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Introduction: Fingered citron slices possess significant nutritional value and economic advantages as herbal products that are experiencing increasing demand. The grading of fingered citron slices plays a crucial role in the marketing strategy to maximize profits. However, due to the limited adoption of standardization practices and the decentralized structure of producers and distributors, the grading process of fingered citron slices requires substantial manpower and lead to a reduction in profitability. In order to provide authoritative, rapid and accurate grading standards for the market of fingered citron slices, this paper proposes a grading detection model for fingered citron slices based on improved YOLOv8n. Methods: Firstly, we obtained the raw materials of fingered citron slices from a dealer of Sichuan fingered citron origin in Shimian County, Ya'an City, Sichuan Province, China. Subsequently, high-resolution fingered citron slices images were taken using an experimental bench, and the dataset for grading detection of fingered citron slices was formed after manual screening and labelling. Based on this dataset, we chose YOLOv8n as the base model, and then replaced the YOLOv8n backbone structure with the Fasternet main module to improve the computational efficiency in the feature extraction process. Then we redesigned the PAN-FPN structure used in the original model with BiFPN structure to make full use of the high-resolution features to extend the sensory field of the model while balancing the computation amount and model volume, and finally we get the improved target detection algorithm YOLOv8-FCS. Results: The findings from the experiments indicated that this approach surpassed the conventional RT-DETR, Faster R-CNN, SSD300 and YOLOv8n models in most evaluation indicators. The experimental results show that the grading accuracy of the YOLOv8-FCS model reaches 98.1%, and the model size is only 6.4 M, and the FPS is 130.3. Discussion: The results suggest that our model offers both rapid and precise grading for fingered citron slices, holding significant practical value for promoting the advancement of automated grading systems tailored to fingered citron slices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early twentieth century, traditional handicraft was challenged by the latest technology in China. It is reflected by ethnic costumes combining new and old, as in the waistcoat of this study. This waistcoat made at Gyalrong Tibetan area in Sichuan, China, displays unique local features in terms of its brilliant colors and comprehensive craftsmanship. This study employs techniques such as optical microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to investigate various aspects of this waistcoat, including its fabrics and dyes. The results showed that the waistcoat was primarily made of cotton and silk, with a bamboo paper layer, and that silk as well as twisted gold and silver threads were employed for the embroidery. Various embroidery techniques were applied, with patterns, color combinations, and characteristics being consistent with those of Tibetan and Shu (蜀) embroidery. In terms of dyeing technology, a wide range of colors were achieved through multi-step dyeing processes using natural dye stuffs like pagoda bud, and synthetic dyes like magenta. These findings indicates that modern technologies were well integrated into traditional garment manufacture in the early twentieth century in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's argillaceous limestone reservoir has a lot of oil and gas resources, and hydraulic fracturing of the argillaceous limestone reservoir faces many difficulties. The first problem is that the heterogeneity of the argillaceous limestone reservoir is strong, and it is difficult to optimize fracturing parameters. The second problem is that there are a lot of natural fractures in the argillaceous limestone reservoir, which leads to a lot of fracturing fluid loss. The third problem is that the closure pressure of the argillaceous limestone reservoir is high, and the conductivity of fractures decreases rapidly under high closure pressure. The last problem is that the fracture shape of the argillaceous limestone reservoir is complex, and the law of proppant migration is unclear. The main research methods in this paper include reservoir numerical simulation, fluid-loss-reducer performance evaluation, flow conductivity tests and proppant migration visualization. To solve the above problems, this paper establishes the fracturing productivity prediction model of complex lithology reservoirs and defines the optimal hydraulic fracturing parameters of the argillous limestone reservoir in the Sichuan Basin. The 70/140 mesh ceramide was selected as the fluid loss additive after an evaluation of the sealing properties of different mesh ceramides. At the same time, the hydraulic fracture conductivity test is carried out in this paper, and it is confirmed that the fracture conductivity of 70/140 mesh and 40/70 mesh composite particle-size ceramics mixed according to the mass ratio of 5:5 is the highest. When the closure pressure is 40 MPa, the conductivity of a mixture of 70/140 mesh ceramic and 40/70 mesh ceramic is 35.6% higher than that of a mixture of 70/140 mesh ceramic and 30/50 mesh ceramic. The proppant migration visualization device is used to evaluate the morphology of the sand dike formed by the ceramsite, and it is clear that the shape of the sand dike is the best when the mass ratio of 70/140 mesh ceramsite and 40/70 mesh ceramsite is 6:4. The research results achieved a good stimulation effect in the SC1 well. The daily oil production