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An ammonium chloride–Congo red (NH4Cl-CR) solution is presented as a potential sensing solution for aldehydes. Monofunctional aldehydes such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, and isobutyraldehyde caused changes in the pH of the sensing solution, producing a color transition from red-orange to violet to blue. This distinguished them from the other compounds, thereby acting as a qualitative test for the functional group. The NH4Cl-CR solution was also employed in making filter paper-based and silica gel-based sensors for formaldehyde and acetaldehyde vapors. These sensors responded positively towards the aldehyde gases through a color transition from pink to blue. The NH4Cl-CR mixture provides a simple and easy-to-handle reagent for the detection of both liquid and gaseous aldehydes which has potential applications in environmental monitoring.

It is commonly known that aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are a promising therapeutic target in many diseases. Bui et al.--the authors of the paper I am discussing here (Biosci Rep (2021) 41(5): BSR20210491 https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20210491)--point that there is a lack of research on the use of spices and herbs as the sources of naturally occurring modulators of ALDH activity. In order to carry out this type of research, the authors prepared ethanolic extracts of 22 spices and herbs. The main objective of the study was to investigate retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (RALDHs), of which retinal is the main substrate and ALDH2, the mitochondrial isoform, having acetaldehyde as the main substrate. The obtained results indicated that the tested extracts exhibited differential regulatory effects on RALDHs/ALDH2 and some of them showed a potential selective inhibition of the activity of RALDHs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Gentle power of laser was used to do surface modification of paper substrates. • Effects of different types of lasers including CWL, NS, and FS were studies. • Physical and chemical changes of laser-ablated paper were investigated. • Aldehydes were produced by laser ablation and raised the paper's chemical reactivity. • Aldehydes-related color chemical reactions were performed with acoustofluidic PADs. Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) have rapidly thrived in the last decade for their easy operation and rapid response. However, because of its low chemical reactivity, it's still challenging to endow the paper substrate with more functions and expand its application field. Here, this work leverages lasers to do surface modifications of paper to raise its chemical reactivity. A gentle power of laser was utilized to ablate a part thickness of the paper. The effect of laser types was studied, including continuous-wave, nanosecond, and femtosecond lasers. Continuous-wave laser caused severe photothermal effects and produced more pyrolytic oil. The physical changes including mechanical strength and fluid wicking were studied. The chemical changes were analyzed by XPS and FTIR. Because of the produced aldehydes by laser ablation, the laser-modified papers were endowed with more functions and we experimented with aldehyde-related color reactions on them, which might promote the color printing industry. In addition, to fully exploit the produced aldehydes, our recently developed acoustofluidic PADs were employed for flow intensification and homogeneous mixing. This work demonstrates an economical and effective method for a new type of functional paper substrates which holds potential for various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the production of furan aldehydes from raw biomass suffers from low furfural yield and high energy consumption. In this study, a recyclable and practical method was explored for the preparation of furfural from corn stover by the one-pot reaction by acidic lithium bromide solution (ALBS) without pretreatment and enzymolysis. In the ALBS reaction, the furan aldehydes were generated by the degradation of lignocellulose; however, the products were unstable and were further dehydrated to form humins. So, dehydration reaction was inhibited in this study, and the high yield of furan aldehydes was obtained, in which 2.94 g/L of furfural and 2.78 g/L of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF) were generated with high solid loading (10 wt%), the presence of commercial catalyst ZSM-5 and co-solvent tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 140 °C for 200 min. Via this method, almost 100% of hemicellulose was transformed to furfural, and 40.71% of cellulose was transformed to 5-HMF, which was based on the theoretical yield of HMF (8.35 g) from glucose (29.30 g) produced from cellulose. After the reaction, the catalyst ZSM-5 was the main component in the solid residue and kept a suitable performance. THF azeotrope was easily separated from the slurry by evaporation. During the removal of THF, lignin was precipitated from the liquid phase and showed lower molecular weight and abundant active groups, which was a potential feedstock for producing valuable aromatics and polymers. Thus, in a one-pot reaction, the ideal yield of furan aldehydes from raw biomass was obtained on a lab scale, and the catalyst, THF, and LiBr were easily recycled, which provided an option to realize the economical production of sustainable furan aldehydes from raw biomass., Competing Interests: All authors declare no conflict of interest and have approved the manuscript.

