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Introduction/purpose: In recent times, with the tendency to develop new types of armor-piercing ammunition, constant investments in the development of new types of armored obstacles is necessary. Obstacles made of high-alloy steel plates are still the best form of protection against larger caliber ammunition. There are a number of factors to consider when selecting an alloy, including the weight, dimensions, intended use, desired ballistic performance, and costs. According to that, a numerical analysis of penetration of a 30mm armor-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot projectile into the steel alloy Weldox 460 plates of different thicknesses at a distance of 1000m with a velocity of 1300m/s is presented in this paper. Methods: The stresses and deformations of the penetration effect were calculated through numerical analysis and finite element modeling. To specify material characteristics, the Johnson-Cook material model and the fracture of materials model have been utilized. In order to define models and carry out numerical calculations, the software packages FEMAP and LS Dyna have been used in this paper. Results: For a numerical analysis of the penetration process of this projectile type against armor obstacle, four different armor plate thicknesses are calculated: 10mm, 50mm, 100mm, and 110mm. For each of them, the results are shown in a form of stress and displacement, so that the interaction phenomena between the sub-projectile and the armor plate can be described. Conclusion: Modeling the impact on armor-piercing obstacles is extremely difficult, time-consuming, and complex, and the resulting models very successfully (or with some deviation) approximate the real problem of projectile penetration. One of the most effective methods for solving problems of this kind and others of a similar nature in recent times is the finite element method analysis. The material and the target dimensions, as well as the ballistic parameters and the material of the projectile have the biggest influence on projectile penetration. The target's resistance to penetration increases when all input parameters are maintained at the same level and its thickness is increased, and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction/purpose: Thin plates made of high–strength steel are frequently used both in civil and military ballistic protection systems. In order to choose an appropriate type of alloy, it is necessary to fulfil a number of criteria, such as the condition of use, the desired ballistic performance, weight, dimensions, and price. This paper presents a numerical analysis of the penetration of a 30mm armor-piercing projectile with a velocity of 750m/s into steel alloy Weldox 460 plates of different thicknesses at a distance of 1000m . Methods: The analysis has been performed using numerical methods and finite element modeling to calculate stresses and deformation caused by the penetration effect. For defining material characteristics, the Johnson- Cook material model and the fracture of materials model have been used. In this paper, the software packages FEMAP and LS Dyna have been used for defining models and performing numerical calculations. Results: The results of the performed numerical analysis as well as the obtained stress and displacement values are presented for four different armor plate thicknesses: 30mm, 33mm, 34mm, and 40mm. The results show a penetration effect and an interaction between the projectile and the armor plate. Conclusion: Modeling the impact on armor-piercing obstacles is very complex, extensive, and demanding, and the formed models approximate the real problem of projectile penetration in a very successful way (or with a certain deviation). In recent times, the analysis using the finite element method has proven to be one of effective approaches to solving such and similar problems. The material and the dimensions of the obstacle, as well as the material and the ballistic parameters of the projectile have the greatest influence on projectile penetration. Keeping all the input parameters at the same level and increasing the thickness of the target leads to its increased resistance to penetration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological structures possess excellent damage tolerance, which makes them attractive for ballistic protection applications. This paper develops a finite element modelling framework to investigate the performance of several biological structures that are most relevant for ballistic protection, including nacre, conch, fish scales, and crustacean exoskeleton. Finite element simulations were conducted to determine the geometric parameters of the bio-inspired structures that can survive projectile impact. The performances of the bio-inspired panels were benchmarked against a monolithic panel with the same 4.5 mm overall thickness and projectile impact condition. It was found that the biomimetic panels that were considered possessed better multi-hit resistant capabilities compared to the selected monolithic panel. Certain configurations arrested a fragment simulating projectile with an initial impact velocity of 500 m/s, which was similar to the performance of the monolithic panel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction/purpose: The paper presents a numerical simulation of an impact of a 12.7 mm projectile on an armored metal plate with a velocity of 500 m/s at a distance of 900 m. Numerical simulations offer the possibility of drastically reducing the time required to obtain results in comparison to the time required for planning, organization and execution of experiments. The numerical simulation is done by variations in the thickness of the armor metal plate, specifically an armor metal plate of a thickness of 10 mm, 17 mm, 18 mm, and 23 mm. The mentioned armored plate thicknesses were chosen based on the results in order to determine the limit thickness of the armored plate for the projectile perforation limit, as well as for complete ballistic protection. Methods: Finite element modeling is used for analyzing stresses and deformations of the armored plates. The mentioned method calculates the impact of the projectile on the obstacle, precisely the collision of the projectile and the armor plate. Results: For the comparative analysis, the parameters used are the values of the stress and the displacement. For each of the above-mentioned thicknesses of the armored metal plate, the values of stress and displacement during projectile impact were determined. The results of this study show how the thickness of the armor plate affects the interaction of the projectile and the armor plate. Conclusion: If the physical and chemical characteristics of the armored plate remain