of the SC1 well is 20 t, and the monitoring results of the wide-area electromagnetic method show that the fracturing fracture length of the SC1 well is up to 129 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scheduling of rescue aircraft needs to be studied in depth because of its criticality for the general aviation rescue of forest fires. This paper constructs a collaborative schedule optimization model for general aviation rescue under the condition of multiple aircraft, from multiple rally points to multiple fire points, targeting the shortest rescue time and the lowest rescue cost in the context of forest fires based on the simulation verification of a forest fire that broke out simultaneously in multiple locations in Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China. The Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) algorithm was used to find the optimal set of solutions satisfying the objective function: four feasible solutions. Then, the optimal solution was solved based on the weighted TOPSIS method, which was the optimal solution for this rescue task. The simulation results show that unnecessary flight times can be reduced by optimizing the schedule plan. Under the premise of ensuring rescue timeliness, the utilization rate of rescue aircraft was improved, and rescue costs were further reduced. The presented work provides a theoretical reference for the efficient development of general aviation rescue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although atmospheric CO2 concentrations collected by satellites play a crucial role in understanding global greenhouse gases, the sparse geographic distribution greatly affects their widespread application. In this paper, a hybrid CNN and spatiotemporal Kriging (CNN-STK) model is proposed to generate a monthly spatiotemporal continuous XCO2 dataset over China at 0.25° grid-scale from 2015 to 2020, utilizing OCO-2 XCO2 and geographic covariates. The validations against observation samples, CAMS XCO2 and TCCON measurements indicate the CNN-STK model is effective, robust, and reliable with high accuracy (validation set metrics: R2 = 0.936, RMSE = 1.3 ppm, MAE = 0.946 ppm; compared with TCCON: R2 = 0.954, RMSE = 0.898 ppm and MAE = 0.741 ppm). The accuracy of CNN-STK XCO2 exhibits spatial inhomogeneity, with higher accuracy in northern China during spring, autumn, and winter and lower accuracy in northeast China during summer. XCO2 in low-value-clustering areas is notably influenced by biological activities. Moreover, relatively high uncertainties are observed in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Sichuan Basin. This study innovatively integrates deep learning with the geostatistical method, providing a stable and cost-effective approach for other countries and regions to obtain regional scales of atmospheric CO2 concentrations, thereby supporting policy formulation and actions to address climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the common physical materials in Chinese archaeological excavations, ancient bronzes are an essential basis for studying the development of Chinese bronze culture, which is of great significance for exploring the development law of ancient human civilization and reconstructing ancient human society. As China's infrastructure advances, the number of bronzes unearthed by archaeological excavations continues to increase. However, environmental damage to artefacts is very complex, whether the buried environment of the artefacts or the above-ground environment when the artefacts are unearthed, leading to different health problems for the excavated bronzes. A scientific assessment of these bronzes needs to be carried out prior to extraction to inform staff how they should be extracted, moved, and transported and how they should be restored afterwards. In response to the above problems, this paper takes excavated bronzes from archaeological sites as the research object and, by analysing and studying the relevant industry standards and the disease characteristics of bronzes, establishes a three-tier indicator framework for assessing the health of bronzes in a layer-by-layer refinement and proposes quantitative indicators with typical correlations. Through extensive research and testing, we screened out efficient, non-destructive, convenient and reliable assessment and testing methods and assessment models that combine subjective and objective aspects suitable for archaeological sites. On this basis, the paper achieves a scientific and practical assessment of the health status of bronzes excavated from archaeological sites. After repeated experiments, a set of comprehensive methods for quickly and conveniently assessing the health status of excavated bronzes was proposed for the first time and successfully applied to the archaeological excavation site of Sanxingdui site in Guanghan City, Sichuan Province, China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate delineation of debris-flow-endangered areas (e.g., the maximum runout distance) is a necessary prerequisite for the debris-flow risk assessment and countermeasures design. Recently, machine-learning models have been proved to be an effective tool in predicting debris-flow parameters. However, existing machine-learning models are generally developed based on a very limited number of observation data, which may result in the predictive model overfitting or underfitting. How to develop a robust model for accurate forecasting of debris-flow-endangered areas still remains a difficult task. This paper proposes a hybrid method for predicting debris-flow hazard zone by integrating machine-learning algorithms and an empirical regression model. The proposed method