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Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are extensively used in food-contact paper and cardboard. However, they may migrate from food-contact materials to food, and the migration rate may be increased at elevated temperatures. In addition, there is a positive association of PFOS/PFOA levels with total cholesterol. Therefore, this study aims to assess the human health risk of increased total cholesterol associated with long-term exposure to PFOS and PFOA migration from food-contact paper and cardboard under temperature variation scenarios in adults. An exposure assessment was performed using an uptake dose model to estimate the uptake doses of PFOS and PFOA for the high-, intermediate-, and low-exposure scenarios. Benchmark dose (BMD) modeling was conducted to describe the dose–response relationships between PFOS/PFOA and total cholesterol levels. Finally, a margin of exposure (MOE) approach was used to characterize the risk. The results of the exposure assessment showed that PFOS and PFOA uptake doses in the high-exposure scenarios were around one and two orders of magnitude greater than those in the intermediate- and low-exposure scenarios, respectively. Under high-exposure scenarios, the uptake levels of hundredth-percentile PFOS and PFOA at high temperatures may raise health concerns (MOE < 1). This study provides a methodology to assess the health risks associated with exposure to migration of food contaminants from various types of paper and cardboard that come into contact with food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influence of the ion irradiation at elevated temperatures on the novel preceramic paper-derived SiCf/SiC laminated composites fabricated by spark plasma sintering was investigated. The composites were subjected to high-dose simultaneous irradiation of silicon (Si) ions at 400 °C. Irradiation induces amorphization of the damaged area up to 30 dpa, and then recrystallization of amorphous regions with increasing dose occur. No evidence of cavities was found in SiCf/SiC composites irradiated by silicon ions up to 100 dpa. The irradiated composites pre-injected with 5000 appm He displays low swelling (~ 0.3%). The irradiation with Si ions may suppress the cavity nucleation and they growth in SiC layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloropropanols such as 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) have drawn increasing attention due to their release from food contact paper and their potential carcinogenic effects. In this study, the effects were investigated of water extraction conditions on release of chloropropanols from food contact paper, and the extraction efficiencies of chloropropanols by water extract and migration method were compared. Cold water was found to be more severe than hot water for extraction of chloropropanols, with the highest water extraction value obtained at 23°C. Two hours of extraction was sufficient as the chloropropanols can be fully extracted from food contact paper within a short period of time. Increase of temperature in the range of 10°C–60°C had little impact on release of chloropropanols, however, the extraction of chloropropanols decreased when high temperatures (80°C or above) were applied due to volatilisation losses. Hence, attention should be paid when choosing extract conditions representing the worst-case scenario. The water extraction value using EN 645 method gives higher results compared to migration test described in GB 31604.1 and GB 5009.156, suggesting that the water extract method was probably more severe. For migration test, aqueous-based simulants were found to be more conservative than oil-based simulants, suggesting the conventional experiment conditions applicable for compliance test of chloropropanols migration can be simplified and optimised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The plasma membrane-located PbrSOT13 functioned in sorbitol influx and accumulation. • PbrWRKY42 bound to the PbrSOT13 promoter and activated its transcription. • Temperature and light exposure regulated the expression of PbrWRKY42 and PbrSOT13. • Bagging reduced sorbitol content in 'Yali' fruit via the PbrWRKY42-PbrSOT13 module. As a conventional preharvest handling practice, fruit bagging could control insects and diseases, and therefore improve the visual quality of pear, but suppress the accumulation of soluble sugar. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon has not been fully elucidated until recently. In this study, the three-layer-paper bagging treatment considerably suppressed the accumulation of four soluble sugars in the developing 'Yali' fruit. In combination with the expression profiles of the differently expressed sugar-metabolism-related genes, PbrSOT13 , encoding a plasma membrane-located protein, was selected and confirmed to participate in sorbitol influx and accumulation in pear. Notably, molecular dynamic simulation indicated that the Asp52 and Arg132 residues were pivotal in this process. After a conjoined analysis of cis -acting elements in PbrSOT13 promoter and the expression profiles of transcription factors, PbrWRKY42 was identified as a candidate upstream regulator of PbrSOT13. The nuclear PbrWRKY42 could bind to the W-box element of PbrSOT13 promoter and then activate its transcription, as evidenced by yeast one-hybrid assay and dual-luciferase assay, thus enhancing sorbitol accumulation in fruit. Further study found that the transcription of PbrSOT13 and PbrWRKY42 was suppressed by the elevated temperature and the reduced light-exposure period, which was the consequence of bagging treatment. Taken together, our results implied that three-layer-paper bagging treatment would alter temperature and light exposure around the developing 'Yali' fruit, and thus suppress sorbitol accumulation via the PbrWRKY42-PbrSOT13 module. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applied Materials, Inc. has reported a novel and manufacturable microLED display architecture, featuring UV‐A microLEDs, 4‐subpixel layout, pixel isolation wells filled with inkjetted Cd‐free R/G/B quantum dots (QDs), and a blanket UV blocker on top. A 1.37" smart‐watch active‐matrix display prototype was assembled using such method. Our QDs, including blue QD and the matrix materials exhibit excellent stability under UV excitation, as verified by accelerated lifetime test under higher UV flux and elevated temperature. The emission properties of our R/G/B QDs was further optimized, paving a path to achieve 99% DCI‐P3 color space coverage. Our display demonstrates a highly uniform Lambertian emission pattern with minimal color shift at high viewing angles, attributing to all emissions originating from QD embedded in the same polymer matrix. Furthermore, we can eliminate the QD photon‐brightening effect and demonstrate display with high thermal stability up to 90⁰C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed a novel method to minimize the bezel of flexible displays through backside bonding of a chip on film, resulting in the bezel width of less than 500 μm as compared to 1000 μm of conventional displays. The metal embedded in polyimide (MEP) layer is placed between the first and second polyimide (PI) substrates and connected to the metal lines of the