In this study, a fluorescent reagent, 4-((aminooxy)methyl)-7-hydroxycoumarin (AOHC), was for the first time applied to label the low-molecular-mass aldehydes (LMMAs) through reductive oxyamination reaction to afford single N,O-substituted oxyamine derivatives at room temperatures with derivatization efficiencies as high as 96.8%. In the following high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection analysis, 12 LMMAs, including furfurals, aromatic aldehydes, and aliphatic aldehydes, were baseline-separated on an ODS column and detected with low limits of detection (LODs) (0.2-50 nM), and good precisions (intraday relative standard deviations [RSDs] were 2.40-4.68%, and interday RSDs were 4.65-8.91%). This approach was then adopted to analyze six alcoholic beverages and five dairy products, and nine LMMAs with concentrations in the 0.28-798.16 μM range were successfully detected with excellent accuracies (recoveries were 92.2-106.2%). Finally, the results were statistically analyzed and discussed. The proposed method has several advantages, including high sensitivity, room-temperature labeling, and the avoidance of further extraction and/or enrichment procedures, demonstrating its great utility for monitoring LMMAs in various complex matrices., (© 2022. Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The olive tree ( Olea europaea ) and olive oil hold significant cultural and historical importance in Europe. The health benefits associated with olive oil consumption have been well documented. This paper explores the mechanisms of the anti-cancer effects of olive oil and olive leaf, focusing on their key bioactive compounds, namely oleocanthal, oleacein, and oleuropein. The chemopreventive potential of oleocanthal, oleacein, and oleuropein is comprehensively examined through this systematic review. We conducted a systematic literature search to identify eligible articles from Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases published up to 10 October 2023. Among 4037 identified articles, there were 88 eligible articles describing mechanisms of chemopreventive effects of oleocanthal, oleacein, and oleuropein. These compounds have the ability to inhibit cell proliferation, induce cell death (apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis), inhibit angiogenesis, suppress tumor metastasis, and modulate cancer-associated signalling pathways. Additionally, oleocanthal and oleuropein were also reported to disrupt redox hemostasis. This review provides insights into the chemopreventive mechanisms of O. europaea -derived secoiridoids, shedding light on their role in chemoprevention. The bioactivities summarized in the paper support the epidemiological evidence demonstrating a negative correlation between olive oil consumption and cancer risk. Furthermore, the mapped and summarized secondary signalling pathways may provide information to elucidate new synergies with other chemopreventive agents to complement chemotherapies and develop novel nutrition-based anti-cancer approaches.

It has been reported that the modification of immobilized glyoxyl-ficin with aldehyde dextran can promote steric hindrances that greatly reduce the activity of the immobilized protease against hemoglobin, while the protease still maintained a reasonable level of activity against casein. In this paper, we studied if this effect may be different depending on the amount of ficin loaded on the support. For this purpose, both the moderately loaded and the overloaded glyoxyl-ficin biocatalysts were prepared and modified with aldehyde dextran. While the moderately loaded biocatalyst had a significantly reduced activity, mainly against hemoglobin, the activity of the overloaded biocatalyst was almost maintained. This suggests that aldehyde dextran was able to modify areas of the moderately loaded enzyme that were not available when the enzyme was overloaded. This modification promoted a significant increase in biocatalyst stability for both biocatalysts, but the stability was higher for the overloaded biocatalyst (perhaps due to a combination of inter- and intramolecular crosslinking).

A method for the reduction of aldehydes with pinacolborane catalyzed by pincer cobalt complexes based on a triazine backbone is developed in this paper. The presented methodology allows for the transformation of several aldehydes bearing a wide range of electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups under mild conditions. The presented procedure allows for the direct one-step hydrolysis of the obtained intermediates to the corresponding primary alcohols. A plausible reaction mechanism is proposed.

β-cyclocitral (BCC) is an odorous compound that can be produced by bloom-forming cyanobacteria, for example, Microcystis aeruginosa. BCC has been proposed to explain the rapid decline of cyanobacterial blooms in natural water bodies due to its lytic effects on cyanobacteria cells. However, few insights have been gained regarding the mechanisms of its lethality on cyanobacteria. In this study, M. aeruginosa was exposed to 0-300 mg/L BCC, and the physiological responses were comprehensively studied at the cellular, molecular, and transcriptomic levels. The result indicated that the lethal effect was concentration-dependent; 100 mg/L BCC only caused recoverable stress, while 150-300 mg/L BCC caused rapid rupture of cyanobacterial cells. Scanning electron microscope images suggested two typical morphological changes exposed to above 150 mg/LBCC: wrinkled/shrank with limited holes on the surface at 150 and 200 mg/L BCC exposure; no apparent shrinkage at the surface but with cell perforation at 250 and 300 mg/L BCC exposure. BCC can rapidly inhibit the photosynthetic activity of M. aeruginosa cells (40%∼100% decreases for 100-300 mg/L BCC) and significantly down-regulate photosynthetic system Ⅰ-related genes. Also, chlorophyll a (by 30%∼90%) and ATP (by ∼80%) contents severely decreased, suggesting overwhelming pressure on the energy metabolism in cells. Glutathione levels increased significantly, and stress response-related genes were upregulated, indicating the perturbation of intracellular redox homeostasis. Two cell death pathways were proposed to explain the lethal effect: apoptosis-like death as revealed by the upregulation of SOS response genes when exposed to 200 mg/L BCC and mazEF-mediated death as revealed by the upregulation of mazEF system genes when exposed to 300 mg/L BCC. Results of the current work not only provide insights into the potential role of BCC in inducing programmed cell death during bloom demise but also indicate the potential of using BCC for harmful algal control., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Oxidative stress often affects the structure and metabolism of lipids, which in the case of polyunsaturated free fatty acids (PUFAs) leads to a self-catalysed chain reaction of lipid peroxidation (LPO). The LPO of PUFAs leads to the formation of various aldehydes, such as malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), 4-hydroxyhexenal, and 4-oxo-2-nonenal. Among the reactive aldehydes, 4-HNE is the major bioactive product of LPO, which has a high affinity for binding to proteins. This review briefly discusses the available information on the applicability of assessment options for 4-HNE and its protein adducts determined by immunosorbent assay (the 4-HNE-ELISA) in patients with various diseases known to be associated with oxidative stress, LPO, and 4-HNE. Despite the differences in the protocols applied and the antibodies used, all studies confirmed the usefulness of the 4-HNE-ELISA for research purposes. Since different protocols and the antibodies used could give different values when applied to the same samples, the 4-HNE-ELISA should be combined with other complementary analytical methods to allow comparisons between the values obtained in patients and in healthy individuals. Despite large variations, the studies reviewed in this paper have mostly shown significantly increased levels of 4-HNE-protein adducts in the samples obtained from patients when compared to healthy individuals. As with any other biomarker studied in patients, it is preferred to perform not only a single-time analysis but measurements at multiple time points to monitor the dynamics of the occurrence of oxidative stress and the systemic response to the disease causing it. This is especially important for acute diseases, as individual levels of 4-HNE-protein adducts in blood can fluctuate more than threefold within a few days depending on the state of health, as was shown for the COVID-19 patients., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Given the role as Editorial Board Member, Neven Žarković had no involvement in the peer-review of this article and has no access to information regarding its peer-review. Full responsibility for the editorial process for this article was delegated to Giuseppe Murdaca., (© 2024 The Author(s). Published by IMR Press.)

Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome. RIFM staff are employees of the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM). The Expert Panel receives a small honorarium for time spent reviewing the subject work.

Different amounts of glyoxal and paraformaldehyde were used to synthesize phenol-glyoxal (PG) and phenol-paraformaldehyde (PPF) resins, which were compared with conventional phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins. Glyoxal oxidation leads to a pH value of 9.83 for PG 2.2. With the addition of polyformaldehyde, PPF 2.2 exhibited the highest viscosity at 17333.33 mPa s. The PPF 2.0 plywood has a maximum bonding strength of 1.94 MPa. The formaldehyde emission of PG 1.8 plywood is found to have a minimum value of 0.025 mg/m 3 , reaching the E NF limit (≤0.025 mg/m 3 ). Acetaldehyde is found only in volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from PG plywood and is associated with increased glyoxal. PPF plywood emitted more aromatic and total VOC (TVOC) than the other two plywood types. The measured TVOC for PPF 2.2 is 196.07 μg/m 3 . The results showed that the total cancer risk (TCR) values of PPF 1.8, PPF 2.0, and PG 1.8 were above the threshold of 1.00E-4, indicating a definite carcinogenic risk. Acetaldehyde in the PG plywood exceeded the safety threshold for noncarcinogenic risk. The use of paraformaldehyde in the wood-based panel production is been considered a possible means of improving the bonding strength of plywood. Glyoxal has also been shown to be a viable method for lowering the formaldehyde emissions from plywood. The VOC emissions from plywood changed significantly depending on the aldehyde used. Limiting VOCs that present high health hazards is crucial for reducing the negative impact of plywood on both indoor environments and human health., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome. RIFM staff are employees of the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM). The Expert Panel receives a small honorarium for time spent reviewing the subject work.

β-Ionone and β-cyclocitral are two typical components in cyanobacterial volatiles, which can poison aquatic plants and even cause death. To reveal the toxic mechanisms of the two compounds on aquatic plants through programmed cell death (PCD), the photosynthetic capacities, caspase-3-like activity, DNA fragmentation and ladders, as well as expression of the genes associated with PCD in Lemna turionifera were investigated in exposure to β-ionone (0.2 mM) and β-cyclocitral (0.4 mM) at lethal concentration. With prolonging the treatment time, L. turionifera fronds gradually died, and photosynthetic capacities gradually reduced and even disappeared at the 96 th h. This demonstrated that the death process might be a PCD rather than a necrosis, due to the gradual loss of physiological activities. When L. turionifera underwent the death, caspase-3-like was activated after 3 h, and reached to the strongest activity at the 24 th h. TUNEL-positive nuclei were detected after 12 h, and appeared in large numbers at the 48 th h. The DNA was cleaved by Ca 2+ -dependent endonucleases and showed obviously ladders. In addition, the expression of 5 genes (TSPO, ERN1, CTSB, CYC, and ATR) positively related with PCD initiation was up-regulated, while the expression of 2 genes (RRM2 and TUBA) negatively related with PCD initiation was down-regulated. Therefore, β-ionone and β-cyclocitral can poison L. turionifera by adjusting related gene expression to trigger PCD., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the framework of circular bio-economy, waste loquat seeds were utilized for the production of two added-value products. The seeds were hydrothermally carbonized at a temperature range of 150-250 °C and time range 2-6 h and the resultant hydrochars and aqueous phases were characterized using various methods. The optimum higher heating value of 30.64 MJ kg -1 , ash content of 1.99 wt % and alkali index of 0.05 were achieved for the hydrochar prepared at 250 °C and 6 h, establishing its suitability for energy-related applications. The aqueous phase obtained at 250 °C and 6 h achieved 90% scavenging of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) radical and had a IC 50 value of 43.71 μg mL -1 . Principal component analysis showed that the production of phenols, ketones, alkenes and organic acids was favored at >200 °C, whereas furans and aldehydes were primarily formed at 150 °C. Conclusively, both added-value products were obtained at the same optimum hydrothermal carbonization conditions of 250 °C and 6 h treatment time. In a bio-refinery context, this has the practical implication that both bio-products be obtained simultaneously, without the need to switch between different temperatures and residence times., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Cooking oil fumes (COFs) comprised of a mixture of cancer-causing volatile organic aldehydes (VOAs), particularly trans, trans-2,4-decadienal (t,t-DDE), 4-hydroxy-hexenal (4-HHE), and 4-hydroxy-nonenal (4-HNE). Monitoring toxic VOAs levels in people exposed to different cooking conditions is vital to predicting the cancer risk. For this purpose, we developed a fast tissue extraction (FaTEx) technique combined with UHPLC-MS/MS to monitor three toxic VOAs in mice lung tissue samples. FaTEx pre-treatment protocol was developed by combining two syringes for extraction and clean-up process. The various procedural steps affecting the FaTEx sample pre-treatment process were optimized to enhance the target VOAs' extraction efficiency from the sample matrix. Under the optimal experimental conditions, results exhibit good correlation coefficient values > 0.99, detection limits were between 0.5-3 ng/g, quantification limits were between 1-10 ng/g, and the matrix effect was <18.1%. Furthermore, the extraction recovery values of the spiked tissue exhibited between 88.9-109.6% with <8.6% of RSD. Cooking oil fume (containing t,t-DDE) treated mice at various time durations were sacrificed to validate the developed technique, and it was found that t,t-DDE concentrations were from 14.8 to 33.8 μg/g. The obtained results were found to be a fast, reliable, and semi-automated sample pre-treatment technique with good extraction efficiency, trace level detection limit, and less matrix effect. Therefore, this method can be applied as a potential analytical method to determine the VOAs in humans exposed to long-term cooking oil fumes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