takes the calculated maximum runout distance obtained from the empirical model as supplementary inputs to increase the amount of training data to construct hybrid machine-learning models. Three commonly used machine-learning models (i.e., multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM)) are developed based on the training datasets of a specific debris basin. Then, these three machine-learning models are combined with an empirical relationship developed using the same training datasets to generate corresponding hybrid models. Finally, the performance metrics (i.e., coefficient of determination (R2), root-mean-square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE)) of the proposed hybrid models are comprehensively investigated and compared with the single predictive model (i.e., MARS, RF, SVM, and the empirical model) under fivefold cross-validation. The proposed method is illustrated using 134 channelized debris-flow events in Sichuan province, China. Results show that compared with the three individual machine-learning models, hybridization of machine-learning algorithms and the empirical model results in R2, RMSE, and MAE improved by 70.5%, 32.9%, and 41.1%, respectively. In contrast to the empirical model, the R2, RMSE, and MAE value of the proposed hybrid models are improved by 29.6%, 22.3%, and 32.5%, respectively. The proposed hybrid models generally perform better than the single machine-learning and the empirical model, providing a promising tool for accurate forecasting of a debris-flow-endangered area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problem of ultra-low-frequency oscillation (ULFO) in power systems, with an oscillation frequency lower than 0.1 Hz, an oscillation suppression control method is proposed. Firstly, the mathematical modeling of the system is carried out, and a cascade correction control method of the governor of hydropower generators is proposed. Secondly, using the ability of photovoltaic (PV) active power to adjust the system frequency, an additional controller for PV active power is proposed. Then, a unified frequency model considering the two controllers is established for multi-hydro and multi-PV systems, and the structural singular value method is used to coordinate the design of the parameters of the hydropower and PV generator controllers to achieve robust performance. Finally, based on a time-domain simulation of single-hydro and single-PV systems and an actual demonstration system located in Sichuan Province, China, the results show that the control method proposed in this paper has a good suppression effect on ultra-low-frequency oscillation under different working conditions, and meets the requirements of robust performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient exploration of geothermal resources is the basis of exploitation and utilization of geothermal resources. In recent years, Geographic Information System (GIS) has been increasingly used for the exploration owing to its power ability to integrate and analyze multiple sources of data related to the formation of geothermal resources, such as geology, geophysics, and geochemistry. Correctly understanding the control effect of evidence factors on geothermal resources is the premise and basis of whether the prediction results of evidence weight model are accurate. Traditionally, the conventional weight of evidence model assume that each evidence factor exerts a uniform controlling effect on the formation and distribution of geothermal resources. However, recent research indicates significant variations in the controlling ability of factors such as faults and granites, influenced by factors like activity levels and crystalline ages. Yet, studies addressing this differential control are lacking. To address this gap, we propose a series of weight of evidence models using abundant geological, geophysical, and geothermal data from the western Sichuan plateau, a high-temperature geothermal hotspot in China. This study aims to investigate the impact of varying controlling abilities of evidence factors on the evaluation model, with faults and granites as a case. Performance metrics include prediction rate, success rate index, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and prediction rate of geothermal well. The findings of this research reveal that the weight of evidence model developed through the methodology outlined in this study exhibits superior performance compared to the conventional weight of evidence model. This superiority is evidenced by higher prediction rates, success indices, prediction rate of geothermal wells, and larger AUC values of ROC. Among these models, the weight of evidence model considering both fault and granite classification have the best performance in model evaluation indicators, with a prediction rate of 22.528 and a success index of 0.015408 in the very high potential area. The prediction rate and success index of the high potential area are 3.656 and 0.0025, respectively, and the prediction rate and success index of the middle potential area are 1.649 and 0.001128, respectively, and the AUC value is 0.808, indicating that the model has good accuracy. In terms of geothermal well prediction, the total prediction rate of geothermal favorable areas based on fault and granite classification evidence weight model is as high as 47.0526. Therefore, when constructing the weight of evidence model, the influence of the difference control of evidence factors on the formation of geothermal resources should be fully considered. These results underscore the effectiveness of the proposed methodology in enhancing the predictive accuracy and reliability of geothermal resource assessment in this