unchanged, as the thickness of the armored plate increases, the possibility of projectile penetration decreases, and vice versa. This research is of essential importance because it analyzes the stresses and deformation of armor plates whose basic role is the protection of personnel and equipment from the projectile impact. In this regard, the thickness of the armored plate for semi-penetration of the projectile is determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of weapons, monolithic armor is hard to resist these threats. Therefore, a SiC/TC4/UHMWPE laminates multi-layered composite armor against 7.62 mm armor piercing projectile is proposed in this paper. To investigate the ballistic performance of the SiC/TC4/UHMWPE laminates composite structure, a finite element model (FEM) is created in LS-DYNA. Verification FEMs are carried out on the materials of the silicon carbide (SiC) material, Ti–6Al–4V (TC4) material and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber to verify the accuracy of these materials. Furthermore, it is shown that establishing FEM of SiC/TC4/UHMWPE laminates structures can be reasonably implemented. Based on simulation results, SiC/TC4/UHMWPE laminates composite structure has a better ballistic performance than other systems using only two of the above materials. In addition, results also reveal that the SiC plate is suitable for face-sheet to wear the weight and kinetic energy of the projectile, while TC4 plate can enhance the penetration resistance of SiC plate and UHMWPE laminates backplane can maintain the integrity of the composite structure to resist higher initial velocity impact, thus providing an innovative way to improve the ballistic performance under the high-velocity impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Four surface wave profiles were investigated for hypervelocity impact shielding. • Wave profiles caused novel projectile fragmentation and debris cloud shape. • Wavy plates outperform flat plate in terms of energy dissipation. • Simple design variations allow wavy plates to perform considerably better. Continuously increasing micro meteorite and orbital debris (MMOD) in space poses a threat to any manned or unmanned space vehicle with increasing probability of damaging object impact. To address the sufficient level of protection of space vessels, many Whipple shield configurations has been studied for over half a century. Bumper plate of Whipple shields studied in existing literature are flat surfaced plates. In contrast to earlier studies, this paper investigates the reaction of bumper plates with wavy surfaces against hypervelocity impact by analysing how they contribute to projectile fragmentation, formation of debris cloud, and how they dissipate the impact energy. Aluminium plates with four different surface wave profiles (WPs) were numerically investigated under hypervelocity impact conditions to assess their performance on disintegration of the impacting projectile. Fragmentation patterns of spherical aluminium projectile and debris cloud generated by projectile-wavy plate couples were examined and compared with the equivalents observed in flat-surfaced plate impact. A hybrid Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) combined with finite element modelling (FEM) approach was adopted using ANSYS software to simulate hypervelocity impact phenomenon at 3 km/s. Results of the numerical work carried out in this study revealed the distinctive debris cloud generation that has never been reported before in the existing literature. Furthermore, compared to the flat plate, wavy plates are found to be more effective in decreasing the impact energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A simple numerical framework is established based on a semi-empirical model. • Dynamic behaviors of rigid projectiles impacting concrete targets are predicted. • Effects of crater formation and the presence of a free surface are considered. • The influences of projectile geometries and impact conditions are investigated. • The critical angle and velocity that enable projectile ricochet are identified. This paper presents a simple and efficient semi-empirical model for predicting the dynamic behaviors of rigid ogive-nosed projectiles after obliquely impacting semi-infinite concrete targets. We consider the normal stress acting on the projectile surface as a result of the target resistance. We also reflect the decrease in normal stress caused by crater formation and the presence of the free surface on the target. The normal stress is formulated as a function of the projectile geometry and the properties of the target material. To verify the proposed semi-empirical model, we establish computational frameworks combining the finite element method and smoothed particle hydrodynamics. These frameworks are confirmed to provide results consistent with the experimental data for the normal impact of projectiles on concrete targets. By comparing the results obtained from the semi-empirical model with the reference results obtained from the computational frameworks, we demonstrate that the semi-empirical model can successfully predict the penetration or ricochet of projectiles following oblique impact. Furthermore, considering the nose sharpness, slenderness, impact velocity, and oblique incidence angle of the projectiles as key parameters, we investigate their effects on the dynamic behaviors of projectiles. The penetration capabilities of projectiles increase with sharper and slenderer geometry, higher impact velocity, and lower incidence angle. In particular, considering various combinations of these parameters, we identify the critical conditions for the incidence angle and impact velocity that lead to the ricochets of projectiles. The minimum incidence angle, at which ricochets occur, increases in proportion to the nose sharpness, slenderness, and impact velocity. The maximum impact velocity, up to which ricochets occur, decreases as the nose sharpness and slenderness increase and the incidence angle decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the process of creating a numerical FEM (finite element method) model of the 5.56 × 45 mm SS109 projectile. The model was used to calculate the temperatures occurring in the projectile materials during the impact on the steel plate at an angle of 45°. The purpose of the investigation is to estimate the ability of a ricocheting projectile to cause ignition. For the same projectile, experimental tests were also carried out under the conditions adopted for the numerical investigation in order to validate the FEM model. During the experiment, temperature was measured with a thermal camera; the phenomenon was also recorded with a colour high-speed camera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]