backplane via the MEP contact (M‐CNT) hole. Subsequently, the nonconductive film (NCF) bonding and intense pulsed light sintering are performed using conductive ink. Conductive ink as the interconnect material capable of low‐temperature sintering is applied to avert thermal degradation and crack. At a high temperature (65 ℃) and humidity (90% relative humidity), the contact resistance was a drivable level for the display after 240 h. The normalized strain in the M‐CNT hole and MEP area were less than 0.4, indicating the absence of cracks during the NCF bonding. These results demonstrated that the backside bonding method was suitable for extremely narrow bezels of the nextgeneration flexible displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of East China University of Science & Technology is the property of Journal of East China University of Science & Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nonferrous Metals (Mining Section) is the property of Beijing Research Institute of Mining & Metallurgy Technology Group and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Display omitted] • Developing a superhydrophobic, kirigami, stretchable pencil-on-paper device platform. • Simultaneously detecting gas, temperature, electrophysiological signals, and providing treatments via thermal therapy and electrical stimulation. • The gas sensor exhibits a large response to NO 2 gas at elevated temperature from self-heating. • The integrated temperature sensor and electrodes accurately detect temperature and electrophysiological signals. • The thermal therapy and electrical stimulation deliver effective means to battle against inflammation/infection and treat chronic wounds. Wearable electronics with applications in healthcare, human–machine interfaces, and robotics often explore complex manufacturing procedures and are not disposable. Although the use of conductive pencil patterns on cellulose paper provides inexpensive, disposable sensors, they have limited stretchability and are easily affected by variations in the ambient environment. This work presents the combination of pencil-on-paper with the hydrophobic fumed SiO 2 (Hf-SiO 2) coating and stretchable kirigami structures from laser cutting to prepare a superhydrophobic, stretchable pencil-on-paper multifunctional sensing platform. The resulting sensor exhibits a large response to NO 2 gas at elevated temperature from self-heating, which is minimally affected by the variations in the ambient temperature and relative humidity, as well as mechanical deformations such as bending and stretching states. The integrated temperature sensor and electrodes with the sensing platform can accurately detect temperature and electrophysiological signals to alert for adverse thermal effects and cardiopulmonary diseases. The thermal therapy and electrical stimulation provided by the platform can also deliver effective means to battle against inflammation/infection and treat chronic wounds. The superhydrophobic pencil-on-paper multifunctional device platform provides a low-cost, disposable solution to disease diagnostic confirmation and early treatment for personal and population health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of plant oil-coated paper could provide a greener approach to develop packaging materials in contrast to reliance on synthetic polymer-coated paper such as that coated by nylon, polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polypropylene (PP), epoxy (commonly known as plastic), including plastic−paper hybrid materials. As described herein, we have successfully demonstrated the use of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) for paper coating applications. It was found that the AESO-coated paper exhibited excellent oil and water resistance as reflected by kit rating (12/12) and Cobb 1800 (~2 g/m2) analysis. The coating steps include doctor-blade casting of AESO and 2 wt% of photoinitiator (2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone) onto paper substrates followed by UV curing that yields highly crosslinked polymeric coating on the surface of paper. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) data confirms the crosslinking of AESO monomers, where the C C stretching frequency (~1638 and 809 cm−1) disappears after UV treatment. Mechanical property measurements show retention of >80 % in tensile index in the coated sample as compared to the uncoated paper. Further analysis such as ring crush test, bending stiffness, and internal tearing resistance measurements demonstrate that AESO-coated paper offers a significant improvement over the uncoated paper in terms of mechanical stability. Thermogravimetric analysis indicates that the crosslinked AESO-matrix is stable even at an elevated temperature (~340 °C), which demonstrates the stability of this polymeric material on paper substrates, thus increasing its utility in food packaging by mitigating the risk of the coating material leaching into food at high temperatures. [Display omitted] • Successful demonstration of using acrylate epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) for paper coating applications using UV curing • Excellent kit rating (12/12) and Cobb 1800 (~2 g/m2) for AESO-coated paper • AESO-coated paper is thermally stable at elevated temperatures, thus making it suitable for food packaging [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the water vapor barrier of cellulose-based packaging in tropical conditions is very challenging for moisture-sensitive products. In this work, we developed a crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol/nanoclay (PVA/NC) hydrogel for paper surface coating. Layered NC and crosslinking can effectively improve the stability of PVA and block the flow paths of water molecules at elevated temperature and humidity. The result indicates that the crosslinked PVA/NC hydrogel coating (4 g/m2) can reduce the water vapor transmission rate of copy paper from 1861 g/m2/day to 195 g/m2/day at 38 °C (90% RH). The coated paper has an initial contact angle of 108° and can maintain hydrophobicity (>90°) under direct contact with water for three minutes. A Kit No. as high as 12 and a Cobb No. of 10 were also achieved by the coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is an attractive technology to address problems associated with moisturerich pulp and paper sludge generated at South African mills and wastewater treatment plants. In this study, sludge generated from the repulping process, recycling paper process, and primary clarifier wastewater treatment were selected to investigate the potential of HTC to upgrade the feedstock into solid fuel. Experiments were performed in a batch reactor autoclave at different operating temperatures (200 °C, 220 °C and 240 °C), residence time of 3 h, and wet biomass to deionized water ratio of 1:9. Data on the physicochemical characteristics and calorific values of the solid yield, as well as carbon mass distribution, were reported. Results revealed that higher temperatures resulted in hydrochar with higher calorific values from 15.26 to 22.57 MJ/kg, 15.33 to 20.32 for repulping paper sludge and recycling paper sludge, respectively, but lower calorific values (from 9.79 MJ/kg to 7.02 MJ/kg) for sludge from primary clarifier process. The proportions of fixed carbon for