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This Article develops a new way of understanding the law in order to address contemporary debates about judicial practice and reform. The jurisprudential theory is "personal positivism," which holds that each judge's publicly known rules of decision are the law for that jurist and, therefore, part of the overall law of the legal system. This theory offers a richer and more useful account of law in the United States today, including its dependence on the views of individual judges. Personal positivism also recognizes that the law is increasingly constituted by the views of competing groups of judges--one liberal, one conservative, and each with its own set of personal rules. At the same time, personal positivism maintains that there is an abundance of genuine law--not just politics--even in contested cases. The problem facing the U.S. legal system, then, isn't that law is being replaced with politics, but rather that the law is too fragmentary. And the solution is not to ignore or suppress judicial individuality, but to harness it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American Medical Association (AMA) was a major player in debates about vivisection in the late 1800s to mid-1950s. This article provides an overview of arguments and guidelines the AMA once offered in favor of the practice in 1909. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arts Magazine is the property of Thamar University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arts Magazine is the property of Thamar University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The thought of rule by virtue in ancient China holds a significant role in Chinese ideological history. Because of the similarity in nature and authority, morality in ancient China played a similar role to religion in Western countries. The Confucian rule by virtue thought in the pre-Qin dynasty profoundly influenced subsequent generations. During the pre-Qin period, Confucian rule by virtue thought evolved—from personal cultivation to statecraft, integrating law and ritual. Concepts of rule by rite, rule by man, and rule by virtue intertwined with the legal philosophies of Confucius, Mencius, and Xunzi. Confucian moral governance focuses on human values and life quality, retaining relevance today. Constrained by historical and social contexts, it had unique dilemma and unobservable limitations. In order to eliminate the ideological dilemma, a return to virtue and law while adhering strictly to their boundaries is a feasible path for the Confucian rule by virtue thought from the pre-Qin Dynasty to the modern era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leibniz's jurisprudence and theory of natural law, which began development as early as the 1660s, has implications for his mature theodicy. In this essay, it is shown that based on an analysis of a few key jurisprudential texts, the Nova Methodus (1666), the Elementa Juris Naturalis (1670–1671), and the Codex Juris Gentium Diplomaticus (1693), Leibniz developed the legal term 'obligatio' from Roman Law and the Spanish Jesuit traditions, but that his usage shifted at different stages of his life. Nevertheless, these views are compatible and provide a grounding for his philosophical optimism. It is further shown that Leibniz took the concept of obligatio to provide something like legal standing (locus standi or klagebefugnis) so that rational minds can undergo the theodicean project, that is, because God has obligations to substances, they can seek an explanation for their suffering from God. And because human reason is analogous to divine reason, according to Leibniz, God provides the explanation that the actual world is the best possible world. The goal, then, is to prove that we should take Leibniz's insights into jurisprudence more seriously, at least in part, because they help to explain his philosophical optimism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In classical logic, the law of importation (p Λ q) → r ≡ p → (q → r) is a tautology, and it has been extensively studied in fuzzy logics. This paper explores the law of importation in orthomodular quantum logic. Our investigation reveals that the law of importation does not hold for five quantum implications within the context of orthomodular quantum logic. Furthermore, we examine six other quantum implication functions in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of religious education, reason is accepted as one of the sources of knowledge, while the difference about its definition, role and position cannot be ignored. The school of segregation has doubts about the role of human reason in understanding religious knowledge. The present researchers tried to use Norman Fairclough's model of critical discourse analysis to examine the perspective of the segregation school regarding reason at the three levels of description, interpretation and explanation. The findings showed that the difference between Imami jurists regarding the interpretation of religious texts has become the basis for the emergence of school of segregation in Iran, while the influence of political, cultural and scientific factors cannot be ignored. Also, the findings reveal that segregation school emphasizes the role of revealed reason, nature and tradition in religious understanding, while it cannot provide a precise and clear definition of these concepts. In addition, the findings made it clear that from a comparative point of view, seven similarities and five differences can be found between the proponents and opponents of the segregation school regarding the sources of knowledge and role of reason. The similarities show that both groups