An efficient and convenient method for the synthesis of 1-hydroxyalkylphosphonium salts is described. Reactions were carried out at room temperature, in a short time, and without chromatography for product isolation. The properties of the obtained phosphonium salts were examined and discussed. In this paper, primary attention was paid to the stability of phosphonium salts, depending on the structure of the aldehydes used as substrates in their preparation. Other conditions such as the type of solvent, temperature, and molar ratio of the substrates were also investigated. Finally, the high reactivity of 1-hydroxyalkylphosphonium salts was demonstrated in reactions with amide-type substrates and (hetero)aromatic compounds. The developed step-by-step procedure (with the isolation of 1-hydroxyphosphonium salts) was compared to the one-pot protocol (in situ formation of such phosphonium salts). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxidation of primary alcohols to the corresponding carboxylic acids is one of the fundamental and useful reactions in organic synthesis. In this paper, we report our comprehensive results toward the oxidation of primary alcohols and aldehydes to acids via hydride transfer reactions mediated by 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone. Under the strong basic conditions of sodium tert -butoxide, the room temperature oxidations tolerate a range of functional groups, including vulnerable tert -butanesulfinamides, amines, sulfides, olefins, and heterocycles, and provide good to excellent yields. Most importantly, our oxidation procedure can be applied to chemoselective oxidation of primary alcohols and aldehydes to carboxylic acids in the presence of secondary alcohols.

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lipid peroxidation, the most aggressive reaction in food, results in the formation of reactive organic compounds that detrimentally impact food sensory qualities and consumers' health. While controlled lipid peroxidation can enhance flavors and appearance in certain foods, secondary peroxidation products lead to sensory deterioration in a variety of products, such as oils, alcoholic beverages, and meat. This publication reviews the use of modern analytical techniques for detecting and quantifying carbonyl compounds, i.e., secondary lipid peroxidation products. The paper focuses specifically on microextraction-based methods: dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and gas-diffusion microextraction (GDME). These techniques offer efficient and sensitive approaches to extracting and quantifying lipid oxidation products and contribute to the understanding of oxidative deterioration in various food products. The review outlines recent advancements, challenges, and limitations in these microextraction techniques, as well as emphasizes the potential for further innovation and improvement in the field of food analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive and behavioral decline. Acrolein, an environmental pollutant and endogenous compound, is implicated in AD development. This research employs bibliometric analysis to assess current trends and key areas concerning acrolein-AD interaction. Methods: The Web of Science was used to extensively review literature on acrolein and AD. Relevant data were systematically gathered and analyzed using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and an online bibliometric tool. Results: We identified 120 English publications in this specialized field across 19 journals. The Journal of Alzheimer's Disease was the most prominent. The primary contributors, both in terms of scientific output and influence, were the USA, the University of Kentucky, and Ramassamy C, representing countries/regions, institutions, and authors, respectively. In this field, the primary focus was on thoroughly studying acrolein, its roles, and its mechanisms in AD utilizing both in vivo and in vitro approaches. A significant portion of the research was based on proteomics, revealing complex molecular processes. The main focuses in the field were "oxidative stress," "lipid peroxidation," "amyloidbeta," and "cognitive impairment." Anticipated future research trajectories focus on the involvement of the internalization pathway, covering key areas such as synaptic dysfunction, metabolism, mechanisms, associations, neuroinflammation, inhibitors, tau phosphorylation, acrolein toxicity, brain infarction, antioxidants, chemistry, drug delivery, and dementia. Our analysis also supported our previous hypothesis that acrolein can interact with amyloidbeta to form a protein adduct leading to AD-like pathology and altering natural immune responses. Conclusion: This study provides a broad and all-encompassing view of the topic, offering valuable insights and guidance to fellow researchers. These emerging directions underscore the continuous exploration of the complexities associated with AD. The analyses and findings aim to enhance our understanding of the intricate relationship between acrolein and AD for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP) motif is an emerging scaffold in medicinal chemistry because of its bioisosterism to 1,4-phenylene and 1,2-alkynyl functions. The current drawback of its use is the lack of stable versatile synthetic building blocks. Aldehydes are among the most useful functionalities in organic chemistry. In this paper, a simple one-pot procedure from aryl-halides and [1.1.1]propellane is described. Preparation of various BCP molecules is conducted to showcase the versatility of these stable intermediates.