hydrochars obtained at 245 °C were 5-7 times greater than the raw samples, but solid mass yield decreased with an increase in reaction temperatures for all feedstocks. Analysis of the carbon mass balance revealed that, for all HTC treatments, the majority of the carbon fraction was retained in the hydrochar. HTC was proven to be an efficient technology for upgrading sludge generated at pulp and paper mills in South Africa into hydrochar with enhanced properties with a variety of applications including solid fuel, energy storage, soil amendment, adsorbent and catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COG (Chip On Class) based MLED (Mini‐LED) Splicing Screen has an advantage of ultra low current, but suffers the problem that its red light luminescent efficiency is drastically hindered by high temperature of screen. MLED splicing screen consists of multiple display panels, the display panel sticks partially to its background frame with margin. As a result, the speed of heat diffusion difference between the panel margin area and the central area results in grid pattern image sticking. The central area looks cyan because it has a higher temperature, but the margin area looks white because of its lower temperature. To prevent grid image sticking problem and improve the visual quality of splicing screen, we propose a novel method to dynamically estimate the compensation ratio for red channel and apply this compensation ratio to acquire chroma uniformity. Our method is implemented in FPGA to achieve realtime performance. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In kraft paper mills, supersonic steam jets are used to remove deposits that build up on the heat exchanger tubes in the recovery boiler. In this study, the fracture toughness KC and work of fracture, WF, of simulated boiler deposits were measured at temperatures up to 500 °C to determine the optimal conditions for deposit removal. The model deposits experienced an important brittle to ductile transition at ~450 °C. Above this temperature, ductile deposits required lower peak force, but four times more energy to fracture when compared to those tested at lower temperatures. The transition was clear in scanning electron micrographs of the fracture surfaces. The findings have significant implications for mills wishing to optimize sootblower performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper covers a topic of significant importance in micro- and nano-systems development and manufacturing, specifically the residual stresses in deposited thin-film material layers and methods to control or mitigate their impact on device behavior. A residual stress is defined as the presence of a state of stress in a thin-film material layer without any externally applied forces wherein the residual stress can be compressive or tensile. While many material properties of deposited thin-film layers are dependent on the specific processing conditions, the residual stress often exhibits the most variability. It is not uncommon for residual stresses in deposited thin-film layers to vary over extremely large ranges of values (100% percent or more) and even exhibit changes in the sign of the stress state. Residual stresses in deposited layers are known to be highly dependent on a number of factors including: processing conditions used during the deposition; type of material system (thin-films and substrate materials); and other processing steps performed after the thin-film layer has been deposited, particularly those involving exposure to elevated temperatures. The origins of residual stress can involve a number of complex and interrelated factors. As a consequence, there is still no generally applicable theory to predict residual stresses in thin-films. Hence, device designers usually do not have sufficient information about the residual stresses values when they perform the device design. Obviously, this is a far less than ideal situation. The impact of this is micro- and nano-systems device development takes longer, is considerably more expensive, and presents higher risk levels. The outline of this paper is as follows: a discussion of the origins of residual stresses in deposited thin-film layers is given, followed by an example demonstrating the impact on device behavior. This is followed by a review of thin-film deposition methods outlining the process parameters known to affect the resultant residual stress in the deposited layers. Then, a review of the reported methods used to measure residual stresses in thin-films are described. A review of some of the literature to illustrate the level of variations in residual stresses depending on processing conditions is then provided. Methods which can be used to control the stresses and mitigate the impact of residual stresses in micro- and nano-systems device design and fabrication are then covered, followed by some recent development of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dam & Fill is the main encapsulation method for large-sized top-emitting Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) displays, in which light transmits through filler encapsulation film. Transparency of the filler film is a critical factor in obtaining a high efficiency and high reliability OLED display. In this paper, we study the degradation mechanism of filler film in OLED encapsulation. The results reveal that Ultraviolet (UV) light below 325 nm degrades filler film and reduces the film transmittance, CF film and low temperature effectively mitigate UV light damage to filler film, and high temperature (100 ℃) has no effect on filler film transparency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The experiment was to study the stability of feed additive lysozyme dimer in influencing factors and accelerated test, determined the validity period of the product through long-term test. Three batches of lysozyme dimer samples were taken for influencing factor test (high temperature test, high humidity test and light test), accelerated test and long-term test, the moisture, dimer content and enzyme activity of lysozyme dimer were detected as inspection indicators. The results showed that the lysozyme dimer was relatively stable in the influence factor test, accelerated test and long-term test. The validity period of the product was preliminarily determined to be 12 months after the validity period prediction analysis. The experiment indicates that lysozyme dimer is relatively stable. The product can be packed in compound paper bags and stored in dry and ventilated places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing environmental consideration and the growth of instability of the energy market call for methods that can process the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) into fuel instead of disposal. Due to the pyrolysis and gasification that are efficient procedures to achieve valuable products, gasification of OFMSW with different particle sizes and compositions was carried out in the presence of Ni and Ni-Ce-loaded Y-zeolite in a multizone tubular kiln reactor. During the experiments, 500°C was applied in the first reactor zone, while the 2nd zone was at an elevated temperature of 600°C or 900°C in the presence of steam. The combined pyrolysis and gasification experiments were also carried out without a