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Postulating that academic papers can positively impact the actual teaching practices of science teachers, this study analysed the process of understanding and utilising academic papers by science teachers to teach scientific creativity in their schools. The 45--hour graduate course of three science teachers was explored to identify the difficulties teachers encountered in trying to understand academic papers and to discover how to solve these difficulties. Second, which aspects should be considered when developing teaching materials for scientific creativity to be used in schools were analysed. A transformation model of an academic paper was proposed to understand this process, and the results were organised accordingly. According to this model, it was emphasized to translate academic papers from a general and abstract state to a local and concrete state. Therefore, the role of science educators as knowledge translators was discussed for more practical and effective use of academic papers in school. This study is expected to contribute to research-based teaching by linking academic research with teaching practice.

This study presents an innovative lateral flow microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) designed for conducting quantitative paper-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (p-ELISA), seamlessly executing conventional ELISA steps in a paper-based format. The p-ELISA device utilizes a passive fluidic circuit with functional elements such as a multi-bi-material cantilever (B-MaC) assembly, delay channels, and a buffer zone, all enclosed within housing for autonomous, sequential loading of critical reagents onto the detection zone. This novel approach not only demonstrates a rapid assay completion time of under 30 min, but also boasts reduced reagent requirements, minimal equipment needs, and broad applicability across clinical diagnostics and environmental surveillance. Through detailed descriptions of the design, materials, and fabrication methods for the multi-directional flow assay (MDFA), this manuscript highlights the device’s potential for complex biochemical analyses in a user-friendly and versatile format. Analytical performance evaluation, including a limit of detection (LOD) of 8.4 pM for Rabbit IgG, benchmarks the device’s efficacy compared to existing p-ELISA methodologies. This pioneering work lays the groundwork for future advancements in autonomous diagnostics, aiming to enhance global health outcomes through accessible and reliable testing solutions.

To improve the accuracy and efficiency of the aging life prediction and assessment of transformer oil-paper insulation, and to make up for the deficiencies of traditional characterizers, such as 2-furfural, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, a method for the simultaneous determination of methanol, ethanol, $n-\mathbf{propanol}$, and $n$-butanol in oil with a single injection is established by headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The measured results show that the determination limits of the four alcohol characterizers can be controlled to $\mathbf{10}\ \mu \mathbf{g}/\mathbf{kg}$ level. Based on this method, the change patterns of the above four alcohols with thermal aging time and degree of polymerization are obtained through thermal aging experimental research. Ethanol, $n$-propanol, and $n$-butanol in oil indicate nearly linear correlations with thermal aging time and degree of polymerization, similar to that of methanol. By analyzing 52 sets of measured data of 500 kV EHV transformers in operation, $n$-butanol is found to have excellent performance, and a new method to evaluate the aging state of oil-paper insulation employing $n$-butanol and methanol is proposed along with the aging attention value model. The measured data of 500 kV EHV transformers in operation indicate that the combination of $n$-butanol and methanol as the preferred characterizers can effectively compensate for the shortcoming of traditional characterizers in the early stages of aging, and the feasibility of the method is verified. Two possible pathways for the generation of $n$-butanol by cellulose cleavage during the aging of oil-paper are proposed from the chemical structure of cellulose.

We propose a stochastic generative model to represent a directed graph constructed by citations among academic papers, where nodes and directed edges represent papers with discrete publication time and citations respectively. The proposed model assumes that a citation between two papers occurs with a probability based on the type of the citing paper, the importance of cited paper, and the difference between their publication times, like the existing models. We consider the out-degrees of citing paper as its type, because, for example, survey paper cites many papers. We approximate the importance of a cited paper by its in-degrees. In our model, we adopt three functions: a logistic function for illustrating the numbers of papers published in discrete time, an inverse Gaussian probability distribution function to express the aging effect based on the difference between publication times, and an exponential distribution (or a generalized Pareto distribution) for describing the out-degree distribution. We consider that our model is a more reasonable and appropriate stochastic model than other existing models and can perform complete simulations without using original data. In this paper, we first use the Web of Science database and see the features used in our model. By using the proposed model, we can generate simulated graphs and demonstrate that they are similar to the original data concerning the in- and out-degree distributions, and node triangle participation. In addition, we analyze two other citation networks derived from physics papers in the arXiv database and verify the effectiveness of the model., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

The sustainable use of natural resources is becoming an increasingly important issue today. Stone paper, produced as an alternative to cellulose-based paper from the forest, is rich in minerals and produced without cellulose and water. This study focuses on the behavior of screen-printing ink on two different papers, stone paper and coated sticker paper. Properties such as ink adhesion, rubbing resistance, optical printing ink density, ink consumption, and lightfastness were measured on these surfaces. Solvent- and UV-based inks were used, and printing was carried out on cellulose-based (coated sticker paper) and mineral-based (stone paper) paper layers using three different mesh counts (90, 120, and 140 tpc). The rubbing resistance and lightfastness of the papers were also measured. The present findings revealed that stone paper had the same printability properties as cellulose-based paper. The study concluded that using a 140 tpc mesh with both types of ink results in a high-lightfastness ink layer and lower ink consumption. UV-based inks exhibited high rub resistance across all mesh counts. Additionally, when printing with stone paper, there will be a reduction in ink consumption, thereby achieving cost savings. Based on the present findings, it was concluded that water- and oil-resistant stone paper can be considered an essential alternative in many fields, including the printing industry.

This work presents a dynamic modeling approach for analyzing the behavior of a bi-material cantilever actuator structure, consisting of a strip of filter paper bonded to a strip of tape. The actuator’s response is induced by a mismatch strain generated upon wetting, leading to the bending of the cantilever. The study delves into a comprehensive exploration of the dynamic deflection characteristics of the bilayer structure. It untangles the intricate connections among the saturation, modulus, hygro-expansion strain, and deflection, while uniquely addressing the challenges stemming from fluid–structure coupling. To solve the coupled fluid–solid differential equations, a combined numerical method is employed. This involves the application of the Highly Simplified Marker and Cell (HSMAC) technique for fluid flow analysis and the Finite Difference Method (FDM) for response deflection computation. In terms of the capillary flow model, the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations closely align with the classical Washburn relationship, depicting the wetted front’s evolution over time. Furthermore, the numerical findings demonstrate that heightened saturation levels trigger an increase in hygro-expansion strain, consequently leading to a rapid rise in response deflection until a static equilibrium is achieved. This phenomenon underscores the pivotal interplay among saturation, hygro-expansion strain, and deflection within the system. Additionally, the actuator’s response sensitivity to material characteristics is highlighted. As the mismatch strain evolving from paper hygro-expansion diminishes, a corresponding reduction in the axial strain causes a decrease in response deflection. The dynamic parameter demonstrates that the deflection response of the bilayer actuator diminishes as dynamic pressure decreases, reaching a minimal level beyond which further changes are negligible. This intricate correlation underscores the device’s responsiveness to specific material traits, offering prospects for precise behavior tuning. The dependence of paper modulus on saturation levels is revealed to significantly influence bilayer actuator deflection. With higher saturation content, the modulus decreases, resulting in amplified deflection. Finally, strong concordance is observed among the present fluidically coupled model, the static model, and empirical data—a testament to the accuracy of the numerical formulation and results presented in this study.