believe in the role of revelation, nature, and senses in acquiring knowledge, while the proponents of the segregation school reject the knowledge that comes from science and emotion. Also, belief in divine science is common in both groups, while belief in human science does not differ among the supporters of the segregation school. Based on these similarities and differences, the authors emphasize that the denial of reason and human sciences - such as philosophy and mysticism - by the school of segregation adds to the complexity of religious education in Iran's educational system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura is the property of Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence exhibited by machines or software. Expert systems are one of the common applications of artificial intelligence. Legal expert systems are programs which can reason and think like lawyers. There is an urgent need to develop a legal expert system for the people to solve their legal troubles in order reduce problems to people frequently arising legal solutions or legal queries, there is a need legal lawyer is mandatory, so there is an urgent need for the use of practical AI solutions in many of areas for problems which people encounter in their daily lives. This research paper introduces the introduction, structure, applications or review of a legal expert system. This paper also discusses the advantages, new tools and various research aspects in low expert systems. This paper intends to outline current research trends which are found in low expert systems literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the book called The Place of Mas̲h̲hūr Sunnah in the Religion written by Mehmet Ali Yargı, Ḥanafī theory of mas̲h̲hūr k̲h̲abar is analysed. The matter is examined under four chapters regarding different perspectives. In the first chapter, the quality of Sunnah is examined. In the second chapter, the relation between mas̲h̲hūr Sunnah and Qur’an is examined. The third chapter examines the relation of mas̲h̲hūr sunnah to other sunnah and k̲h̲abar types, and the fourth chapter analyses the relation of mas̲h̲hūr Sunnah to raʾy and ḳiyās. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is an unfortunate truth that Emergency Medicine (EM) physicians will, at some point, have contact with the medicolegal system. However, most EM residency training programs lack education on the legal system in their curriculum, leaving EM physicians unprepared for litigation. To fill this gap, we designed a high-yield and succinct medical legal workshop highlighting legal issues commonly encountered by EM physicians. We aimed to determine the effectiveness of this curriculum by measuring pre and post knowledge questions. Methods: A two-hour session included a case-based discussion of common misconceptions held by physicians about the legal system, proper steps when interacting with the legal system and review of legal documents. This session was developed with the involvement of our hospital legal counsel and discussed real encounters. The effectiveness of the session was determined using pre- and postsession surveys assessing participant knowledge and comfort approaching the scenarios. Results: A total of 34 EM residents had the opportunity to complete this workshop as a part of their conference curriculum. A total of 26 participants completed the pre-survey and 19 participants completed the post-survey. No participants had previous training in the legal aspects of medicine, including handling a subpoena, serving as a witness, or giving a deposition. The pre-survey demonstrated that there was significant uncertainty surrounding the processes, definitions, and the legal system interaction. Many participants stated they would not know what to do if they received a subpoena (85.71%), were called as a witness in a trial (96.43%) or receive correspondence from a lawyer (96.43%). The post survey revealed an increased knowledge base and confidence following the session. 100% of residents reported knowing what to do after receiving a subpoena, being called as a witness and understanding the process involved in giving a deposition. All residents reported that the session was beneficial and provided crucial information. Conclusion: EM residents have limited baseline understanding of how to approach common legal scenarios. Educational materials available for this curriculum topic are limited. Based on the rapid knowledge increase observed in our residents, we believe our workshop could be adapted for use at other residency programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This empirical study explores the disconnect between doctrine and practice in the calculation of the life of permanent injunctions issued in trade secret misappropriation cases. The study draws upon findings from a content analysis of cases decided in federal trial court in the fourteen-year period between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2022. Case law and scholarly commentary on this topic suggest a legal doctrine that is rich, nuanced, and, indeed, rather elegant in its design. Modern doctrine directs courts to carefully refine the life of a permanent injunction barring further misappropriation by considering the time it would take for the misappropriator (or a good faith competitor) to independently develop the trade secret through legitimate business practices. The resulting injunction life, in theory at least, is fact-dependent, narrowly tailored, and precise in its terms. The key finding of this study is startling: What is said in doctrine is seldom what is applied in practice by courts in this arena. The great majority of courts issuing permanent injunctions