catalyst with the same operating conditions. The feedstock was collected from the organic fraction of a Hungarian mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) plant and was separated into four different fractions based on particle size: <1 cm dry biomass and fine particles, 1-2 cm paper-rich, 2-6 cm paper and plastic-rich feedstocks, and <6 cm mixture of these fractions. During the experimental work, product yields; gaseous product composition; the ratio of H2/CO, CO2/CO, and CH4/CO; and lower heating value were determined in the function of feedstock composition, the applied temperature, and catalysts. It was found that the hydrogen content and H2/CO ratio of gaseous products were increased due to catalyst application and temperature elevation in the 2nd reactor zone. The addition of Ce to the Ni/Y-zeolite catalyst was advantageous in the case of hydrogen formation at a lower temperature (600°C). The hydrogen and methane content of products obtained from the catalytic pyrolysis-gasification of paper and plastic-rich OFMSWs on elevated temperatures were higher, which increased the lower heating value of those products. Based on the elemental analysis of the obtained solid residues, it was found that paper/plastic-rich feedstock released hydrogen and carbon with a higher extent. 1-2 cm feedstock-related solid residues had the highest H/C ratio which caused a 12.5-12.8 MJ/kg gross heating value. As a result, combined pyrolysis and gasification appear to be an efficient method to attain valuable outputs from OFMSW not only in gas but also in solid products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature is an important factor in embryonic development because temperature plays a role in determining the overall development of the embryo. The effect of high temperature on the embryo will cause the embryo to make a defense by diverting some of its energy to form thermal homeostasis, which is a physiological response. The purpose of this study was to analyze heat stress on embryonic development. This study used a systematic literature review (SLR) following PRISMA guidelines and gathered the sample of papers through the PubMed databases using keywords categorized as heat, stress, and embryo. There were 31 papers used as samples. The result showed that hyperthermia in chickens caused an increase in heart rate per minute as a result of temperature pressure. It affects the hatching percentage, hatching time, weight, and mortality rate in chicken embryos. In summary, heat stress has an impact on embryonic development heat stress gives an impact on the development of embryos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sandwiched paper for dielectric capacitors exhibited superior energy densities and high efficiencies under high voltages over a broad temperature range. [Display omitted] • Scalable fabrication of sandwiched GF in ANF paper for dielectric capacitors. • Excellent dielectric energy storage under high voltage over broad temperature range. • Sandwiched AGA5 paper exhibited ultrahigh breakdown strength at elevated temperatures. • Dielectric papers showed a record high U d of 11.7 J·cm−3 at 200 °C under 400 MV·m−1. High-performance capacitive energy storage under high voltages over a broad temperature range is eminently indispensable for the next generation of microelectronics and electrical power modules. The available dielectric polymer nanocomposites, unfortunately, are confined to the relatively low-temperature regimes (usually below 200 °C) and that hinders their practical applications. This work presents the scalable fabrication of highly thermostable phosphorous crosslinked aramid nanofiber (PANF) paper with a sandwiched layer of high aspect-ratio electrically insulating graphene fluoride (GF) nanosheets prepared by ultrasonic spraying. The sandwiched layer remarkably diminishes the conduction current density and dielectric loss, thereby imparting the ANF paper exceptional breakdown strength and much-enhanced energy density at elevated temperatures. Owing to the excellent combination of ultrahigh breakdown strength and large displacement (∼0.076 C·m−2 under 502 MV·m−1), the sandwich-structured AGA (PANF-GF-PANF) dielectric paper shows the maximal discharged energy density of 16.7 J·cm−3 with a charge–discharge efficiency of 86% at 30 °C and a record-high discharged energy density of 11.7 J·cm−3 with a charge–discharge efficiency of 87.2% under an applied electric field of 400 MV·m−1 at 200 °C. In addition, the flexible sandwich paper shows outstanding stability up to 500 °C. This work opens up new possibilities for the mass production of flexible high-temperature dielectrics for capacitive energy devices operating in harsh environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Object; In this study, fresh Red Globe grapes were used as raw materials, combined with four factors including fermentation temperature, yeast strains, dipping conditions and whether to add auxiliary materials, to explore the effects of different fermentation conditions on the quality of Heyang Red Globe grape distilled wine. Methods: The study set four variables of different fermentation temperature (high temperature 25 °C, low temperature 15 °C), inoculation fermentation and natural fermentation, maceration and juice fermentation, addition of auxiliary materials and no auxiliary materials. This study designed 12 groups of influencing factor experimental combinations, and composed 20 groups of single factor comparisons experiments to investigate the physical and chemical indicators of red globe fermented basic wine and distilled wine and the differences in aroma substances such as esters, acids, phenols, aldehydes, etc. under single-factor changing conditions, in order to carry out the brewing process conditions of Heyang Red Globe grape distilled wine optimization. Result; The red globe grapes were naturally fermented under lower temperature and maceration, and the distilled wine obtained by adding auxiliary materials had high total ester content and acid content, relatively low higher alcohol content, and good flavor and luster. The Red Globe grape distilled wine obtained under this brewing process has good quality and balanced aroma. Conclusion: The basic wine of distilled wine will be affected by various technological factors such as inoculated or un-inoculated, maceration, fermentation temperature and addition of auxiliary materials during the fermentation process. The best brewing process obtained in this article is to solve the current excess red globe grape production, large accumulation, and storage difficulties and other issues to help the economic development of my country's Red Globe grape industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a resin with high adhesion, easy curing, good flexibility, and high temperature resistance was prepared from polyimide fiber paper. First, in order to improve the toughness and curability of impregnating resin, epoxy resin was modified by addition of vinyl silicone resin. Subsequently, ternary resin with high temperature stability was obtained by polyimide resin addition. Among the investigated conditions, the optimal additive amount of vinyl silicone resin and polyimide resin was 30% and 5%, respectively. The prepared ternary resin has better toughness, crosslinking