In this paper, DFT computations revealed the mechanisms of the asymmetric catalytic reactions of diisopropylzinc with pyrimidylaldehyde catalyzed by 1- and 2-aza[6]helicenes, which make them effective inductors of the autocatalytic chiral amplification Soai reaction. The generation of chirality takes place through the formation of adducts of aldehyde and helicenes stabilized via non-covalent disperse interactions strictly defining the orientation of the aldehyde molecule in the corresponding transition state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction of the important plasma protein, human serum albumin (HSA), with two monoterpenes found in cumin oil, i.e., cuminaldehyde (4-isopropylbenzaldehyde) and cuminol (4-isopropylbenzyl alcohol), was studied in this paper. Both experimental and computational methods were utilized to understand the mechanism of binding. The UV absorption profile of HSA changes in the presence of both cuminaldehyde and cuminol, due to the interaction between HSA with both monoterpenes. The intrinsic fluorescence intensity of HSA was also quenched on the sequential addition of both ligands, due to change in the microenvironment of the fluorophore present in the former. Quenching of HSA by cuminaldehyde was much higher in comparison to that in the presence of cuminol. Fluorescence quenching data were analyzed using modified Stern-Volmer and Lineweaver-Burk methods, which suggested that the binding mechanism was of a static type for both ligands. In both cases, the binding was favored by the domination of hydrophobic as well as hydrogen bonding/Van der Waals forces. Both ligands partially unfolded the secondary structure of HSA, although the effect of cuminaldehyde was more pronounced, as compared to cuminol. The preferred binding site of cuminaldehyde and cuminol inside HSA was also the same; namely, drug binding site 1, located in subdomain IIA. The study showed that cuminaldehyde binds strongly with albumin as compared to its alcohol counterpart, which is due to the more hydrophobic nature of the former. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effect of precursors on the formation of 3-MCPD esters (3-MCPD-E) and glycidol esters (GE) and discusses ways to reduce the concentration of these toxic esters in deodorised oils. As the content of oxidation products in sunflower oil increases, the amount of MCPD esters formed after deodorisation increases too: from 560 μg/kg (for oil with the peroxide value 1.06 mmol 1/2О/kg and the anisidine value 0.55) to 1290 μg/kg (for oil with PV=6.73 mmol 1/2O/kg and PAV=10.38). Thus, peroxides and aldehydes should be classified as the initiators of the formation of 3- MCPD-E. Accordingly, a way to reduce toxic 3-MCPD-E in deodorised oils is by preventing the formation of oxidation products during the extraction and processing of oils, or by reducing the content of oxidation products in oils before deodorisation. On the contrary, there is no correlation between the content of oxidation products and the amount of glycidol esters in deodorised oil. No relationship has been found between the content of natural antioxidants of oils, tocopherols, and the amount of 3-MCPD-E and GE. Increasing the pH of oils leads to a higher content of 3-MCPD-E resulting from deodorisation. As the number of acid groups increases, the amount of 3-MCPD-E increases too. Conversely, with bigger amounts of acid introduced into the oil, no additional quantities of glycidol esters are formed in the course of deodorisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Strangle in the horses is the commonest and the most significant infectious disease. An antibiotic of the first choice, commonly Penicillin, is used for antimicrobial therapy. Due to side effects and resistance against used antibiotics, interest in novel antimicrobial substances from other sources, including herbal medicine as safe agents has been raised. This study evaluated the antibacterial susceptibility profile of Streptococcus equi subsp equi in the confrontation of Trans-cinnamaldehyde, 1, 8 Cineole, and Pulegone on bacterial pathogens isolated from the horse. Materials and Methods: Two hundred clinically isolates were studied by the single disk method to Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, Gentamicin, Enrofloxacin, Chloramphenicol, Azithromycin, Cefotaxime, Oxytetracycline, Erythromycin, and Penicillin. Paper discs were prepared by impregnation in 10 μL essential oils main compounds (EOMC). The antibacterial activities of Trans-cinnamaldehyde, 1, 8 Cineole, and Pulegone were evaluated by microbroth dilution and disk diffusion methods against isolates of S. equi. Results & Conclusion: All the isolates were resistant to Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and Cefotaxime. The maximum growth inhibition zone was related to Oxytetracycline and Ampicillin. The growth inhibition zone diameter was 30 mm, 20 mm, and 26 mm for Trans-cinnamaldehyde, Pulegone, and 1, 8 Cineole, respectively. The results of the Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBCs) showed that Trans-cinnamaldehyde had the highest antibacterial activity compared to other EOMC against S. equi. This study indicated that Trans-cinnamaldehyde, 1, 8 Cineole, and Pulegone revealed antibacterial properties; therefore, these main constituents of the medicinal plant could be a safe candidate for the new antibacterial products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hydrogenation of aldehydes with heterogeneous manganese catalysts is an appealing approach for producing alcohols. In this paper, we report a novel and robust MnO/PN-800 catalyst for the hydrogenation of versatile biomass-derived platform molecules in the presence of molecular hydrogen as a reductant. The effect of catalyst concentration, the operating hydrogen pressure, and the reaction temperature on the catalyst activity was investigated in detail. Under the mild reaction conditions, the full conversion of furfuraldehyde, 5-Methyl-2-furaldehyde, and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (5-HMF) to their corresponding alcohols was achieved without any by-product formation. Additionally, other aromatic aldehydes bearing fluoro, chloro, and nitro moieties were also tolerated. The fresh and spent MnO/PN-800 catalyst was thoroughly characterized using XPS, powder-XRD, HR-TEM, N 2 adsorption-desorption, and Raman spectroscopy. Noteworthy, the MnO/PN-800 catalyst can be recovered by centrifugation and then reused directly in the subsequent hydrogenation reactions. Importantly the synthetic utility of this protocol up to ∼5 g-scale is realized. Finally, our novel MnO/PN-800 nanocatalyst was successfully employed for the direct synthesis of furfuryl alcohol in high yields from raw sugarcane bagasse. We believe that these findings will help to advance the manganese-catalyzed hydrogenation reactions. [Display omitted] • Waste biomass as a