This study investigates the physical, mechanical, and structural characteristics of handmade paper samples derived from cellulose extracted from grass clippings using two distinct methods as follows: (1) alkali treatment and (2) alkali treatment followed by bleaching, coupled with the incorporation of barium sulfate as a mineral filler. Our investigation revealed that the handmade paper samples’ densities, moisture contents, and thicknesses varied within the ranges of 0.436 to 0.549 g/cm3, 5.60 to 2.51%, and 0.41 to 0.50 mm, respectively. The tensile strength and folding endurance of the papers produced through alkali treatment with barium sulfate were notably superior to those produced from bleached pulp and barium sulfate. Our analysis indicates that several critical factors, including paper density, thickness, the crystallinity index, and the microfibrillar structure of cellulose, intricately influence the mechanical and strength properties of the samples. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, we identified characteristic cellulose bonds and examined cellulose’s crystalline and amorphous phases. Additionally, the crystallinity index of the samples was determined using both the Segal and peak deconvolution methods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs revealed interconnected networks of cellulose fibers with varying thicknesses and lengths, along with incorporated mineral filler within the cellulose fiber structure. Variations in mineral particle retention were attributed to the presence or absence of cellulose microfibrils. These findings contribute to our understanding of the observed strength characteristics of the paper samples and underscore the potential applications of cellulose derived from grass clippings, especially when combined with barium sulfate as a mineral filler in paper production.

The research results and evaluation of the applicability of the original composition of hybrid paper based on silver nanowires (AgNWs), cellulose pulp (CP), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are presented and discussed. The material tested was used to manufacture sensors for mechanical deformation resulting from external influences or related to human activity interactions. The sensors were fabricated using an AgNWs + CP suspension and additives by the vacuum filtration method. The substrate obtained was machined and then laminated with a layer of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). The recorded responses to selected types of imposed mechanical interactions in the form of changes in the relative resistance of the sensor throughout the tests showed a close cause-and-effect relationship. The response of the tested systems when applying an alternating magnetic field was also observed. The results indicate that the proposed solutions can find application in the monitoring of mechanical interactions resulting from the dynamic behavior of physical objects, as well as derived from selected human vital functions.

Abstract This study identifies important factors for designing an effective biomimetic paper‐based fog harvesting substrate by examining the harvesting properties of different surfaces, including glass, polyethylene, and superhydrophobic paper. In laboratory‐scale fogging tests, the wetting behavior of the substrates is characterized, and the importance of the tilt angle of the respective surface relative to the fog flow is elaborated. Because successful fog harvesting requires both efficient accumulation of water droplets on the surface (by condensation and collision) and sufficient but not excessive roll‐off of the liquid, the amount of water finally collected is clearly related to the pinning effect, which should prevent the smallest droplets from being carried away by the wind but must not lead to full and permanent wetting of the surface. Coalescence is identified as a major phenomenon to improve droplet roll‐off. In this context, superhydrophobic paper indicates to be a more effective water collector than glass or polyethylene, especially when oriented vertically, since it allows the droplets to roll off very efficiently. Finally, the addition of glass particles to the superhydrophobic coating is proposed as a means of enhancing pinning and improving the fog harvesting efficiency.

Abstract Paper, an inexpensive material with natural biocompatibility, non‐toxicity, and biodegradability, allows for affordable and cost‐effective substrates for unconventional advanced electronics, often called papertronics. On the other hand, polymeric elastomers have shown to be an excellent success for substrates of soft bioelectronics, providing stretchability in skin wearable technology for continuous sensing applications. Although both materials hold their unique advantageous characteristics, merging both material properties into a single electronic substrate reimagines paper‐based bioelectronics for wearable and patchable applications in biosensing, energy generation and storage, soft actuators, and more. Here, a breathable, light‐weighted, biocompatible engineered stretchable paper is reported via coaxial nonwoven microfibers for unconventional bioelectronic substrates. The stretchable papers allow intimate bioconformability without adhesive through coaxial electrospinning of a cellulose acetate polymer (sheath) and a silicone elastomer (core). The fabricated cellulose‐silicone fibers exhibit a greater percent strain than commercially available paper while retaining hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, combustibility, disposable, and other natural characteristics of paper. Moreover, the nonwoven stretchable cellulose‐silicone fibrous mat can adapt conventional printing and fabrication process for paper‐based electronics, an essential aspect of advanced bioelectronic manufacturing.

This paper addresses the challenges of data sparsity and personalization limitations inherent in current recommendation systems when processing extensive academic paper datasets. To overcome these issues, the present work introduces an innovative recommendation model that integrates the wealth of structured information from knowledge graphs and refines the amalgamation of temporal and relational data. By applying attention mechanisms and neural network technologies, the model thoroughly explores the text characteristics of papers and the evolving patterns of user behaviors. Additionally, the model elevates the accuracy and personalization of recommendations by meticulously examining citation patterns among papers and the networks of author collaboration. The experimental findings show that the present model surpasses baseline models on all evaluation metrics, thereby enhancing the precision and personalization of academic paper recommendations.