study. Based on the prediction results of the weight of evidence model considering both fault and granite classification, four favorable geothermal areas with abundant surface heat display are identified in this paper, namely Kangding, Litang, Batang and Ganzi-Dege. In addition, the relatively weak surface heat display areas such as Jiulong, Daofu, Luhuo and Derong also show high geothermal potential. Some attention should be paid to geothermal exploration in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural operation system reform is vital in promoting rural revitalisation and agricultural and rural modernisation in China. Based on the sample data of 153 counties in Sichuan Province from 2012 to 2020, this paper constructs a PSM-DID evaluation model to analyse the effectiveness of rural operation system reform on agricultural development from the perspective of policy action mechanism, variable differentiation and other aspects. The results show that: (1) rural operation system reform has significantly boosted the economic development of the counties implementing the pilot reform of the rural operation system; (2) rural operation system reform mainly has two components: rural land system reform and agriculture organisation innovation; both have an impact on county economic and social development, but the degrees of impact are different; (3) the effectiveness of the rural operation system reform policy has a specific time lag. The results of this paper enrich the effectiveness evaluation of the reform policy on economic development and have policy implications for further promotion of agricultural and rural reform in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landslides are common natural disasters that cause serious damage to ecosystems and human societies. To effectively prevent and mitigate these disasters, an accurate assessment of landslide hazards is necessary. However, most traditional landslide hazard assessment methods rely on static assessment factors while ignoring the dynamic changes in landslides, which may lead to false-positive errors in the assessment results. This paper presents a novel landslide hazard assessment method for the Zagunao River basin, China. In this study, an updated landslide inventory was obtained for the Zagunao River basin using data from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and optical images. Based on this inventory, a landslide susceptibility map was developed using a random forest algorithm. Finally, an evaluation matrix was created by combining the results of deformation rates from both ascending and descending data to establish a hazard level that considers surface deformation. The method presented in this study can reflect recent landslide hazards in the region and produce dynamic assessments of regional landslide hazards. It provides a basis for the government to identify and manage high-risk areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Siliceous minerals of the Dengying Formation in the Gaoshiti–Moxi area in the central Sichuan Basin exhibit four types of quartz crystals (cryptocrystalline quartz, chalcedony, microcrystalline quartz, and megacrystalline quartz) and three structural types: cryptocrystalline, microcrystalline, and mosaic (laminated mosaic, window-hole interrupted mosaic, and arc-laminated mosaic). Siliceous minerals have a great influence on the storage performance of the reservoirs in the Dengying Formation. According to the petrophysical parameters of the Dengying Formation and porosity intersection diagrams, the siliceous dolomite and the reservoirs have low impedance characteristics, which makes it difficult to distinguish between them and leads to difficulties in the characterization and prediction of the reservoirs. The transverse wave velocity is favorable for reservoir characterization. Currently, the main method used to estimate the transverse wave velocity is petrophysical modeling, which establishes a relationship between the elastic and physical parameters of the reservoir. In this paper, the siliceous minerals in the dolomite in the study area are regarded as solid inclusions, and the calculation method of the rock matrix modulus is improved by using solid replacement. Then, an improved petrophysical model is constructed by combining the KT (Kuster–Toksöz) model, the DEM (Discrete Element Method) model, the Gassmann equation, and the Wood equation. The transverse wave velocity is estimated using the improved model under the constraint of the longitudinal wave velocity. The shapes of the transverse wave velocity curves obtained by the improved model and the deviations from the measured velocities are significantly better than those of the Xu–Payne model and other models. The results show that the improved model can effectively estimate the transverse wave velocity of the reservoir in this area, which provides a basis for future reservoir predictions in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the quality of material life and richness of the Chinese residents have been improved. Some people have high requirements for quality of their personal lives and put forward the problem of health preservation. Honey, as a nutritious food, is deeply loved by people. There are a large number of trace elements in honey, such as VC, VA, VD, VB1, and VB2. The honey from the Chinese honeybee has a very high nutritional value and plays an important role in the pollination and reproduction of some plants. Therefore, the Chinese honeybee plays a very significant role in the ecological environment. Moreover, it is protected as the main species resource of the country, which also fully proves the importance of the Chinese honeybee. Chinese