for trade secret misappropriation paid little to no attention to the nuanced rules set forth by statute and case law; instead, they issued sparse permanent injunction provisions that did not reference time limits. In addition, in most instances the parties to the litigation did not engage with doctrine and did not seek more specificity on injunction duration. The study speculates that current practice may be efficient in terms of conserving judicial and litigant resources. However, we should not discount the value of nuanced rules for providing overarching frameworks for decision-making or for guiding outcomes in cases at the margin where the facts demand the application of more refined approaches. This study thus provides empirical evidence of actual practice regarding permanent injunction life in trade secret misappropriation cases and highlights pathways for future exploration into doctrinal development and judicial decision-making. It demonstrates that scholars, practitioners, and courts alike should approach doctrinal nuances with a degree of caution; it is patently risky to assume that an elegant, refined doctrine, even though articulated in statute or precedent, is necessarily what the parties will assert or what the courts will apply in the trenches of actual litigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rarely in modern tax jurisprudence does the common adage "nothing is certain except death and taxes" receive a challenge in the highest court in the land. This year, the Supreme Court is considering the most existential question concerning the federal income tax in over a century: what is "income"? The definition of "income" has gone through several developments and adjustments since the enactment of the Sixteenth Amendment. Two taxpayers have reached the Supreme Court to challenge one such aspect of the definition of "income "-- whether realization is a constitutional requirement as required by the Sixteenth Amendment. When an accession to wealth over which the taxpayer has complete dominion is not yet clearly realized, should the taxpayers be able to indefinitely defer their gains? Will this new challenge to the federal income tax change the way taxes are treated in the United States? What are the constitutional limits of Congress's taxing power? What would happen to the Internal Revenue Code, and Congress's ability to create new taxes and to fund the government? This Note examines the constitutionality of the Mandatory Repatriation Tax, an alleged direct wealth tax, ongoing litigation in Moore v. United States, what a possible disposition of this case would mean for other pending "wealth taxes" in Congress, and the future of the federal income tax generally.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some years ago, a group of authors described and criticized a way of approaching the interpretation of human rights that conceives it as a task consisting of resolving conflicts between rights. This position was termed "conflictivist." The critique targeted the concept of human rights that lies behind conflictivism and its projections on the absolute and universal nature that is claimed regarding these very special rights. This article aims to account for the current state of that critique and some of the objections it received, and to lay the foundations for an alternative proposal, the "harmonization of rights". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the highlights of a conference about U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter, which was inspired by Brad Snyder's biography "Democratic Justice: Felix Frankfurter, the Supreme Court, and the Making of the Liberal Establishment," held in April 2023. Topics covered in the conference include Frankfurter's philosophy of judicial restraint, his jurisprudence and important people in his life, and the court case West Coast Hotel Company v. Parrish.

This study explores community perspectives on individuals with disabilities, recognizing consensus despite diverse viewpoints. Individuals with disabilities, whether physical or non-physical, are acknowledged to exhibit specific deficiencies while excelling in other aspects, warranting specialized attention, treatment, and facilities distinct from those serving non-disabled individuals. Our analysis, which uses qualitative field research methods, reveals a lack of public awareness of disability jurisprudence, especially in Yogyakarta. Interviews revealed a lack of awareness among the Muslim community, emphasizing the crucial role of disability Fiqh in guiding rituals and determining the validity of worship practices for individuals with disabilities. The findings underscore an information gap on the Fiqh of disability empowerment in Yogyakarta, emphasizing the need for a broader awareness campaign through various media channels. In addition, people with disabilities face significant challenges during worship, necessitating concrete collaborative efforts from the government, religious organizations, and the wider community to provide facilities and support. It is imperative to increase public understanding of disability jurisprudence and make concerted efforts to address information gaps, fostering a more inclusive worship environment for people with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sakarya University Journal of Law Faculty (SHD) is the property of Sakarya University Journal of Law Faculty (SHD) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The use of historical arguments in legal reasoning today is relatively rare and often superficial. The aim of the paper is to clarify whether the situation can be changed and whether this would be useful for the interpretation of codified