Environmental pollution is a significant problem and is increasing gradually as more and more harmful pollutants are being released into water bodies and the environment. Water pollutants are dangerous and pose a threat to all living organisms and the ecosystem. Paper waste is one of the most widespread and largest wastes in the world. This research aims to address two important problems simultaneously: the reduction in solid waste in the environment using activated carbon from paper waste as potential adsorbents and the removal of harmful contaminants from water. Carbon from paper waste was activated with H2O2, HNO3, and KMnO4 for the adsorption of Cr(VI) and MB. SEM, EDX, FTIR, Raman, and BET were used to determine the properties of the materials. The surface morphology of the materials consisted of amorphous particles. EDX shows that all activated samples have a higher content of (O) than carbon paper waste. Adsorption studies showed that there was a stronger interaction between the pollutants and the adsorbent at a higher initial concentration (200 mg/L) than at the lower initial concentrations. The contact time data show that uptake increases when the interaction time between the contaminant and the adsorbent is increased. The tests for the pH of the solution show that the adsorption of Cr(VI) decreases when the pH is gradually increased, whereas the adsorption of MB increases when the pH of the solution is increased. The results fit better with the Freundlich isotherm and PSO models. The temperature studies show that the enthalpy was positive, indicating that the uptake process is endothermic. The Gibbs free energy values were all negative, indicating that adsorption between the adsorbents and the pollutants was favored. After four consecutive cycles, all the samples retained more than 60% of their uptake capability.

To study the current response to space charge in oil–paper insulation, a simultaneous space charge and external current measurement system are developed for a solid–liquid sample. The space charge and external current of oil-immersed paper are tested under different applied voltages. In the oil–paper sample, it accumulates heterocharge at 0.25 kV and homocharge at a higher voltage. The external currents first decrease and then increase with time. The changing timepoint decreases with the applied voltage. It shows that dynamic space charge evolution influences external current development. An unusual phenomenon is observed that the charge on both electrodes increases without heterocharge accumulation in a certain time range after voltage application, resulting in an increase in the average electric field. The transient electric field and displacement current at the cathode are calculated according to the amount of surface charge at the cathode. It indicates that displacement current takes up the main part of external current and decreases to zero when the surface charge amount stops increasing. After this stage, the conduction current is almost equal to the external current. The correlation between conduction current and electric field is analyzed. It reveals that when the electric field is lower than 5 kV/mm, the conduction current of oil–paper seems to be linear to the electric field strength, following Ohm’s law. When the electric field is higher than 5 kV/mm, the conduction current of oil–paper follows the Fowler–Nordheim law that the ln(jc/E2) is linear to 1/E. The transient external current has great potential in diagnosing electrical equipment.

Compounds was born in 2021 as an interdisciplinary journal with a clear vocation towards the scientific community and a tool to present its scientific achievements in an open access format that would allow a rapid and efficient dissemination of its scientific results in the field of chemistry [...]

Severe vibration of the core of ultra-high voltage (UHV) shunt reactors under operating conditions often leads to the occurrence of suspension electrode, and such a suspended discharge defect will destroy the oil-paper insulation. It is necessary to investigate the influence of vibration on suspended discharge when determining the best operating condition of UHV shunt reactors. The vibration frequency of the suspension electrode and the phase difference between the applied voltage and the vibration are studied by simulation and experiment. The simulation results show that the phase difference between the voltage and the vibration parameters will lead to an increase in the surface maximum field strength. The distortion of the field intensity caused by several typical vibration frequencies of reactor vibration is ranked (in ascending order) thus: 100, 300, 50, and 200 Hz. There is a coupling relationship between the phase difference and the vibration frequency on the suspended discharge, which will lead to an inconsistency between the field intensity and each single factor. The partial discharge test results of the collision between the suspension electrode and the high-voltage electrode show that the discharge generated by vibration at 100 Hz is much higher than that at other frequencies, followed by those at 300 and 50 Hz, and the discharge generated by vibration at 200 Hz is very small. When the phase difference of voltage advance vibration is between 0° and 90°, the quantity of local discharge is large. When the phase difference is between 90° and 180°, the local discharge is small.

Abstract We report an innovative and facile approach to fabricating an ultrasensitive plasmonic paper substrate for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The approach exploits the self-assembling capability of poly(styrene-b-2-vinyl pyridine) block copolymers to form a thin film at the air-liquid interface within the single microdroplet scale for the first time and the subsequent in situ growth of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The concentration of the block copolymer was found to play an essential role in stabilizing the droplets during the mass transfer phase and formation of silver nanoparticles, thus influencing the SERS signals. SEM analysis of the morphology of the plasmonic paper substrates revealed the formation of spherical AgNPs evenly distributed across the surface of the formed copolymer film with a size distribution of 47.5 nm. The resultant enhancement factor was calculated to be 1.2 × 107, and the detection limit of rhodamine 6G was as low as 48.9 pM. The nanohybridized plasmonic paper was successfully applied to detect two emerging pollutants—sildenafil and flibanserin—with LODs as low as 1.48 nM and 3.45 nM, respectively. Thus, this study offers new prospects for designing an affordable and readily available, yet highly sensitive, paper-based SERS substrate with the potential for development as a lab-on-a-chip device.

It is essential to establish a multi-dimensional postgraduate quality evaluation system for student assessment and training. This study aimed to explore the construction of the multiindex and hierarchical comprehensive evaluation system for postgraduate training in science and engineering based on the Context, Input, Process, Product (CIPP) model using Analytic Hierarchy Process. It involved 756 postgraduates in physics and engineering who were randomly selected via the Internet. Data were collected from the questionnaire about postgraduates' basic information. After collection, Factor Analysis was used to verify the rationality of the design of second-level and third-level indicators, and adjust the corresponding weights. On this basis, Cluster Analysis was used to classify the training quality of the postgraduates based on their scores on academic ability, basic quality, and social ability indicators. The results revealed that the index system includes 4 first-level indicators,12 second-level indicators and 36 third-level indicators, and different weights being assigned to the indicators according to their influence on the training quality of postgraduates in science and engineering. This study also provides some reference for the quality of science and engineering postgraduate training in Chinese universities by proposing relevant measures, which could be interesting also for international audience.

In this paper, the thermo-electric, phonon, electronic, and optical properties of the C3N monolayer have been investigated using the Wien2K computational code based on first principles calculations in the framework of the density functional theory. The study of electronic properties shows the behavior of non-magnetic semiconductors with an indirect gap with a value of 0.5 electron volts for this two-dimensional structure. Also, optical properties such as dielectric function, reflection, energy loss function, absorption coefficient, and optical conductivity are calculated. C3N monolayer is optically anisotropic in z and x direction, which according to the refractive index diagram leads to birefringence, which is a key parameter for this compound's linear optical performance. The results provide a fundamental understanding of the design of composite structures used in nanodevices based on two-dimensional advanced materials. The linear response approach along the symmetric points calculates the phonon dispersion diagram. The results indicate the absence of negative modes in the phonon spectrum, indicating that the structure is dynamically stable. Investigating the thermoelectric properties of the C3N monolayer using the semi-classical Boltzmann theory shows that this monolayer has a value coefficient (ZT) close to one at room temperature and temperatures lower than room temperature. As a result, it can be proposed as a candidate for thermoelectric applications.