carbon support. • MnO/PN-800 as an efficient catalyst for hydrogenation of bio-based aldehydes. • Hydrogenation of FA, 5-MFA, and 5-HMF to their corresponding alcohols. • Synthesis of furfuryl alcohol from raw sugarcane biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Mild, clean and highly selective synthesis of amides under visible light and air as oxidants. • Inexpensive and readily available Mn 3 O 4 was used as a reusable photocatalyst. • Energy barrier for hemiaminal dehydrogenation is much lower than that of dehydration. • Mn 3 O 4 exhibited outstanding selectivity and efficiency in the synthesis of amides. Amides are widely used in various fields of chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Developing a green and universal amide synthesis method that meets the needs of sustainable chemistry has always been a challenge for amide synthesis. In this paper, a direct and highly selective method for the synthesis of amide was developed under visible light irradiation and room temperature using air as an oxidant. Thanks to the prolongation of the C-H bond (0.1115 nm) and O-H bond (0.1002 nm) during the adsorption of hemiaminal on the Mn 3 O 4 catalyst, and the energy barrier for hemiaminal dehydrogenation (-3.07 eV) is much lower than the energy barrier for dehydration (4.84 eV), thus the formation of imines is suppressed, resulting in highly selective clean production of amides with H 2 O as byproduct. Therefore, this clean and effective method for obtaining amides is one of the ideal alternative solutions for currently known methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide an extensive review of 14 studies (11 independent and three industryfunded) on emissions generated by Electronic Cigarettes (ECs), specifically focusing on the evaluation of carbonyls present in these emissions and emphasizing a meticulous evaluation of their analytical methods and experimental procedures. Since the presence of carbonyl by-products in EC aerosol is concerning, it is important to evaluate the reliability of emission studies quantifying these compounds by verifying their compliance with the following criteria of experimental quality: authors must 1) supply sufficient information on the devices and experimental procedures to allow for potentially reproducing or replicating the experiments, 2) use of appropriate puffing protocols that approach consumer usage as best as possible, 3) use of appropriate analytical methods and 4) usage of blank samples to avoid false positive detection. Outcomes were classified in terms of the fulfilment of these conditions as reliable in seven studies, partially reliable in five studies, and unreliable in two studies. However, only five studies used blank samples and six studies failed the reproducibility criterion. Carbonyl yields were far below their yields in tobacco smoke in all reproducible studies, even in the partially reliable ones, thus supporting the role of ECs (when properly tested and operated) as harm reduction products. This review highlights the necessity to evaluate the quality of laboratory standards in testing EC emissions to achieve an objective assessment of the risk profile of ECs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A one-pot, one-step protocol combining hydrogen transfer initiated dehydration (HTID) of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO), catalysed by [Cp*IrCl2(NHC)] (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl; NHC = carbene ligand) complexes (1-5H and 1-3F), and self-aldol condensation (SAC) of propanal (2), allowed selective production of C6 aldehyde 2-methyl-pent-2-enal (3), in ionic liquids with high substrate conversion. This shows, for the first time, the conversion of 1,3-propanediol to C6 aldehydes in one pot via a catalytic hydrogen borrowing methodology. The Ir(III) pre-catalysts and the ionic liquids were recyclable. C6 aldehyde 2-methyl-pent-2-enal could also be selectively produced in the presence of water and in neat 1,3-PDO. The efficient, selective delivery of a value-added chemical from 1,3-PDO, a major product of many whole-cell bacterial fermentation processes, shows that the combination of chemo-catalytic processing of the chemical platform via Cp*IrCl2(NHC)-catalysed HTID/SAC with bio-catalysis has the potential to allow direct valorisation of the bio-renewable feedstocks, such as waste glycerol and sugars, into valuable chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union Tobacco Products Directive (EU TPD) mandates enhanced reporting obligations for tobacco manufacturers regarding 15 priority additives. Within the Joint Action on Tobacco Control (JATC), a review panel of independent experts was appointed for the scientific evaluation of the additive reports submitted by a consortium of 12 tobacco manufacturers. As required by the TPD, the reports were evaluated based on their comprehensiveness, methodology and conclusions. In addition, we evaluated the chemical, toxicological, addictive, inhalation facilitating and flavoring properties of the priority additives based on the submitted reports, supplemented by the panel's expert knowledge and some independent literature. The industry concluded that none of the additives is associated with concern. Due to significant methodological limitations, we question the scientific validity of these conclusions and conclude that they are not warranted. Our review demonstrates that many issues regarding toxicity, addictiveness and attractiveness of the additives have not been sufficiently addressed, and therefore concerns remain. For example, menthol facilitates inhalation by activation of the cooling receptor TRPM8. The addition of sorbitol and guar gum leads to a significant increase of aldehydes that may contribute to toxicity and addictiveness. Titanium dioxide particles (aerodynamic diameter <10 µm) are legally classified as carcinogenic when inhaled. For diacetyl no report was provided. Overall, the industry reports were not comprehensive, and the information presented provides an insufficient basis for the regulation of most additives. We, therefore, advise MS to consider alternative approaches such as the precautionary principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gaseous oil fume is complex in composition and contains a large number of harmful volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are one of the major pollutants in indoor air and also the major source of oil fume odor, with aldehydes accounting for the major proportion. This paper reviews the formation and composition of cooking oil fume, the hazards of and the detection methods for volatile aldehydes in cooking oil fume, and the factors influencing their formation. It also summarizes the current techniques to control the formation of aldehydes in cooking oil fume to provide a theoretical basis for the scientific regulation of aldehydes pollution from cooking oil fume.

