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BACKGROUND: There is a high similarity of the cervical vertebrae between rhesus monkeys and human, both in terms of the number of cervical vertebrae and the anatomical structure of cervical vertebrae, especially the uncinate joints, which are unique to the cervical vertebrae, so they can be used as an ideal animal experimental model. However, there are few reports on the mechanical comparative study between the two. OBJECTIVE: To establish the finite element model of adult human cervical vertebra and adult rhesus monkey cervical vertebra, to compare the characteristics of stress and displacement of the uncinate joint between human and rhesus monkey cervical vertebra under six working conditions by means of finite element analysis, and to provide theoretical basis for clinical vertebral replacement. METHODS: A 40-year-old adult volunteer and a 7-year-old adult male rhesus monkey were scanned by spiral CT. The original cervical vertebra CT data were introduced into Mimics 21.0 to establish a preliminary three-dimensional model. Through the optimization, assignment, assembly and other tissue grids of each segment of cervical vertebra, intervertebral disc, ligament and so on, the cervical vertebra finite element model was constructed by Abaqus, and 75 N additional load and 1 N·m external force couple moment were loaded on the model. Comparative mechanical analysis was carried out under six working conditions of flexion, extension, lateral area and rotation, in order to find the mechanical change trend and difference between them. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Both human and rhesus monkey cervical vertebrae had the unique structure of uncinate joint of cervical vertebrae. Through finite element modeling, the stress and displacement changes of the uncinate joint between them were basically consistent, and the stress and displacement concentration points were all at C5. There was a significant difference between them. (2) However, the cervical vertebra of rhesus monkey can be used as the best candidate animal for clinical cervical vertebra animal model, and provide theoretical basis for artificial cervical vertebra replacement [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]