bees can survive in various ecological and geographical environments in China and have strong heat as well as cold resistance. They can survive in the hot environment in the south and withstand the dynamics of severe cold in the north. At the same time, they can make full use of a small number of honey sources and have strong resistance to a variety of diseases and pests. In fact, there will be a variety of insect invasion problems in the beehive culture of Chinese bees, and it is necessary to accurately detect various diseases and pests during the breeding of Chinese bees. However, there are a large amount of insect invasion and various disease sources in the breeding stage of the Chinese bees. Therefore, in this paper, we use a deep learning algorithm to detect the insect invasion of the Chinese beehive culture and analyze the bee colonies in six bee farms in the province of Sichuan. In addition, we measure the common insect and disease indexes of the Chinese bee and analyze the parasitism rate, microsporidia infection rate, virus infection rate, and virus infection titer of bee colonies in overwintering and spring breeding. The experimental results show that the anti-insect invasion situation of bees in the six bee farms is significantly different; however, the antimite ability is basically the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting quality certification of agricultural products is a matter of the sustainable development of agriculture and the transformation of the global agri-food system, and cooperatives are an important carrier to achieve the above policy goals. However, few scholars have included external resources and cooperative quality certification behavior in an analytical framework from the perspective of resource embedding. This study combines resource dependence theory and embeddedness theory, based on survey data from 230 agricultural cooperatives in six counties of Sichuan Province, China. This paper constructs a theoretical analysis framework of government resources, market resources and cooperative quality certification, and uses binary Logit regression model to empirically study the correlation between external resources and cooperative quality certification. The results show that: (1) Cooperatives do not receive a high proportion of external resource support, with 30% and 47% receiving support from the government and market respectively; the proportion of cooperatives carrying out product quality certification was relatively low, about 29.57%. (2) Government resources and market resources have a significant positive effect on improving the quality certification of cooperatives, and the promotion effect of the market is greater than that of the government. (3) Mechanism analysis shows that government resources promote quality certification in cooperatives mainly through regulations on agricultural inputs, while market resources can jointly play a role on regulations on agricultural inputs and market expectations for certified agricultural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between government intervention and cooperative development has always been a source of controversy in the developing world. This paper aims to examine the rationale and successful conditions of government intervention to promote cooperative development in poor areas of rural China. In the context of the "targeted poverty alleviation" program (2015–2020), a government-led campaign covering all poverty-stricken villages in west China, cooperative development was listed by the central government as a criterion for evaluating successful intervention at the county government level. Accordingly, the central questions of this paper are: why is government intervention necessary to initiate a process of cooperative development in poor areas of China; and under what conditions can government intervention be successful, leading to sustainable cooperative development? Bearing in mind the complexity of government intervention with mixed results, both successful and failed, the above questions are addressed through a case study of XM Beekeeping Cooperative, representing one type of successful government intervention in poverty-stricken and ethnic-minority-dominated regions of China. Overall, government intervention is crucial in building cooperative ecosystems in poor regions of China. However, government intervention is not invariable because the approaches can be modified to accommodate the effect of the intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of the new reform of China's "unified electricity market", the frequency regulation ancillary service market in each region of China is still divided between using the MCP and PAB pricing mechanisms. The purpose of this paper is to explore the different impact the laws of the above two pricing mechanisms have on the frequency regulation market and to provide relevant suggestions for this electricity market reform. This paper simulates the competitive activities of the frequency regulation market based on the multi-agent simulation model, conducts a comparative experiment by changing the pricing mechanism to a single variable based on the rules of the Sichuan frequency regulation market in China, and concludes that MCP can make the market fast and stable, and that its market settlement price is low, which is suitable for the "unified electricity market". Although PAB makes the market settlement price high, it can ensure the retention of high-performance units in the market, and the stable settlement price makes this model able to accurately reflect the "price signal", making it suitable for late adoption in the "unified electricity market". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Sichuan Province, China, most coal seams that are mined are steeply inclined; their roadways' surrounding rocks are asymmetric, with non-equilibrium deformations and unstable anchorage structures, thus making major safety hazards highly likely. Using field observations and a universal distinct element code (UDEC) numerical simulation method, this paper analyzed the time-dependent failure of the ventilation roadway of Working Face 1961 of the Zhaojiaba Mine, revealing the preconditions for such damage and a bidirectional deterioration mechanism for the deformation as well as stress of surrounding rocks. Moreover, this paper built an anchorage mechanical model for the thick layer of the roadway roof and proposed a cross-boundary anchor-grouting (CBAG) differential support technique. Calculations proved that the new support was particularly effective in restraining the expansion of tension cracks, thus preventing the slipping and dislocation deformations of rock masses on the curved roof side. The feedback of engineering applications showed that the maximum development depths of cracks in the arc roof and straight inclined roof of the roadway 150 m behind the working face are only 1.5 m and 1.10 m, decreasing by 61.3% and 47.6%, respectively, compared with the primary support. The proposed technology offers an overall thick-layer bearing structure for the surrounding rocks of roadways, effectively restraining the non-equilibrium large deformations of roadways in steeply inclined coal seams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid and accurate extraction of wide-area coseismic landslide locations is critical in earthquake emergencies. At present, the extraction of coseismic landslides is mainly based on post-earthquake site investigation or the interpretation of human–computer interactions based on remote sensing images. However, the identification efficiency is low, which seriously delays the earthquake emergency response. On the basis of the available multisource and multiscale remote sensing data, numerous studies have been carried out on the methods of coseismic landslide extraction, such as pixel analysis, object-oriented analysis, change detection, and machine learning. However, the effectiveness of coseismic landslide extraction was low in wide areas with complex topographic and geomorphic backgrounds. Therefore, this paper offers a comprehensive study of the factors influencing coseismic landslides and researches rapid and accurate wide-area coseismic landslide extraction methods with multisource remote sensing and geoscience technology. These techniques include digital elevation modeling (DEM) and its derived slopes and aspects. An embedded multichannel spectral–topographic feature fusion model for coseismic landslide extraction based on DeepLab V3+ is proposed, and a knowledge-enhanced deep learning information extraction method integrating geological knowledge is formed. Using the Jiuzhaigou Ms7.0 earthquake (seismic intensity VIII) in Sichuan Province, China, a comparison of landslide extraction models and strategies is carried out. The results show that the model proposed in this paper achieves the best balance in the accuracy and efficiency of wide-area extractions. Using multiple feature data of coseismic landslides, the problem of mixed pixels is solved. The rate of the misidentification of landslides as clouds, snow, buildings, and roads is significantly lower than in other methods. The identified landslide boundaries are smoother and more accurate, and the connectivity is better. Compared with other methods, ours can more accurately eliminate landslides not triggered by the Jiuzhaigou earthquake. While using the image block strategy to ensure extraction efficiency, it also improves the extraction accuracy of wide-area coseismic landslides in complex backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: On September 5, 2022, an Ms 6.8 earthquake occurred in Luding County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan, China. The casualties and economic losses caused by the earthquake are huge. Most of the landslides triggered by this earthquake are small and medium-sized rock collapses and destructive debris flows, with a small number of large-scale landslides. Results: There are 5007 coseismic landslides in the Luding earthquake VII-degree area and above, with a total area of 17.36 km2. The landslides are generally distributed along the NW-SE direction. The highest landslide area density is 13.8%, and the highest point density of the landslide is 35.73 km2. High-density area is mainly concentrated in the IX-degree area and the northeast side of the seismogenic fault. Coseismic landslides are more likely to develop in the area with the slope more than 40°, the slope direction of 67.5-112.5 degree, and vegetation coverage of 40–50%. More landslides are developed in granite areas and forest areas. The closer distance to active faults, the more the coseismic landslides develop. The correlation between coseismic landslide development and the distance from the active faults is better than that between coseismic landslide development and the distance from the seismogenic faults. Conclusion: The landslide database used in this paper is the most perfect at present, and the research results have also been verified by fieldwork. This is also the first applied study of this landslide inventory, which indirectly confirmed the accuracy of the inventory. The results obtained in the manuscript will provide an important guideline for future disaster prevention and mitigation in southwest China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous emphasis of the country on the construction of ecological