Many non-classicality indicators are used to measure the quantum effects of different systems. Kenfack's and Sadeghi's non-classicality indicators are introduced regarding the amount of Wigner distribution function's negativities and interferences in phase space quantum mechanics, respectively. Kenfack’s non-classicality indicator is used for cases just in the Wigner representation, whereas Sadeghi’s non-classicality indicator is effectively, applied for some real distribution functions. In this paper, we investigate these non-classicality indicators for the entangled photon number states in the Wigner, Husimi, and Rivier representations. It is shown that for a two-level entangled state, Sadeghi's indicator has more benefits to measure entanglement with respect to Kenfack's indicator. For the two-level entangled state, we also show a correspondence between Sadeghi's non-classicality indicator and the Von Neumann entropy. It is also shown that for the superposition of the squeezed number state and ground number state, the squeezing parameter affects the entanglement feature and Sadeghi's non-classicality indicator increases with the increase of the squeezing parameter.

Many materials have been explored for the purpose of creating structures with high radiative cooling potential, such as nanocellulose-based structures and nanoparticle-based coatings, which have been reported with environmentally friendly attributes and high solar reflectance in current literature. They each have their own advantages and disadvantages in practice. It is worth noting that nanocellulose-based structures have an absorption peak in the UV wavelengths, which results in a lower total solar reflectance and, consequently, reduce radiative cooling capabilities. However, the interwoven-fiber structure of cellulose gives high mechanical strength, which promotes its application in different scenarios. The application of nanoplatelet-based coatings is limited due to the need for high volume of nanoparticles to reach their signature high solar reflectance. This requirement weakens the polymer matrix and results in more brittle structures. This work proposes a dual-layer system, comprising of a cellulose-based substrate as the bottom layer and a thin nanoparticle-based radiative cooling paint as the top layer, where both radiative cooling potential and mechanical strength can be maximized. Experimental and theoretical studies are conducted to investigate the relationship between thickness and reflectance in the top coating layer with a consistent thickness of the bottom layer. The saturation point is identified in this relationship and used to determine the optimal thickness for the top-layer to maximize material use efficiency. With the use of cotton paper painted with a 125 μm BaSO4-based layer, the cooling performance is enhanced to be 149.6 W/m2 achieved by the improved total solar reflectance from 80 % to 93 %.

Invasive alien plant species (IAPS) may cause threats to native biodiversity in ecosystems. Researchers have been investigating all the possible ways that they can be used effectively for other purposes. Since IAPS are capable of forming cellulose fibre nets, in this research, papers were made from three different types of IAPS (Japanese knotweed, giant goldenrod, and black locust). This research examined these IAPS papers and their effectiveness when used as printing substrates. In comparison to commercial office paper, the differences in basic, surface, optical, and microscopic properties were measured. As a widely used technology, inkjet printing was applied. We tested a commonly used sans-serif typeface (which has been established as being more legible than other typefaces in previous research) in three different type sizes (i.e., 8, 10, and 12 pt). According to the results, paper made from IAPS could offer some usable properties and acceptable legibility, especially when printing typefaces with specific attributes, such as moderate counter size, higher x-height, and minimal differences in the letter stroke width, are used. An appropriate typographic tonal density should be achieved in combination with an adequate letter size, e.g., 10 pt type size when a sans-serif typeface is used.

This review explores circular economy principles in regard to ethanol production from paper-mill sludge. Environmental sustainability and renewability over fossil fuels make second generation ethanol an attractive energy source in a rapidly growing population and consumption world. Paper sludge (PS), a by-product of the pulp and paper (P&P) industry, can no longer be recycled for paper production and is mainly disposed of in landfills. Therefore, it poses a major environmental challenge. However, it has shown potential as a valuable raw material for ethanol production, along with other pulp and paper products, due to its abundant availability and high cellulosic content. This waste-to-energy (WtE) technology for ethanol production is proposed as an alternative, aligning with circular economy concepts to maximize resource efficiency and minimize waste. This review underlines the circular economy aspects of bioethanol production within paper mill sludge management systems. Circular economy principles applied to ethanol production from PS offer a promising avenue for sustainable biofuel development that not only addresses waste management challenges but also enhances the overall environmental performance of biofuel production. Furthermore, economic benefits are described, highlighting the potential for job creation and community development.

The Japanese Society of Tribologists is pleased to announce that the 2023 Best Paper Award of the Society was awarded to the following papers from Tribology Online. The Award was presented to the authors by Professor Noritsugu Umehara, the President of the Japanese Society of Tribologists, at the award ceremony in the JAST Annual Meeting in Tokyo on 28th May, 2024. The titles and the authors of the awarded papers: ◊ “Experiment Study on the Influence of Lubricant Viscosity and Solid Additives on Irregular Cavitation Noise in the Oscillatory Squeeze Film,” by Xu Liu, Xiaoyang Chen, Rongyu Kang, Dehua Tao, Ben Ni, Tribology Online, Vol. 15, No. 5 (2020) 365-373. ◊“Proposition of Thermal-Diffusion-Induced Spiral Model for the Rapid Oil-Film Breakdown Process during Scuffing,” by Mamoru Tohyama, Takashi Izumi, Shuzo Sanda, Tribology Online, Vol. 16, No. 2 (2021) 89-98. ◊ “Synergistic Enhancement of the Lubrication Performance of Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphate by Coexistence with Ionic Liquid,” by Kaisei Sato, Hikaru Okubo, Shouhei Kawada, Seiya Watanabe, Shinya Sasaki, Tribology Online, Vol. 16, No. 3 (2021) 178-191. ◊ “Friction Reduction by Laser Irradiation for a Friction System Using Bearing Steel and Aluminum Alloy in Engine Oil,” by Kento Ihara, Koshi Adachi, Tribology Online, Vol. 17, No. 4 (2022) 335-347. Congratulations! The Best Paper Award is given annually to the author(s), either the JAST members or non-members, of the paper(s) judged as the best paper(s) published in Journal of Japanese Society of Tribologists (Toraiborojisuto) and Tribology Online (TROL) for the previous three years. All papers that appeared in Toraiborojisuto and TROL for the three years are reviewed by the JAST Awards Committee.