degree, high temperature stability (5% mass loss at 339.2 °C) and no obvious glass transition at high temperature. Finally, the polyimide fiber paper-based composite material was impregnated with modified epoxy resin and ternary resin, respectively. The results shows that the paper-based composite material impregnated with modified epoxy resin has a better fiber bonding degree, a smooth surface, and contact angle could reach up to 148.71°. Meanwhile, the paper-based composite material impregnated with ternary resin has good high temperature resistance, and the tensile index of the paper-based composite material could reach up to 35.1 N·m/g at 200 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant efforts have went towards coupling portable mass spectrometric systems and ambient ionization methods, with a culminating goal of field-based, point-of-need screening of harmful chemicals. While fieldable, ambient MS methods are an intriguing combination, ruggedness of these ionization methods in regard to naturally-occurring environmental conditions while operating in-situ , such as ambient temperature, relative humidity (RH) and wind, bears further investigation, as such reports are limited. In this work, a systematic characterization of paper spray ionization-mass spectrometry (PSI-MS) performance under variable environmental conditions was undertaken on a field-deployable MS system. Of all conditions, the presence of wind speeds greater than 3 m/s (∼7 MPH) was shown to have the most substantial effect on the spectral attributes of signal intensity and duration of the PSI-MS spraying event. Generally, moderate ambient temperature and %RH produced the best spectral performance for PSI-MS. Heat maps were generated from field-collected data across variable temperature and %RH in an effort to inform general PSI-MS performance trends and guide on-site operation by potential users. [Display omitted] • The environmental ruggedness of PSI-MS operating in the field was evaluated. • Performance attributes were shown susceptible to moderate wind speeds. • Performance was best at moderate ambient temperature and high relative humidity. • No appreciable effect on false negative rate was observed at extreme temperatures. • Data is presented to inform and guide potential field operators and SOP generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: The paper concerns the possibility of using an innovative railway rail structure in a contactless track: The correct operation of CWR track, due to the occurrence of additional thermal stresses with a value dependent on changes in rail temperature, requires a systematic diagnosis of its condition; The paper presents the research of longitudinal force load tests for a classic rail and for two cases of an innovative railway rail solution. The research presented in the paper shows that: The proposed proprietary design of the rail used for the railroad track can enable the reduction in the longitudinal force occurring as a result of high ambient temperatures; The use of an innovative rail conception will allow for less steel consumption, which means less emissions into the atmosphere during its production (lower carbon footprint). This paper presents the concept of a modified 60E1 rail dedicated to continuous welded rail (CWR) track. The presented solution is the subject of a patent application by the authors of the publication. The paper describes problems associated with the operation of CWR track and the phenomena of so-called "rail stressing", i.e., stresses created in the rail due to thermal shrinkage that, in extreme cases, can lead to the buckling of the rail track. Simulation calculations of longitudinal track loads to represent the occurrence of thermal force as a result of the occurrence of high air temperatures were carried out for the constructed conventional model of the railroad track as well as the track with the proposed solutions. A discussion of the simulation results is presented, indicating the possibility for the wider application of both varieties of modified rail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing global warming trend has resulted in the mass loss of most glaciers. The Urumqi Vally, located in the dry and cold zone of China, and its widely dispersed glaciers are significant to the regional ecological environment, oasis economic development, and industrial and agricultural production. This is representative of glaciers in Middle Asia and represents one of the world's longest observed time series of glaciers, beginning in 1959. The Urumqi Headwater Glacier No. 1 (UHG-1) has a dominant presence in the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS). This paper supplies a comprehensive analysis of past studies and future modeling of glacier changes in the Urumqi Valley. It has received insufficient attention in the past, and the mass balance of UHG-1 was used to verify that the geodetic results and the OGGM model simulation results are convincing. The main conclusions are: The area of 48.68 ± 4.59 km2 delineated by 150 glaciers in 1958 decreased to 21.61 ± 0.27 km2 delineated by 108 glaciers in 2022, with a reduction of 0.47 ± 0.04 km2·a−1 (0.96% a−1 in 1958–2022). The glacier mass balance by geodesy is −0.69 ± 0.11 m w.e.a−1 in 2000–2022, which is just deviating from the measured result (−0.66 m w.e.a−1), but the geodetic result in this paper can be enough to reflect the glacier changes (−0.65 ± 0.11 m w.e.a−1) of the URB in 2000–2022. The future loss rate of area and volume will undergo a rapid and then decelerating process, with the fastest and slowest inflection points occurring around 2035 and 2070, respectively. High temperatures and large precipitation in summer accelerate glacier loss, and the corresponding lag period of glacier change to climate is about 2–3 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a control scheme based on current optimization is proposed for dual three-phase permanent-magnet synchronous motor (DTP-PMSM) drive to reduce the low-frequency temperature swing. The reduction of temperature swing can be equivalent to reducing maximum instantaneous phase copper loss in this paper. First, a two-level optimization aiming at minimizing maximum instantaneous phase copper loss at each electrical angle is proposed. Then, the optimization is transformed to a singlelevel optimization by introducing the auxiliary variable for easy solving. Considering that singleobjective optimization trades a great total copper loss for a small reduction of maximum phase copper loss, the optimization considering both instantaneous total copper loss and maximum phase copper loss is proposed, which has the same performance of temperature swing reduction but with lower total loss. In this way, the proposed control scheme can reduce maximum junction temperature by 11%. Both simulation and experimental results are presented to prove the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control scheme for low-frequency temperature swing reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editorial aims to summarize 10 articles (7 scientific papers and 3 review papers) that contributed to the Special Issue "Geothermal Systems—An Overview". This Special Issue contains information on both shallow and deep geothermal systems, and analyzes geothermal resources (low and high temperature) in various locations around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combustion characteristics and hazardous gas emissions were investigated by using TG-FTIR under individual and co-combustion of paper sludge (PPS), combustible construction and demolition wastes (CCDW) and its components. The interaction between PPS and CCDW during co-combustion at different PPS ratios was predicted by mass-weighted method. Kinetic parameters under individual and co-combustion of PPS and CCDW were calculated by using three model-free methods involving Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO), Kissinger-Akah-Sunose (KAS) and Starink. The obtained results indicated that the residue of co-combustion with PPS and CCDW gradually increased when PPS ratio increased from 30% to 70%. Co-combustion of PPS and CCDW improves combustion characteristics and mass-weighted method can be used to predict their TG/DTG curves. A significant interaction between PPS and CCDW was clarified, especially at the high temperature stage greater than 400 °C. The activation energy calculated by FWO method has higher accuracy for co-combustion of PPS and CCDW. Co-combustion of PPS and CCDW can effectively reduce the emission of hazardous gases. A suggested PPS ratio of 50% was proposed for improving combustion characteristics and reducing the hazardous gas emissions during co-combustion of PPS and CCDW. • Co-combustion of PPS and CCDW can improve combustion characteristics. • Mass-weighted method can be used to roughly predict TG/DTG curves of blends. • FWO method is more suitable to calculate E α in co-combustion of PPS and CCDW. • Polluted gas emissions during co-combustion of PPS and CCDW was analyzed. • The optimal PPS ratio of 50% for co-combustion of PPS and CCDW is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High overpressure is a critical drilling issue in the Lower Kutai Basin. Typical pore pressure prediction approaches involve an empirical relationship, such as Eaton's method using sonic log data. In areas with high geothermal gradients, such as the Lower Kutai Basin, there is evidence for additional overpressure from gas generation such that sediment unloading must be considered to interpret pore pressure correctly. In this paper a repeatable deterministic model is presented for pore pressure from sonic data and, using selected wells from the Lower Kutai Basin, also the use of the resistivity log in a similar model. In the Lower Kutai Basin, sonic logs are often absent from the logging suite or otherwise running over limited intervals, making an alternative log-based prediction method particularly valuable. As a caveat, shallow freshwater encroachment is reported in the Lower Kutai Basin, means the shallow resistivity data can be problematic to use to define both top of overpressure and a normal compaction trend. Care must therefore be taken if resistivity is to be used for the interpretation of unloaded pore pressure, and chiefly applied and this likely to be more successful where encroachment is less pronounced, such as pro-delta shales. Assuming the additional care needed in using resistivity data, this paper suggests that resistivity can be a useful tool for pore pressure prediction in unloaded shale at elevated temperatures within the Lower Kutai Basin. At present the technique has been applied to only a limited dataset due to data availability limitations, but it is hoped with further refinement it will form a helpful additional approach in the pore pressure prediction toolkit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of steel connections is essential in structural fire design and analysis for steel-framed composite structures. The current structural design provisions provide strength reduction factors of load-carrying members and their end-connection elements at elevated temperatures, based on small-scale experiments under uniform heating conditions. The realistic thermal and structural evolution in member connections, especially as part of full-scale floor assemblies exposed to a large compartment fire, has not been well characterized. A large compartment fire experiment was recently conducted on a 9.1 m by 6.1 m composite floor assembly as part of a two-story steel-framed building. The test assembly had a total of ten shear-tab (fin-plate) connections subjected to combined fire and mechanical loading. This paper presents the measured thermal response of these connections to fire and comparison with the corresponding Eurocode 3 predictions with two methods (1) incorporating the beam bottom flange temperature at midspan and (2) the section factor method. The results show that the Eurocode 3 methods conservatively predict the maximum temperature during heating and the cooling rate but overestimate the high-temperature strength of connections when estimated using the section factor method, showing that the Eurocode 3 simplified approaches are not meant to provide the details of the failure mode for connections. This study suggests that estimating the strength of connections using strength reduction factors may not guarantee a safe structural fire design. In addition, this paper estimated the total axial force (from slab and beam) at the composite connection via using the strain gauge measurements close to the column bases which were not exposed to fire. It suggests realistic axial load and rotational demand on the shear connection due to restraints to thermal elongation or contraction of supported members should be considered in future design guidance as should designing and detailing the connections for ductility to withstand the inelastic deformation demands during the heating and the cooling phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews sintered silver (s-Ag) die-attach materials for wide band gap (WBG) semiconductor packaging. WBG devices that die-attach with s-Ag have attracted a lot of attention owing to their low energy loss and high temperature operation capabilities. For their practical operation, a reliability design should be established based on the failure of physics of the s-Ag die layer. This paper first focuses on the material characteristics of the s-Ag and tensile mechanical properties. Then, the s-Ag die-attach reliability is assessed with high-temperature storage, power cycling, and thermal shock tests. Each fracture mode was discussed by considering both the fracture surface analysis results and its mechanical properties. Finally, the effective reliability design parameters of the s-Ag die layer are introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At room temperature, Al alloys have excellent mechanical properties and are widely used in automotive, electronics, aerospace and other fields, but it is difficult to maintain this advantage in the middle and high temperature ranges. To address this issue, second-phase Al11RE3 (RE represents rare earth element) was introduced into a Al-Mg-RE alloy as its primary constituent. By incorporating RE elements as additives, this material exhibits exceptional mechanical and thermal properties at elevated temperatures. Based on first principles and quasi-harmonic approximation (QHA), the nucleation growth mechanism and surface properties of second-phase Al11RE3 were studied in this paper. The interfacial energy γ α / β , strain energy Δ E CS and chemical driving force Δ G V of Al11RE3 were obtained. Models1, 4, and 6 have better properties of para-site connections than inter-site connections. It is found that the resistances of particle nucleation, interface energy γ α / β and strain energy Δ E CS , first increase and then decrease with increased atomic number REs, but they are much smaller than the chemical driving force Δ G V . A reduced chemical driving force and a diminished nucleation radius R* are more favorable for the process of nucleation. The addition of Sc is the most unfavorable for nucleation, and La has the strongest nucleating ability, which gradually decreases as the atomic number of the lanthanide element increases. The nucleation ability of the Al11RE3 phase decreases with increasing temperature, which is consistent with the experiments. The nucleation radius R* also increases with increasing temperature, indicating that the nucleation ability decreases as the atomic number of the lanthanide elements increases. Since the smaller the nucleation radius R* the easier the nucleation, compared with model4 and 6, model1 has a smaller nucleation radius R* and the smallest increment. Thus, model1 is more prominent in the nucleation mechanism. In the particle growth study, the smaller the diffusion activation energy Q, the faster the diffusion rate in the Al matrix, and hence the higher the coiling rate, which promotes the growth of second-phase particles. The diffusion activation energy Q decreases sequentially from La to Ce and then increases with atomic number. The coarsening rate K LSW of the Al11RE3 phase in models1, 4, and 6 increased with increasing temperature, which promoted the growth of particles. This paper is intended to provide a solid theoretical basis for the production and application of aluminum alloy at high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the thermally activated ultralow friction of 100% cellulose nanofiber (CNF) molding. The mechanism of friction reduction was investigated using a laboratory-built in-situ Raman tribometer. Our experimental results showed that a CNF molding exhibited an ultralow friction coefficient of below 0.04 in a CNF ring and steel disk tribopair under high-temperature conditions (T > 100°C). The results of the temperature-rise friction test showed that the friction coefficient of the CNF molding strongly depended on the temperature and decreased linearly with increasing temperature. The in situ tribo-Raman monitoring results, during friction, indicated a change in the structure of the CNF molding. Therefore, the crystallinity indices and lengths of the CNF fibers gradually changed as the temperature increased. Moreover, transfer tribofilms were observed on the counter-steel surface against the CNF rings. When the CNF molding exhibited thermally activated ultralow friction, the tribofilm was mainly composed of cellulose and graphitic carbon. Our results suggest that the thermal and friction-activated structural transformations of CNF molding and CNFderived transfer film formation are pivotal factors contributing to the ultralow friction phenomenon observed in CNF molding at high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-entropy alloys (HEAs), also referred to as multi-principal elemental alloys, are the newest group of advanced materials that has emerged with the concept of novel alloy design. Near-equal atomic ratio of multi-principal elemental parts is the basis for the design of HEAs whereas mostly 1 or 2 principal elements are used for design of conventional alloy. For a wide range of structural applications, many various compositions in large number with a different combination of promising properties are derived from the emergence of HEAs. The strength and sluggish diffusion at elevated temperature are the two main features among various properties of HEAs which have attracted the attention of the materials researcher community. The new novel materials for superior high-temperature properties need to be developed for the high-temperature applications as compared to superalloys which is a major concern for the materials researcher group. From this paper, HEAs have promised to be a coming generation high-temperature materials which can be the replacement of Ni-based superalloys. High-temperature mechanical properties, microstructural stability, and phase stability of HEAs are the main focus of this review paper and also this state-of-the-art review will be of benefit to understand HEAs for high-temperature applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oscillating-body viscometers have been used in the past to measure, in an absolute way, the viscosity of molten materials at high temperatures, from salts, metals, alloys, and semiconductors. However, the simultaneous use of basic or incomplete mathematical models, to mimic the experiment, and less careful engineering solutions for the design and operation of the instruments, led in the past to high discrepancies between the data obtained in several laboratories. This was caused by the incorrect use of the method's theory, less accurate solutions of the complex solutions, that involve solid state and fluid mechanics, and unreal instrument design. From these types of viscometers, oscillating-cup instruments have had the most success in measuring viscosity at high temperatures, and they will be the object of this paper. It was written as a resource for workers interested in transport properties of materials when considering its use for the absolute measurement of fluids viscosity in their work, or in judging the results of others' work when comparing data with their own. The paper starts with the most accurate theory of the method's description, followed by a discussion of its validity, application to instrument design, and consequent operation. Several constraints were identified and recommendations were made to minimize the effects of failing to satisfy them. Finally, a discussion about the uncertainty budget calculations for a real experiment is made. If all these points are followed in the design and operation of the instrument, results in global uncertainties Ur(η) between 0.02 and 0.04 are possible to obtain, up to high temperatures. If these constraints are not satisfied, erroneous measurements can be made, making comparisons and quality assessment difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a novel concept of a TRISO-fueled salt-cooled reactor (TFSCR). The core contains circulating pipes filled with molten salt carrying TRISO particles. The reactor achieves online refueling by slowly circulating the molten salt through the pipeline. The reactor utilizes the same molten salt as the coolant and graphite as the moderator. The reactor design has the characteristics of safety, economy, and nonproliferation. TRISO particles exhibit greater resistance to neutron irradiation, corrosion, oxidation, and high temperatures compared to conventional fuels. A molten salt-cooled reactor can also operate at higher temperatures, consequently enhancing power generation efficiency. Furthermore, lower operating pressures can mitigate the risk of significant damages and loss of coolant caused by accidents, thereby enhancing reactor safety. This paper presents the basic nuclear design of TFSCR under the assumptions