private law. In the author’s view, a change in this direction will be possible and justified when historical arguments are made available in a way that is clearly linked to issues of contemporary practice and is addressed to lawyers who believe in the existence of objective premises of rationality in law and are open to including historical arguments into topical reasoning in order to support a solution that he or she considers legitimate. The author believes that the best way for making historical arguments available for such a purpose is a historical commentary on the Civil Code. The article presents a conception for such a commentary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Digital de Derecho Administrativo is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The United States Supreme Court’s holding in the seminal case of DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services has long foreclosed the viability of a wide array of failure-to-protect claims under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The linchpin of DeShaney is a “constitutional duty” analysis that is implicated only in select circumstances and serves as a threshold inquiry and a gatekeeping device. With the New Mexico Supreme Court’s articulation of a foreseeability-free duty analysis in Rodriguez v. Del Sol Shopping Center in 2014, and the Legislature’s passage of the New Mexico Civil Rights Act in 2021, the stage is set for a rejection of the DeShaney analysis and the development of a new jurisprudence of constitutional duty in this state—free of threshold inquiries and embracing the structural similarity of common-law torts and “constitutional torts.” By embracing this new jurisprudence of constitutional duty, New Mexico may assume the national pole position in testing and experimenting with Justice William Brennan’s observation in Paul v. Davis that there should be no distinction, for constitutional purposes, between tortious conduct committed by a private citizen and the same conduct committed by state officials under color of state law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to current trends in the development of scientific provisions regarding administrative-legal disputes in the field of administrative justice. The relevance of the study is due to the importance of administrative and legal disputes regarding the provision of human rights and fundamental freedoms. It is indicated that the methodological basis of the research is determined by the object and subject and includes philosophical, general and special scientific methods: dialectical, historical, comparative-legal, formal-logical, methods of analysis and synthesis. The system of used methods of cognition was aimed at solving the tasks and achieving the goal of scientific work. The object of the research is social relations regulated by law, which arise in connection with the interaction of state authorities and local self-government, other bodies that implement public functions with natural and legal entities regarding the adoption of individual or normative administrative acts. The subject of the study is the norms of Ukrainian and foreign legislation on administrative-legal disputes, the practice of application by administrative bodies and courts, doctrinal sources of administrative law, official analytical materials. It was noted that the activities of public authorities, despite the adoption of the Law of Ukraine «On Administrative Procedure» and a large number of secondary legal acts, did not receive a modern legislative foundation in public law. Formation of a single and consistent adequate socio-economic and legal theory of administrative justice, improvement of legal regulation of relevant relations is one of the important problems of public law. It was emphasized that the judicial system faces uncertainty in the public sphere of conflict relations It was determined that in the context of European integration, the issue of understanding administrative-legal disputes in the Western European doctrine is of interest. The study made it possible to clarify the content of the category of administrative-legal dispute regarding the procedural part and in the context of administrative discretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines approaches to solving the terminological problem of defining the concept and content of "countering criminal offenses", which is used in the context of the activities of the Security Service of Ukraine at critical infrastructure facilities. According to the results of the analysis of the scientific achievements related to the author's subject, based on fundamental developments, the laws of logic and methods of cognition, the concept of the term and its meaning are formulated, the ways of solving the specified problem are determined, and the directions of further investigations are also proposed. The author, in particular, proved that the terms "fighting criminal offenses", "crime", "criminal misdemeanor", "fighting crime", "fighting crime", "fighting crimes" are dialectically interrelated, but they are not identical its essence The fight against crime at the objects of critical infrastructure of Ukraine is a type of social activity, one of the main tasks of which is to combat criminal offenses. It is proposed to consolidate the definition of the term "counteraction to criminal offenses" in the context of the activity of the Security Service of Ukraine at critical infrastructure objects, as an object of social management, which is a specific activity of the special service in interaction and coordination with other subjects of the national system of critical infrastructure protection in Ukraine with the use of special