Abstract Health monitoring using wearable artificial intelligence (AI) sensors with sensing and cognitive capabilities has garnered significant attention. The development of self‐contained AI sensors that can operate with low power consumption, akin to the human brain, is necessary. Physical reservoir computing (PRC), which mimics the human brain using physical phenomena, offers a low‐power consumption architecture. Nevertheless, creating a flexible and easily disposable sensors using PRC capable of processing optical signals with sub‐second response times suitable for biological signals presents a challenge. In this study, a disposable and flexible paper‐based optoelectronic synaptic devices are designed, which are composed of nanocellulose and ZnO nanoparticles, for PRC. This device exhibits synaptic photocurrent in response to optical input. To assess its performance, a classification and time‐series forecasting tasks are conducted. The memory capacity of short‐term memory task, indicating the device's ability to store past information, is 1.8. The device can recognize handwritten digits with an accuracy of 88%. These results highlight the potential of the device for PRC. In addition, subjecting the device to 1000 rounds of bending do not affect its accuracy. Furthermore, the device burn in a few seconds, much like regular office paper, demonstrating its disposability.

Using the experimental results and data, the thermodynamic characteristics and thermal analysis of the electrical arc of torch electrodes and energy deposition in the waste-incinerator primary designed chamber were investigated. The temperature of arc in the intermediate electrode which is called the float nozzle was measured at 7000-8000 Kelvin based on the input power of 2 kW. The plasma plume temperature implied to be lower than the arc temperature according to the cold gas flow in the nozzle. The efficiency of energy transferring to the plasma plume is dependent on the geometrical electrode and nozzle design, and gas flow rate. After ten seconds, the chamber temperature was measured at 1193 Kelvin by thermocouple with the performance of electrical elements and plasma torch. The chamber temperature increasing in an adiabatic process was calculated at 1230 Kelvin after this time. According to the isothermal approach, the heat flow rate, and conduction loss calculation, the chamber temperature was obtained at about 900-1000 Kelvin. Using two approaches with inevitable approximations, the calculated temperature ranges for arc and plasma plume energy estimation have reasonable compatibility and this led to the road map of optimization and development for future torch planning and waste-incinerator chamber design.

In this work, considering the moment theory propagation of the laser beam with relativistic intensity in thermal quantum plasma is studied. Using the Maxwell equation and dielectric function obtained by the quantum hydrodynamic model, the mathematical equation for the laser beam width parameter is achieved and solved numerically by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The results show that the stronger self-focusing effect is found in the moment theory compared to paraxial approximation. Also, similar to paraxial approximation, with growing Fermi temperature, plasma density and laser intensity, the oscillation frequency of the beam width parameter increases and focusing length decreases which means improving the self-focusing effect. Furthermore, it is seen that behaviors of the critical radius are not similar in the two theories, as in the moment theory, with increasing laser intensity, critical radius decreases until it becomes independent of the beam intensity, but in the paraxial approximation, the critical radius after a minimum value is enhanced with increasing laser intensity.

Gene expression is known as a phenomenon that shapes human life. This very complex phenomenon is formed from two stages: transcription and translation. In this study, we used the Nose-Hoover thermostat to model the effect of ambient temperature on gene expression since temperature regulates the biological clock of living systems. We have used the Lyapunov exponent approach to investigate the effect of control parameters on gene expression, including the degradation rates of messenger RNA and proteins, and to find critical points (phenomenon boundary limits), mRNA, and protein level boundary values. The rate of degradation in the process of protein synthesis has been investigated with the help of the Lyapunov exponent approach. According to this study, the optimal temperature for the production of mRNA molecules by Escherichia coli bacteria is 306 Kelvin. The study also used the chaos approach to show that the faster the mRNA molecules are degraded, the more they are transcribed, and the more chaotic the system becomes.

Entanglement plays a fundamental role in the field of quantum computing and quantum communication. In real conditions, a physical system is never isolated and inevitably interacts with its surroundings. Temperature is one of these effects that mainly reduces entanglement. In real conditions, the system is at a non-zero temperature, which will lead to a mixed state. Therefore, in the present work, the combined thermal entanglement of electron spin-oscillation in an anisotropic two-dimensional quantum dot is investigated using the negativity criterion. The results show that the combined entanglements are strongly dependent on the changes of the controllable parameters, such as the Rashba parameter and the magnetic field. The thermal entanglement between the spin and the assembly of oscillators is zero at absolute zero temperature and reaches a maximum with increasing temperature and then tends to zero asymptotically. This temperature, at which the amount of entanglement reaches its maximum value, can be controlled by changing the magnetic field and the coupling of the Rashba parameter. These two factors also control the rate of reaching the asymptotic state. These results provide a way to control the degree of entanglement between electron degrees of freedom, which is a fundamental requirement of quantum information processing.

In the last two decades, photonic crystals and structures that are based on them (photonic structures) have been examined and have been widely utilized in various optical applications. In this article, a theoretical and numerical model for the propagation of electromagnetic waves in multilayer dielectric structures is developed. The propagation of ultra-short light pulses in multilayer media and microresonators is investigated, and the energy reflection and transmission coefficients depending on the parameters of the environment and duration of the optical pulse are calculated. A method for calculating the transmission and reflection spectra of one-dimensional photonic crystal based on FDTD modeling with the emission of ultra-short optical pulses is proposed. To calculate the transmission and reflection spectrum of a one-dimensional photonic crystal and to simulate the propagation of ultra-short light pulses, in multilayer dielectric structures and microresonators, based on the numerical solution of Maxwell's equations with the finite difference approximation in the space-time domain, is performed.

In this study, The surface plasmon excitations in a dimer structure of closely spaced metallic nanospheres with different radii are investigated using the hydrodynamic model. Initially, an expression was derived to calculate this structure's multipolar surface plasmon excitations. Subsequently, the surface plasmon excitations in the dipole approximation were examined.The surface plasmon excitations in a dimer structure of closely spaced metallic nanospheres with different radii are examined using the hydrodynamic model in this study. It has been observed that the energy of in-phase modes is lower than that of out-of-phase modes in longitudinal or transverse excitations. Furthermore, at each separation distance between the nanospheres, the energy difference between in-phase and out-of-phase longitudinal modes is greater than that of transverse modes. The results show that with an increase in the separation distance between the nanospheres, the energies of in-phase modes increase, and the energies of out-of-phase modes decrease. At large separation distances, two plasmon modes are obtained, with the higher energy mode corresponding to the smaller nanosphere and the lower energy mode corresponding to the larger nanosphere. Finally, the local limit results are presented for comparison.