In this paper, we discuss the optimization of the operation of a reductive amination (RA) reaction process in a miniplant without an accurate process model using iterative real-time optimization (RTO). The rhodium-catalyzed RA of undecanal with diethylamine produces a tertiary amine from a long-chain aldehyde and is performed in a thermomorphic multiphase system (TMS) to recover and reuse the expensive catalyst efficiently. An iterative RTO method called modifier adaptation with quadratic approximation (MAWQA) is used in combination with guaranteed model adequacy (GMA) to drive the RA process to its optimum iteratively. MAWQA utilizes online measurements to overcome model deficiencies. GMA ensures that the model used in MAWQA satisfies the model adequacy conditions. The optimal operating conditions of the RA process in the miniplant were identified during an experimental run of the plant, thereby validating the applicability and efficiency of MAWQA with GMA. The results illustrate the benefits of process optimization using iterative RTO methods without accurate process models. • Online optimization of a reductive amination process in a mini-plant is performed in the presence of model uncertainty. • An iterative real-time optimization method, modifier adaptation with quadratic approximation is used for optimization. • The issue of undesired input oscillations is avoided by ensuring model adequacy in MAWQA using guaranteed model adequacy. • Experimental results show a smooth convergence to the process optimum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigated the cocatalytic activity of recently prepared guanidinium salts containing an oxanorbornane subunit in an (S)-proline-catalyzed aldol reaction. The activity was interpreted by the diastereoselectivity of the reaction (anti/syn ratio) and for the most interesting polycyclic guanidinium salt, the enantioselectivity of the reaction was determined. The results indicated a negative impact on the oxanorbornane unit if present as the flexible substituent. For most of the tested aldehydes, the best cocatalysts provided enantioselectivities above 90% and above 95% at room temperature and 0 °C, respectively, culminating in >99.5% for 4–chloro– and 2–nitrobenzaldehyde as the substrate. The barriers for forming four possible enantiomers were calculated and the results for two anti–enantiomers are qualitatively consistent with the experiment. Obtained results suggest that the representatives of furfurylguanidinium and rigid polycyclic oxanorbornane-substituted guanidinium salts are good lead structures for developing new cocatalysts by tuning the chemical space around the guanidine moiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional group interconversion is an important asset in organic synthesis. Phenols/anilines being naturally abundant and the carbonyl being the most common in a wide range of bioactive molecules, an efficient conversion is of prime interest. The reported methods require transition metal catalyzed cross coupling which limits its applicability. Here we have described a method for synthesizing various aldehydes and ketones, starting from phenol and protected anilines via Csp2-O/N bond cleavage in a one-pot/stepwise manner. Our synthetic method is found to be compatible with a diverse range of phenols and anilines carrying sensitive functional groups including halides, esters, ketal, hydroxyl, alkenes, and terminal alkynes as well as the substitution on the aryl cores. A short-step synthesis of bioactive molecules and their functionalization have been executed. Starting from BINOL, a photocatalyst has been designed. Here, we have developed a transition metal-free protocol for the conversion of phenols and anilines to aldehydes and ketones. For the carbonylation reactions to synthesize aldehyde, ester, amide, and other carbonyl derivatives, a transition metal-free and CO- free reaction was challenging but highly demanded. Here, the authors report a transition metal-free and CO- free method for deoxygenetive/denitrogenetive conversion of phenols and anilines to aldehydes and ketones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Approximately half of all infants and children newly diagnosed with neuroblastoma are at high risk for relapse despite aggressive multi-modal therapy. Polychemotherapy usually provokes a good initial response; however, minimal residual disease with the dissemination of a few resistant tumor cells frequently causes relapse. The number of long-term survivors of high-risk disease has remained unsatisfactorily poor with survival rates as low as 50% after first-line therapy and below 20% in the relapse situation. Applying extensive state-of-the-art methods and workflows for metabolomics and proteomics, this study characterized the modes of action of the metabolic inhibitor L-glyceraldehyde in a panel of neuroblastoma cell lines as well as fibroblasts used as a control. Our analyses revealed that L-glyceraldehyde arrests proliferation and induces neuroblastoma cell death by a multi-modal mechanism that involves oxidative stress and the inhibition of nucleotide biosynthesis. Our data provide the molecular basis for the rationale design of multi-modal therapies involving metabolic targets. Glyceraldehyde (GA) is a three-carbon monosaccharide that can be present in cells as a by-product of fructose metabolism. Bruno Mendel and Otto Warburg showed that the application of GA to cancer cells inhibits glycolysis and their growth. However, the molecular mechanism by which this occurred was not clarified. We describe a novel multi-modal mechanism by which the L-isomer of GA (L-GA) inhibits neuroblastoma cell growth. L-GA induces significant changes in the metabolic profile, promotes oxidative stress and hinders nucleotide biosynthesis. GC-MS and 13C-labeling was employed to measure the flow of carbon through glycolytic intermediates under L-GA treatment. It was found that L-GA is a potent inhibitor of glycolysis due to its proposed targeting of NAD(H)-dependent reactions. This results in growth inhibition, apoptosis and a redox crisis in neuroblastoma cells. It was confirmed that the redox mechanisms were modulated via L-GA by proteomic analysis. Analysis of nucleotide pools in L-GA-treated cells depicted a previously unreported observation, in which nucleotide biosynthesis is significantly inhibited. The inhibitory action of L-GA was partially relieved with the co-application of