forces, means, types, forms and methods of activity provided for by the legislation, which is organized on the basis, within the limits of authority, competence and in the manner provided for by the Constitution and laws of Ukraine, in the form of a task performance system: warning; detection; termination; disclosure of criminal offenses aimed at finding ways, means and other possibilities of effective influence on criminal offenses in order to reduce the intensity of the processes of their determination at all levels and stages, as well as to neutralize the effect of their consequences, while ensuring the protection of critical infrastructure. It is indicated that the content of the counteraction of the Security Service of Ukraine to criminal offenses at critical infrastructure facilities is the activity of the special service regulated by law with the use of special forces, means, types, forms and methods, which is aimed at the fulfillment of tasks: prevention, detection, termination and disclosure of criminal offenses at critical infrastructure projects of Ukraine, in order to ensure the protection of critical infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the concept of legal science, education and practice in the context of their interaction. It is noted that the main task of the domestic system of higher legal education is to find a balance between fundamental theoretical training and practical skills. Some types of legal practice require thorough knowledge in the field of both national and international law. Many universities focus on studying the legislation of other countries and foreign languages. In addition, modern political processes require revision of work programs of disciplines, for example, related to the activities of international organizations. For the future professional, we consider it important not only to consolidate theoretical knowledge and mechanical skills, but also to form legal thinking (develop analysis, argumentation, decision-making, responsibility). It is emphasized that the changes in the field of legal education are enshrined in the Report of the European Commission on Ukraine’s progress towards joining the EU, which was published in November 2023. Among other things, there are requirements: to clearly distinguish between legal education and personnel training for law enforcement agencies; strengthen law school admission requirements and law school licensing requirements; introduce a transparent distribution of state orders; review educational programs with an emphasis on ethics, practical training, EU law and international exchanges; implement EDKI. When modernizing legal education, it is also important to pay attention to the learning process, in particular, it is necessary to diversify the activities of students. In addition to traditional lectures, seminars and the previously mentioned practices, the experience of writing coursework and final qualification papers, participation in model processes is important for future lawyers, as this allows for the formation of a general and legal culture of writing and speech, a legal position in a case and the skills of conducting a discussion. It is concluded that new legal mechanisms are being formed in modern Ukraine, which is manifested, in particular, in active law-making, qualitative changes are taking place in legal awareness, including professional awareness. Under such conditions, professional legal education, which involves the formation of students’ practical skills, becomes invaluable. While preserving the training of professionals for a narrow field of legal activity, university education on the basis of domestic and European legal science should be developed at the same time. A university student will be able to become a good specialist only if he studies legal concepts, categories, constructions and ways of their expression in various legal realities. Such knowledge will not become obsolete in a few years, even if the current legislation changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Foro Revista de Derecho is the property of Universidad Andina Simon Bolivar, Sede Ecuador and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article underscores the significance of the University of Miami Law Review's dedication to analyze the jurisprudence and administration of the Eleventh Circuit. It aligns this tradition with the principles outlined by Alexander Hamilton in Federalist 78, emphasizing the importance of an independent judiciary bound by precedent to ensure impartiality in law enforcement.

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Privado (0123-4366) is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Departmento de Derecho Civil and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Privado (0123-4366) is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Departmento de Derecho Civil and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to investigate the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court regarding the public administration reform in Romania. We take into consideration the motivation of the public authorities involved in the law-making process, as well as the interpretation of the judges of the Constitutional Court concerning the legislative steps regarding the adoption of an Administrative Code, decentralization, the transfer of competences, the status of civil servants, and finally the legal regime of the newly established or reorganized institutions/authorities.The study also evaluates the steps to reform the public administration concerning the observance of the principles of constitutional loyalty, the separation of powers, the supremacy of the Constitution, and the role of the Parliament.