In this study, the optical and electronic properties of bulk and nano-layer of zinc selenide (ZnSe) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) are investigated. The calculations for solving the many-body Schrodinger equations are performed in the framework of density functional theory using the WIEN2K computational package. The Engel-Vosko and gradient generalized approximation (GGA) treat the exchange-correlation potential. To investigate the electronic and optical properties of zinc selenide and zinc sulfide nano layers, the electronic band structure and the real and imaginary parts of complex dielectric function for the bulk and nano-layer with different thicknesses are calculated and compared. The results of electronic band structures show that the energy band gap of zinc selenide and zinc sulfide nano-layers with various thicknesses decreases to zero and are metal. In contrast, the bulk of zinc selenide and zinc sulfide compounds are semiconductors. The results also show that for each compounds the static dielectric function for the perpendicular and parallel direction to the nano-layer surface is different from the bulk static dielectric function. Comparison between the real parts of complex dielectric function for the bulk and nano-layer shows that absorption of electromagnetic radiation for the ZnSe and ZnS nano-layer in comparison to corresponding bulk results occur in lower energies.

This study assesses the mechanical properties of mortars incorporating waste paper sludge-derived cellulose fibers. Compression and flexural tests were carried out on specimens prepared with cellulose fibers at different proportions, ranging from 0% to 2% of the total weight of the solid mortar constituents (cement, sand, and lime). In addition, a comparative analysis was carried out to evaluate the influence of the preparation method on the mechanical properties of the mortars. To this end, two series of mortars were studied: one prepared following a rigorous control of the preparation parameters and the other made without systematic parameter control to simulate typical on-site conditions. Finally, the applicability of both traditional and eco-friendly mortars in the construction of small-scale masonry walls was assessed through compression tests. Overall, the mechanical properties of mortars with cellulose fibers were comparable to those with 0% waste material, regardless of the production process. Regarding the compressive behavior of masonry walls, experimental tests showed significant similarities between specimens made with traditional and eco-friendly mortar. In conclusion, incorporating cellulose fibers into cement-based mortar shows considerable potential for building applications, enhancing the environmental benefits without compromising the mechanical behavior.

Natural product-based noise-absorbing composite can be an alternative to replace synthetic fiber because of its advantages of high strength, toughness, low price, and abundance to reduce noise. The materials used were pineapple leaf fibers with paper waste. This research aims to study the advantage of natural products to reduce noise by analyzing the coefficient of sound absorption and impact strength to evaluate the absorbing composite. The composites were tested with the Charpy method with ISO 11654 standard and ASTM E23 for sound absorption and impact strength. Sound absorption was carried out using an impedance tube at a frequency range of 250 – 3000 Hz. The volume fraction of pineapple leaf fibers, paper waste, and resin epoxy concentrations were 20% : 30% : 50%, 25% : 25% : 50%, and 30% : 20% : 50%. The thickness for the sound absorption coefficient was 2 cm and 3 cm, while the thickness of the impact strength was 0.5 cm. The highest sound absorption coefficient of pineapple leaf fibers composite for 30% : 20% : 50% volume fraction was 0.788 for sample 2 cm. The highest impact strength for 20% : 30% : 50% volume fraction of the thickness of 0.5 cm was 3.527 J/mm2. The results of the sound absorption coefficient will increase if used more pineapple leaf fibers but it will decrease the impact strength. Based on this research, the pineapple leaf fibers will improve the quality of the composite that can be used as a sound-absorbing material as well. These materials possess the promising potential to decrease waste and are used in industries for a low cost.

In the modern day, explosive detection is essential to public safety, and fluorescent small molecules have gained popularity for their quick and accurate detection. Herein, we present the design and synthesis of a series of pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline-based conjugated small organic fluorophores (PQ-Ph-OH, PQ-Ph-NMe, PQ-Ph-OMe, PQ-Ph-Me, and PQ-Ph-CN) as fluorescence-based sensors for explosive molecules. The sensor molecules were synthesized in good to excellent yields using a dehomologative functionalization strategy. They exhibited excellent photophysical characteristics, which was tunable based on the substituent on the phenyl linker at position 3. DFT studies showed that the pyrroloquinoxaline moiety could act as an on-demand electron donor or acceptor, depending on the phenyl substituent. The molecules also exhibited solid state emission due to twisted geometry around the CC single bond between the heterocyclic scaffold and the phenyl derivative. This resulted in low band intense emission for the synthesized molecules. In the presence of electron-deficient nitroaromatic explosives, all the fluorophores showed excellent fluorescence quenching. Detection limits in the range of 10−4 M were obtained for all the fluorophores. Stern-Volmer plots show high values of binding constants, indicating good interaction between the fluorophores and the explosive molecules. The mechanism of sensing was confirmed by UV-PL spectral overlap and fluorescence lifetime measurements, which suggest a static quenching based on the formation of a ground state complex. Owing to solid state emissions in some of the derivatives, the synthesized molecules were applied to paper strips for spot detection of explosive molecules.

We study a three-species cyclic model whose organisms are vulnerable to contamination with an infectious disease which propagates person-to-person. We consider that individuals of one species perform a self-preservation strategy by reducing the mobility rate to minimise infection risk whenever an epidemic outbreak reaches the neighbourhood. Running stochastic simulations, we quantify the changes in spatial patterns induced by unevenness in the cyclic game introduced by the mobility restriction strategy of organisms of one out of the species. Our findings show that variations in disease virulence impact the benefits of dispersal limitation reaction, with the relative reduction of the organisms’ infection risk accentuating in surges of less contagious or deadlier diseases. The effectiveness of the mobility restriction tactic depends on the deceleration level and the fraction of infected neighbours which is considered too dangerous, thus triggering the defensive strategy. If each organism promptly reacts to the arrival of the first viral vectors in its surroundings with strict mobility reduction, contamination risk decreases significantly. Our conclusions may help biologists understand the impact of defensive strategies in ecosystems during an epidemic.

In this article, we delve into the influence of fiber orientation (structural anisotropy) on paper imbibition, with a particular focus on in-plane imbibition. Utilizing the XLPA experimental method, we analyze several papers with different anisotropies, employing a constant volume of ethanol as the imbibing fluid. Our findings contribute novel insights into the anisotropic behavior of imbibition, a topic not extensively covered in the literature. We analyze how the orientation of fibers significantly influences lateral imbibition, providing a deeper understanding of the microfluidic properties of paper. The anisotropies found for imbibition fit perfectly with the existing data found in the literature, indicating the influence of fiber orientation. Furthermore, the kinetics are shown to be linked directly with the porosity.

