can be applied for active online quality monitoring and processing control during fishmeal and oil processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study conducted a comparative analysis of fatty acids (FAs) concentration derived from polar (PL) and non-polar (NPL) lipids in the liver and muscle tissues of rats and mice. The objective was to elucidate species-specific differences in tissue FA distribution. Employing targeted GC/MS-based methodology, the study aimed to provide insights into conserved and species-specific aspects of lipid metabolism, thereby enhancing future experimental design, linked with comprehension of the interactions between diet, metabolism, and health. Results revealed markedly higher levels of total fatty acids (TFAs) derived from PL in mice skeletal muscle compared to rats and elevated saturated fatty acids (SFAs) levels in mice. Unsaturated fatty acid levels, mainly monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), were substantially higher in mice muscle across all lipid classes, resulting in a higher PUFA/TFA ratio in mice muscle. Detailed analysis of specific unsaturated fatty acids (C16:1, C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c, C22:6n3) indicated elevated levels in mice relative to rats. Conversely, rats exhibited higher SFA levels derived from the NPL fraction in the liver, particularly in myristic (C14:0), stearic (C18:0), and tricosanoic (C23:0) acids. Mice liver PL fractions displayed significantly elevated unsaturated FA levels, with notably higher MUFAs and lower PUFAs in NPL fractions compared to rats. Analysis of specific unsaturated FAs revealed higher levels of palmitoleic acid (C16:1) in mice, while rats exhibited increased linoleic (C18:2n6c) and linolenic (C18:3n3) acids. In conclusion, significant differences in FAs tissue distribution between rats and mice underscore the importance of considering species-specific FAs variations when utilizing these animal models and interpreting experimental results related to FA metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heart primarily derives its energy through lipid oxidation. In cardiomyocytes, lipids are stored in lipid droplets (LDs) and are utilized in mitochondria, although the structural and functional connections between these two organelles remain largely unknown. In this study, visible evidence have presented indicating that a complex is formed at the mitochondria‐LD membrane contact (MLC) site, involving mitochondrion‐localized Mfn2 and LD‐localized Hsc70. This complex serves to tether mitochondria to LDs, facilitating the transfer of fatty acids (FAs) from LDs to mitochondria for β‐oxidation. Reduction of Mfn2 induced by lipid overload inhibits MLC, hinders FA transfer, and results in lipid accumulation. Restoring Mfn2 reinstates MLC, alleviating myocardial lipotoxicity under lipid overload conditions both in‐vivo and in‐vitro. Additionally, prolonged lipid overload induces Mfn2 degradation through the ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway, following Mfn2 acetylation at the K243 site. This leads to the transition from adaptive lipid utilization to maladaptive lipotoxicity. The experimental findings are supported by clinical data from patients with obesity and age‐matched non‐obese individuals. These translational results make a significant contribution to the molecular understanding of MLC in the heart, and offer new insights into its role in myocardial lipotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The utilization of mulberry branch fiber (MF), the largest by-product of the sericulture industry, is an important issue. Supplementation with MF as a dietary fiber for poultry may serve as a useful application. However, little is known about the effects of MF on liver lipid metabolism and egg yolk fatty acid composition of laying hens and their underlying mechanisms. In this study, we performed a multi-omics investigation to explore the variations in liver lipid metabolism, egg yolk fatty acid composition, gut microbiota, and the associations among them induced by dietary MF in laying hens. Results: Dietary MF had no harmful effects on the laying performance or egg quality in laying hens. The enzyme activities associated with lipid metabolism in the liver were altered by the addition of 5% MF, resulting in reduced liver fat accumulation. Furthermore, dietary 5% MF induced the variation in the fatty acid profiles of egg yolk, and increased the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content. We observed a significant reduction in the diversity of both gut bacteria and changes in their compositions after the addition of MF. Dietary MF significantly increased the abundance of genes involved in fatty acid biodegradation, and short-chain fatty acids biosynthesis in the gut microbiota of laying hens. The significant correlations were observed between the liver lipid metabolism enzyme activities of hepatic lipase, lipoprotein lipase, and total esterase with gut microbiota, including negative correlations with gut microbiota diversity, and multiple correlations with gut bacteria and viruses. Moreover, various correlations between the contents of PUFAs and monounsaturated fatty acids in egg yolk with the gut microbiota were obtained. Based on partial-least-squares path modeling integrated with the multi-omics datasets, we deduced the direct effects of liver enzyme activities and gut bacterial compositions on liver fat content and the roles of liver enzyme activities and gut bacterial diversity on egg yolk fatty acid composition. Conclusions: The results indicate that dietary MF is beneficial to laying hens as it reduces the liver fat and improves egg yolk fatty acid composition through the enterohepatic axis. CByDGCz_6LcoMs-GQqtpHG Video Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the metal content, fatty acid composition, lipid quality, and potential health risks of Pontastacus leptodactylus crayfish inhabiting Atikhisar Dam Lake. The research covers a 12-month period and includes both male and female individuals. The study investigated the metal content of crayfish specimens. In female individuals, the metal concentrations were ranked as Fe > Zn > Al > Cu > Mn > Se > As > Hg > Cd > Pb, while in male individuals, the ranking was Fe > Al > Zn > Cu > Mn > Se > As > Hg > Pb > Cd. The results demonstrate that Atherogenicity Index (AI) values for both genders range between 0.21 and 0.31, and Thrombogenicity Index (TI) values fall within 0.14 and 0.20. This indicates that crayfish meat is composed of healthy and high-quality fatty acids. In male individuals, omega-3 values range from 25.28 ± 0.380% to 28.34 ± 0.430%, and in female individuals, they vary from 22.98 ± 0.195% to 28.73 ± 0.871%. These findings underscore the absence of significant health risks associated with mercury levels in crayfish meat. Monthly meal calculations reveal that consuming female crayfish at an average of 4.35 servings per month for adults and 2.24 servings per month for children presents no health hazards. Similarly, the consumption of crayfish meat at an average of 5.29 servings per month for adult males and 2.72 servings per month for male children is deemed safe for health. Based on these results, the lipid quality of both male and female individuals from this species is found to be beneficial, as confirmed by risk–benefit assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosemary is an herb exhibits biological properties, attenuates inflammation, oxidative stress, and improves lipid profile. Here, we evaluated the effects of rosemary aqueous extract (RE) on mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). Male C57BL/6 mice were administered a control diet or HFD for 10 weeks. The treated groups received RE in the diet at different concentrations: 25, 250, and 500 mg/100 g. After 10 weeks, serum concentrations of glucose, lipid, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, and cytokines were evaluated and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity was determined. Histological analysis was performed to determine the concentrations of triacylglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, cytokines, and antioxidant enzymes as well as the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The dietary RE ameliorated HFD-induced weight gain, adipose tissue weight, glucose intolerance, and insulin, leptin, and free fatty acid levels. Reduction in hepatic TG deposition was observed. The levels of inflammatory cytokines decreased, and the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism increased. RE mitigated oxidative stress and reduced the production of reactive oxygen species in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells. Therefore, RE is a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention of inflammation and oxidative stress outcomes associated with obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]