The majority of the scholars of usul al-fiqh have referred to Imru al-Qays' kalām in various topics of this science. The most frequently cited section of Imru al-Qays's poetry was the al-'alfāz, and the least frequently cited sections were the proofs and rulings. As for the section on ijtihad, Imru al-Qays's poem is almost never consulted in this section. This shows that the importance of Imru al-Qays's poetry is limited to the sciences of eloquence, rhetoric, and similar linguistic sciences. The Zāhirī scholar Ibn Hazm al-Andulusī (d. 456/1064), after stating that sharī'ah in the lexicon means 'the place where the source of water from a river is prepared for the rider and the drinker', made an istishād with Imru al-Qays' poem for this meaning. The Hanafī scholar Abū Bakr Shams al-A’imme Muhammad b. Abī Sahl al-Sarahsī (d. 483/1090) used Imru al-Qays' poem as an example for the ijāz and tawatur of the Qurʾān. Another Hanafī scholar, known as Mullā Fannārī (d. 834/1532), recorded something similar. Allāma Saʿd al-Dīn Masʿūd b. ʿUmar al-Taftāzānī (d. 792/1390) cited Imru al-Qays's poem as evidence for his view when discussing the issue of the definition of the Qurʾān. Taj al-Dīn al-Subkī (771/1370) brought Imru al-Qays's couplet as evidence in his explanation of the Prophet's (pbuh) beautiful attributes in the context of the explanation of the phrase 'his faults are not repeated'. In some works of jurisprudence, the name of Imru al-Qays is given as an example of its lexical meaning. It has been said that one of the meanings of qiyās is esteem. When something is respected, it is said, 'I compared something' (qistu-qaysen-qiyasen). This is the meaning of Qaysu'r-ra'y and Imruul-Qays, because their opinions were credited. One of the main topics on which Imru al-Qays' poetry was consulted was the issue of Sharia rulings. As in the case of Sharī'ah evidence, Imru al-Qays' poetry was rarely consulted in the case of Sharī'ah rulings. This shows that the role of Imru al-Qays is important in the Islamic sciences in general and in the usul al-fiqh in particular, in terms of wording. In other matters, recourse to his theology and istishhād is almost non-existent. In the field of proofs and rulings, istishhād with Imru al-Qays's poems is quite rare. Regarding ijtihad, it is almost non-existent. The istishhād on these basic issues are also related to the wording. This shows that Imru al-Qays' poetry is limited to the lexicon in the science of usul al-fiqh. In the chapter on al-'alfāz, the topics in which Imru al-Qays' poetry is mentioned are as follows: Nas, mujmal, mufasser, bayān, musterek, muteradif, hakika and majaz, muawwal, umūm and husūs. In addition, the meaning of some words, the meanings of the commandment, and issues that do not fall within the scope of a particular subject are also mentioned in the istishhād. One of the most frequently cited topics in the works of fiqh jurisprudence with Imru al-Qays's poems is the meaning of the commandment. In the works of usul al-fiqh, there is almost no work that does not mention wish as one of the meanings of the imperative. The scholars of usul al-fiqh, despite the differences in their methods and the structure of their works, have made istishhād with Imru al-Qays' poem. As a result, Imru al-Qays' poetry has undoubtedly been recognized as one of the most important sources of poetry on which the jurists relied in their lexical istishād. Thus, Imru al-Qays, al-malīq al-dalīl, is the leader of Arabic poetry.

The correlation between international regulations and domestic regulations in the field of human rights and freedoms” analyses the relationship and mutual impact between international human rights norms and standards and the domestic legislation of the States. The paper investigates the importance and ways in which international regulations influence and are implemented in the domestic legislation of States to ensure the protection and observance of human rights. First of all, States have to pass appropriate domestic legislation to implement and give practical effect to international human rights norms and standards. This means that domestic regulations must be consistent with States’ international obligations and ensure the protection and respect of human rights at a national level. Secondly, international human rights regulations can serve as instruments for interpreting and applying domestic law. States can use international standards as references for interpreting and applying their domestic laws, thereby ensuring that human rights are duly observed and protected.

Moral rights have always been a rather controversial subject in the field of copyright. Imposed in most countries around the world through the Berne Convention, recognized in most jurisdictions to certain degrees, but also partially rejected in others (most importantly, the US), moral rights have often been seen as the `black sheep` of intellectual property. But how did this concerning status affect the national and foreign jurisprudence on moral rights? In order to find out, we will analyse a few main court decisions, both from Romania and from other jurisdictions around the world and we will also make a couple of predictions about the potential future of moral rights in copyright law.

This annual chronicle includes the main jurisprudential and regulatory developments with relevance in the status of Basque language.