Inflammable building finishing materials act as a major cause of fire propagation, and they, therefore, pose significant risks to life and can lead to property damage. To replace such flammable building finishing materials, many countries have established regulations limiting their use, which has led to extensive research on the development of flame-retardant building finishing materials. Such methods have included adding flame retardants to construction materials to reduce the heat release rate and total heat release. The present study aimed to enhance the fire performance of cellulose-based architectural finishing materials by creating a dual flame-retardant mixture using expandable graphite and magnesium hydroxide added to recycled paper waste. Specimen fabrication involves using a pressing method to apply uniform pressure to compress the mixture in a mold. The total heat release (THR), CO, and CO2 production of the produced specimens were measured using a cone calorimeter while varying the magnesium hydroxide additive ratio. The combustion gases were measured through NES 713 experiments to determine any changes in the Toxic Index corresponding to variations in the magnesium hydroxide content. The experiment results established a correlation between the magnesium hydroxide additive ratio and the total heat release, as well as the existence of variations in CO and CO2 production for the dual flame-retardant recycled paper material. A database for combustion gases was also obtained. It was confirmed that the fire performance was improved by confirming that the total heat release decreased by 52% from the previous one in the magnesium hydroxide content of 30 g, and it was confirmed that the inflection points of the Toxic Index value due to the change in CO and CO2 gas production occurred in the magnesium hydroxide content of 20 g due to the improvement of the fire performance. Through the ISO 5660-1 experiment data, we have secured data that can be used as foundational information for performance-oriented fire risk assessments, thereby ensuring the fire safety of cellulose materials that are vulnerable to fire.

The switch to online learning required a creative solution to allow for the experiential learning outcomes of the program to be satisfied when access to physical spaces and equipment was restricted. This paper describes a collaborative process between technical and support staff as well as research and teaching faculty that led to the creation of meaningful experiential learning opportunities for over one thousand stakeholders. The implemented solutions included the development of hardware and software, the creation of documentation and training procedures for teaching assistants and designing a support system for the students. [Articles in this journal were presented at the University of Calgary Conference on Postsecondary Learning and Teaching.]

In this paper, using 2D PIC simulation, the electron acceleration in the bubble regime has been investigated in the interaction of a short high-power laser pulse with an underdense plasma with a density ramp. Due to the laser pondermotive force, a plasma wave and its corresponding electric field are formed in the plasma. The electrons injected in the focusing and acceleration region of the plasma wave field can get energy from the wave and are accelerated to high energies of the Giga-electron-Volt range. The simulation results show that with increasing the plasma density gradient, the phase speed of the generated plasma wave increases, and the corresponding wavelength decreases. This causes the displacement of the plasma wave focusing and acceleration region and ultimately increases the acceleration length in the acceleration process. Considering a laser pulse with dimensionless intensity amplitude , pulse duration , and plasma with density ramp length ,the plasma wave accelerating electric field with amplitude was generated. The results of this work can be crucial in choosing an appropriate plasma profile to design the laser-plasma accelerator system for obtaining the Giga-electron-Volt energy gain in a short time.

Weyl semimetals show special quantum states of matter, which have nontrivial topological features and very interesting and unique applications in the spintronics industry. One method of making these materials is the use of alloying method. In this paper, the alloys are constructed using the first-principles methods. After study of their stability, their structural, electronic, and topological properties have been studied. To study the structural and electronic properties of the alloys, the Wien2k package, based on density functional theory, has been used. Furthermore, the topological properties of the alloys have been calculated using the Wanniertools packages, based on the tight-binding method. Calculations show that the alloys, in the absence of spin-orbit coupling, have crossing points with fourfold degeneracy and band inversion. Therefore, they are topological Dirac semimetal. Considering the spin-orbit coupling, it is seen that alloys with concentrations of x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 change to the normal semimetal by opening the band gap; but, the alloy with x = 1 concentration changes to the topological Weyl semimetal with 16 Weyl fermions couple. The full area of the first Brillouin zone (FBZ) was scanned to find the positions of the Weyl points. The results show that the Weyl points, with chirality of either +1 or -1, were scattered in the FBZ with the central symmetry, but all of them are far from the high-symmetry paths of FBZ. Furthermore, the surface state properties, like Fermi arcs, were calculated and studied for the NbSb Weyl semimetal using the Wanniertools computational packages.

The design of optical sensors in the THz region for application in various fields of biological and medical sciences has significantly expanded in the last two decades. In this paper, we proposed an optical sensor using two dimensional and periodic structure of graphene rings on the dielectric substrate. The surface plasmon resonance mechanism was employed to design the refractive index sensor. First, by changing the geometric parameters of the structure, the optimal parameters for the sensor performance have been extracted. Then, the sensor's sensitivity has been checked regarding the change in the refractive index of the surrounding environment. The sensitivity of the proposed simple structure is 11.2 μm/RIU and is larger than previous works. Also, increasing the refractive index of the measured medium diminished the quality of sensor operation. The proposed sensor can be used to detect environmental air pollution by proper calibration. The Lumerical software which is based on the finite difference time domain method is used to this end.

In recent years, due to environmental awareness regarding the harmfulness of polymeric materials, there has been a growing interest in using papers, especially those from alternative raw materials. The importance of using all available raw materials is imperative today. Raw materials that were once viewed as waste are now of great importance because they have the ability to replace raw materials that are used irrationally or are lacking. Cereal straw is a lignocellulosic material that could be used in the paper industry and in the production of increasingly prevalent paper packaging. The aim of this research was to analyze the relationships between the qualitative parameters of straw-based printed papers containing 30% agricultural residues (wheat, barley, or triticale). The influence of two qualitative parameters (ink penetration depth and optical ink density) on the print-through was observed using multiple regression analysis on straw-based papers produced at the laboratory level. Throughout the research, 100% recycled wood paper was used as a reference sample. The results of the regression analysis showed that none of the variables individually make a statistically significant contribution to the prediction of the dependent variable in a linear context, that is, they indicate a non-linear interaction between the variables and the specific conditions under which the dependent variable reaches local extremes and changes in the gradient. Considering the results of the regression analysis and the visualization of the relationship, the model was additionally tested with other independent variables (paper type). From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the alternative straw-based paper with 30% barley pulp has the best interaction between ink and paper, which is the most similar to the reference sample in terms of printability, while the alternative straw-based paper with 30% wheat generally differs significantly from the reference paper when all three prints are considered.