concerning the average fuel power density, the volumetric core power density, and the core temperature. At the same time, the feasibility of online refueling and long-life operation was evaluated by fuel burnup calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the poor heat dissipation in the outdoor mobile communication base station, especially in summer, high temperature alarm phenomenon occurs frequently, affecting the normal operation of building base band unite, this paper designs an energy-saving and efficient integrated thermal management system, which has achieved good results by applying the combined operation of heat pipe cooling and air conditioning system using the outdoor temperature switching mode. A mobile communication base station in Zhengzhou City was chosen for a pilot application. The measured results showed that the system ran stably, the temperature inside the cabinet was controlled between 12 °C and 39 °C with no high temperature alarm, the compressor running time was significantly reduced, the power consumption of the air conditioner was significantly reduced, and the annual power saving rate was as high as 58.63%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the aerodynamic performance of an axial reversible fan for high air temperatures, obtained by applying the similarity theory and numerical flow simulations. This analysis was performed for the possibility of installing the existing structure of an impeller of a reversible fan in a jet fan for the longitudinal ventilation of a tunnel. The direction of forced flow in tunnels changes, and it is always towards low atmospheric pressure, i.e. in the direction of natural air-flow. These fans often work with high air temperatures in the event of a fire. The paper shows the performance of fans for high operating air temperatures, up to 400 °C. The results were obtained through numerical simulations of the flow in an original design fan, whose performance was experimentally determined for normal atmospheric operating conditions (p = 1.2 kg/m3). Performances are given for two fan speeds. Unnecessary corrections of the existing impeller design for use in jet fans for tunnel ventilation were also considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to develop a model, which allows determining the heat capacity of thin films at the temperatures comparable to and exceeding the Debye temperature. The model presented in the paper takes into consideration the anisotropy of vibrations of the corresponding bending waves and wave vibrations in the plane occurring with the decrease in the film thickness. Furthermore, the model is based on the quadratic dispersion law for bending wave vibrations in the normal direction of a thin film and the linear dispersion law for the wave vibrations in the film plane. In order to expand the existing model representations for the heat capacity of thin films at low temperatures, we used the Debye’s method in the integral expression for the free energy. We considered this approach earlier in the model representations of the heat capacity of anisotropic quasi-crystals. Our findings show that the thin-film heat-capacity dependence on the temperature has a maximum and exceeds the heat capacity of a bulk sample. This circumstance confirms the experimental data obtained earlier by other authors. Besides, according to the experimental data collected from the literature, heat capacity of the thin films rises, compared to values of the bulk sample, when the film thickness decreases. This factor is also reflected in the model under consideration, and the calculated dependence of the increase in thin films on the number of atomic layers correlates well with the experimental data. Therefore, the proposed model allows determining the heat capacity of thin films at the temperatures exceeding the Debye temperature with sufficient accuracy without experimental investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fabric can be considered as a porous medium, its porosity size and temperature will greatly affect air/moisture permeability and thermal comfort. This paper studies the effect of temperature on the capillary rise experimentally, the experimental data reveal that a higher temperature results in a higher capillary rise, as a result, a better air/moisture permeability is predicted. This paper elucidates also a higher temperature is favorable for effective washing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrafast high-temperature heating methods based on the Joule heating of carbon heaters can dramatically shorten the time required for material synthesis/sintering. However, commonly used porous carbon heaters cannot provide stable high temperatures in air, limiting their applicability to the processing of atmosphere-sensitive materials. In this study, we present a novel configuration for ultrafast high-temperature heating in air using commercial graphite paper. This configuration enables stable high temperatures of ~1330–2230 °C in air, on the time-scale of minutes, and ultrafast heating rates, reaching ~104 oC/min. We describe the mechanism behind the excellent performance of our proposed configuration, and further demonstrate its flexibility and controllability by considering ultrafast high-temperature sintering of ZnO ceramics with tunable microstructures using different heating profiles. Our configuration provides a complementary approach to simplifying the ultrafast high-temperature heating process, reducing costs, and meeting the requirements of synthesis/sintering in air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a multiplexable fiber optic chemical sensor with the capability of monitoring hydrogen gas concentration at high temperatures up to 750 °C. The Pd-nanoparticle infused TiO2 films coated on intrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometer (IFPI) array were used as sensory films. Strains induced upon exposure to hydrogen with varied concentrations can be monitored by IFPI sensors. The fiber sensor shows a repetitive and reversible response when exposed to a low level (1–6%) of hydrogen gas. Uniform sensory behavior across all the sensing cavities is demonstrated and reported in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies a self-designed high temperature fireball quasi-static simulation device to understand the temperature distribution of each substance inside the fireball under the multi-pipe injection technology. The changes in the physical field of the high temperature fireball are obtained through numerical simulation. The simulation model in this paper adopts the turbulent k-ε model, and simulates the material transfer process according to Fick's law. The commercial software COMSOL multiphysics is used to give and analyze the local characteristics of fluid-flow and heat transfer. The simulation device formed a high temperature fireball under the interaction of the three-way jet fire. The experimental data verified the accuracy of the simulation results, and the experimental results were in good agreement with the simulation results. This method of analyzing the actual temperature field through simulation can be used to provide a powerful verification scheme for the detection of complex multi-temperature fields in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]