the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine. We present novel evidence for a simple sugar that inhibits cancer cell proliferation via dysregulating its fragile homeostatic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rigid polyurethane foams are the better-performing material for the most common insulation purposes, like sandwich panels. Nevertheless, they are highly flammable materials, release toxic gases, and are manufactured from fossil sources. As an alternative, tannin foams are bio-based materials that work as innovative alternatives thanks to their great fire resistance, as well as lower smoke and harmful gases emissions. In the present study, lab-made foams of both materials were compared through morphology, thermal and fire degradation, mechanical properties, and water affinity in order to fill the technological gap between them and their related sandwich panels. It was observed that tannin foams are still relatively inhomogeneous (since formaldehyde was not used) and present a high affinity for water but have higher thermal and fire resistance. The flat compression strength of the polyurethane sandwiches was greater than that of tannin sandwiches (3.61 and 3.09 MPa, respectively) thanks, mainly, to the crosslinking degree difference between the resins. Also, tannin foams presented a lower weight loss (−70.684% lower weight loss in flammability tests than polyurethane foams) and the ability to self-extinguish the flame. Therefore, sandwich panels with tannin foam cores could be successful materials in areas that require protection against fire, such as the building engineering and automotive industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contemporary drug discovery, enhancing the sp3-hybridized character of molecular structures is paramount, necessitating innovative synthetic methods. Herein, we introduce a deoxygenative cross-electrophile coupling technique that pairs easily accessible carboxylic acid-derived redox-active esters with aldehyde sulfonyl hydrazones, employing Eosin Y as an organophotocatalyst under visible light irradiation. This approach serves as a versatile, metal-free C(sp3)−C(sp3) cross-coupling platform. We demonstrate its synthetic value as a safer, broadly applicable C1 homologation of carboxylic acids, offering an alternative to the traditional Arndt-Eistert reaction. Additionally, our method provides direct access to cyclic and acyclic β-arylethylamines using diverse aldehyde-derived sulfonyl hydrazones. Notably, the methodology proves to be compatible with the late-stage functionalization of peptides on solid-phase, streamlining the modification of intricate peptides without the need for exhaustive de-novo synthesis. Enhancing the sp3-hybridized character of molecular structures in drug discovery is paramount. Here, the authors introduce a deoxygenative cross-electrophile coupling technique that pairs easily accessible carboxylic acid-derived redox-active esters with aldehyde sulfonyl hydrazones, employing Eosin Y as an organophotocatalyst under visible light irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient synthesis of useful primary amines via reductive amination of biomass-based aldehydes and ketones over earth-abundant base metal catalysts is an attractive biomass value-adding technology yet facing lots of challenges. Herein, natural attapulgite (ATP) was applied as support for the fabrication of active Ni catalysts with different Ni loadings (5-30 wt%) by the deposition-precipitation method. The Ni/ATP-550 catalyst with 10-15 wt % Ni loadings was found to present the highest catalytic performance for the synthesis of valuable 5-amino-1-pentanol (5-AP) via reductive amination of biofurfural-derived 2-hydroxytetrahydropyran among a variety of commonly used oxide supports loaded Ni catalysts, as well as ATP supported nickel catalysts with other loadings, achieving 5-AP yield up to 94%. The intrinsic activity of the Ni/ATP catalysts was found to depend strongly on the Ni0 crystallite size and Ni0 fraction of the catalysts, which generally increased with increasing Ni0 crystallite size and fraction, owing probably to the hydrogenation of imine intermediate is a structure-sensitive reaction. The efficient 10Ni/ATP-550 catalyst also exhibited good activity and stability in the reductive amination of several other biomass-derived aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding primary amines with good to excellent yields (81%-99%). This work provided a clean and efficient natural ATP-supported non-noble metal nickel-based catalytic system for the reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones to synthesize high-value-added primary amines, which could be a promising candidate for the industrial production of amines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Almaty Technological University is the property of Almaty Technological University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dolichols are isoprenoid end-products of the mevalonate and 2C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathways. The synthesis of dolichols is initiated with the addition of several molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate to farnesyl diphosphate. This reaction is catalyzed by a cis-prenyltransferase and leads to the formation of polyprenyl diphosphate. Subsequent steps involve the dephosphorylation and reduction of the α-isoprene unit by a polyprenol reductase, resulting in the generation of dolichol. The size of the dolichol varies, depending on the number of isoprene units incorporated. In eukaryotes, dolichols are synthesized as a mixture of four or more different lengths. Their biosynthesis is predicted to occur in the endoplasmic reticulum, where dolichols play an essential role in protein glycosylation. In this study, we have developed a selection of aptamers targeting dolichols and enhanced their specificity by incorporating fatty acids for negative selection. One aptamer showed high enrichment and specificity for linear polyisoprenoids containing at least one oxygen atom, such as an alcohol or aldehyde, in the α-isoprene unit. The selected aptamer proved to be a valuable tool for the subcellular localization of polyisoprenoids in the malaria parasite. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that polyisoprenoids have been localized within a cell using aptamer-based imaging techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]