Partial Discharges (PDs) are a significant factor in reducing the insulation life of traction transformers. In recent years, the Acoustic Emission (AE) method has become the most advanced method for detecting PD signals in transformers. The AE method utilizes AE sensors placed on the transformer tank to detect ultrasonic signals emitted by PD and determine the Time Of Arrival (TOA) of the head wave. The windings and cores of a traction transformer consist mainly of metal, which greatly affects the propagation of PD ultrasonic waves. This paper establishes a 110 kV “pressure acoustic, transient” physical field model of the traction transformer with dimensions of 4.63 × 1.48 × 2.84 m3. The model is used to carry out the PD pressure acoustic physical field simulation study of the traction transformer, to clarify the physical characteristics of the ultrasound of the PD defects, and to establish observation points on the transformer tanks to receive ultrasonic time-domain waveforms for PD detection. The simulation results indicate that PD ultrasonic waves exhibit complex propagation characteristics, including reflection, refraction, and reverberation, as they pass through the windings and cores to the observation points. The TOA of the head wave in the ultrasound time-domain waveform is indicated by the first maximum value of the wave crest line. Finally, this paper proposes a multi-level localization method based on the AE method to determine which winding generates the PD in the large-scale traction transformer using only four dynamically moving observation points.

Solar winds result from the eruption of plasma streams from the solar corona. This plasma, which consists of proton particles, electrons, X-rays, and radio waves, penetrates the heliosphere and accelerates from the interplanetary space toward the Earth with high kinetic energy and thermal energy. In addition, if it collides with the Earth's atmosphere, it disrupts human life. But despite the Earth's magnetic field and the magnetic reconnection process in this area, the Earth's magnetosphere acts like a shield and prevents these substances from affecting the Earth. To obtain the necessary information to investigate all kinds of phenomena that happen around the Sun, the use of satellite data is the best and most reliable method in terms of accuracy and up-to-date data. The data from the Goes meteorological satellite, LASCO spacecraft, and the Solar Dynamic Observatory are the information that we use in this article to advance our goals. To check the correlation between solar eruptions and changes in the Earth's magnetosphere layer, we use the wavelet analysis method with Morlet's fundamental wave, which is an important tool for processing fluctuations. The results of accurate numerical calculations of this research showed that there is a strong correlation between the magnetic activities of the Sun and the characteristic indices of the Earth's magnetosphere layer, which can affect the Earth's atmosphere as well.

Analyzing the electromagnetic transition strengths is one of the methods of studying the development of atomic nuclei the big-bang, and the fuel cycle of stars in nuclear astrophysics, nuclear synthesis and radiative capture. The study of nuclei with mass number A=11, for example, 11B and 11C, is significant which can be produced by radiative capture of protons by 10B the dependence of the reduced transition probability related to electric quadrupole B[E2] and magnetic dipole B[M1] that occurs in proton radiative capture by 10B nucleus has been investigated. It depends on the excitation energy and spin-parity of the states for the occurrence of E2 and M1 transitions. The theoretical framework of the calculations based On the Woods-Saxon potential model and double folding M3Y has been used to create the ground and excited states of 11C . The results obtained based on each of the mentioned potential models are in good agreement. It was found that B(E2) increases with the increase of excited energy regardless of the spin of excited states. At the same time, B(M1) is very sensitive to the spin of excited states, and also(3/2)-excited states are independent of the energy.

This work aimed to theoretically investigate the operation of the beta voltaic battery with the 14C radio isotopic source and several semiconductors in the p-n junction structure. For this purpose, the saturated thickness of the 14C beta source and energy deposition distribution of beta particles emitted from this source is simulated and calculated in the various semiconductors including the GaAs, GaN, SiC, and diamond using the Monte Carlo code of MCNPX. Regarding the results obtained, the optimized 14C thickness was achieved by 30 micrometers. Then, applying the analytical and numerical model, the relationships between the doping concentration, short circuit current density, open circuit voltage, and output power density were evaluated. The results showed that with and with the diamond as semiconductor, the output power density of designed battery was increased to 9.68 among the other considered semiconductors.

In this article, we will first get acquainted with the absorption and emission optical properties of algae and types of chlorophylls, and then we will examine the optical setup for measuring the photoluminescence light produced by algae, which is the basis for the construction of chlorophyll concentration measuring devices. By examining algae samples in fresh water ponds in Iran and identifying the predominant type of algae in them, spectrometry and concentration measurement were carried out with the help of hemocytometer or neobar lam method. The most important tool for measuring the concentration of algae is chlorophyll-a, which is present in all types of algae with different percentages and has the property of fluorescence, and by measuring the red light resulting from photoluminescence, the amount of chlorophyll-a can be obtained. The main design of a device to measure the amount of chlorophyll-a based on the measurement of photoluminescence light is considered for this purpose and it is used in terms of software and hardware. For this, the process and intensity of light in terms of density was done for calibration, and the disadvantages and advantages of the design were examined. Direct measurement of light, noises, high stability and preparing a logical routine between the data can help to increase and improve the quality and this device becomes a precise tool for measuring chlorophyll and has commercialization capabilities. The stability, reproducibility and high accuracy of the device is one of the advantages of emission (photoluminescence) test methods compared to absorbance methods.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are advancing swiftly due to their remarkable increase in power conversion efficiency (PCE) compared to traditional photovoltaic technologies. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the efficiency of two distinct PSCS structures that use as an inorganic perovskite active layer. The calculations are based on the optoelectronic model of the solar cell and the use of the finite element method to solve the continuity equations for current and charge density. Therefore, the layer thicknesses of different materials (as ETL and Active layer) are modified to find the better power conversion efficiency of these solar cells. The obtained results of simulation calculations illustrate that the first structure FTO/ITO/ /PEDOT: PSS/Au exhibits a maximum power conversion efficiency of 11.37%, with a short circuit current of 14.47 (mA/cm^2) and an open circuit voltage of 0.96 (V) and while the FTO/TiO2/ /Spiro- OMETAD/Au structure shows a maximum power conversion efficiency of 10.57%. The greatest power conversion efficiency for the aforementioned designs is 80 nm for the electron transporting layer is 80 nm and 200 nm for the inorganic active layer, respectively. The results of this article can be useful in the design of new-generation solar cells based on inorganic perovskite layers.