civilization, promoting the utilization of straw resources has become an important measure to achieve green agricultural development. Based on the survey data of 540 households in Sichuan Province and under the guidance of the theory of planned behavior, this paper constructed the IV-Probit model to explore the impact of land transfer on the straw resource utilization of households. The results show that: (1) land transfer in and land transfer out can significantly promote the utilization of straw resources by farmers. (2) Heterogeneity analysis showed that land transfer in had a positive effect on crop straw utilization of the new generation and large-scale farmers. (3) Land transfer in can promote the utilization of straw resources by improving farmers' economic cognition and efficacy cognition; land transfer out can promote the utilization of straw resources by improving farmers' efficacy cognition. Accordingly, the government should improve the land transfer market, increase technology propaganda, and create an excellent policy environment to promote farmers' participation in straw resource utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Simple Summary: In this study, we describe the well-preserved fossil seed cones of Nothotsuga found in the Mula Basin, Litang County, Sichuan Province, southwestern China. By detailed morphological comparisons, a new fossil species, Nothotsuga mulaensis Z. Li et J. L. Dong sp. nov. is named. This discovery suggests that Nothotsuga had a more northern distribution during the Miocene. In addition, it suggests that the Mula region had a humid and warm climate during this period. The ancient landform presents an intermountain lake basin, which would have been surrounded by higher mountains. After the Miocene, due to the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, Nothotsuga was either unable to adapt to the extinction of the local environmental or was able to migrate to several scattered places in southern China. In this paper, we describe a new fossil species, Nothotsuga mulaensis Z. Li & J.L. Dong sp. nov. The discovery of the fossil species was based on well-preserved fossil seed cones that were found in the Mula Basin in Xiamula village, Litang County, Sichuan Province, southwestern China. The shapes of these fossils were characterized by ovate seed cones, rhombic or suborbicular scales with auriculate bases, and the bracts were ligulate-spathulate in shape. This finding suggests that Nothotsuga once had a wide distribution range in China and that it also inhabited the eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP). Nothotsuga mulaensis was distributed in an intermountain lake basin, at altitudes from 2000 to 2300 m, in a warm and humid environment. This finding also suggests that the eastern TP may have provided good habitat for Nothotsuga during the Miocene. In addition, we propose that the uplift, accompanied by the severe cooling and aridification that occurred after the Miocene, caused the disappearance of this species of Nothotsuga in the eastern TP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimal choice of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization scheme is of particular interest and urgency to a wide range of scholars, especially for many works involving models. At present, there have been many works to evaluate the PBL schemes. However, little research has been conducted into a more comprehensive and systematic assessment of the performance capability of schemes in key regions of China, especially when it comes to the differences in the mechanisms of the schemes themselves, primarily because there is scarcely sufficient observational data, computer resources, and storage support to complete the work. In this companion paper (i.e., Part 1), four typical schemes (i.e., YSU, ACM2, BL, and MYJ) are selected to systematically analyze and evaluate near-surface meteorological parameters, PBL vertical structure, PBL height (PBLH), and turbulent diffusion coefficient (TDC) in five key regions of China (i.e., North China Plain, NCP; Yangtze River Delta, YRD; Sichuan Basin, SB; Pearl River Delta, PRD and Northwest Semi-arid region, NS) in different seasons (i.e., January, April, July, and October). The differences in the simulated 2 m temperatures between the nonlocal closure schemes are mainly affected by the downward shortwave radiation, but to compare the nonlocal closure schemes with the local closure schemes, the effect of sensible heat flux needs to be further considered. The 10 m wind speed is under the influence of factors like the momentum transfer coefficient and the integrated similarity functions at night. The wind speeds are more significantly overestimated in the plains and basin, while less overestimated or even underestimated in the mountains, as a result of the effect on topographic smoothing in the model. Moreover, the overestimation of small wind speeds at night is attributable to the inapplicability of the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) at night. The model captures the vertical structure of temperature well, while the wind speed is outstandingly overestimated below 1000 m, largely because of the TDC. The difference between the MOST and the mixing length theory, PBLH, and Prandtl number is cited as the reason for the difference between the TDC of the YSU and ACM2 schemes. The TDCs of the BL and MYJ schemes are affected by the mixing length scale, which of BL is calculated on the basis of the effect of buoyancy, while MYJ calculates it with the consideration of the effect of the total turbulent kinetic energy. The PBLH of the BL scheme is better than the other schemes because of the better simulation results of temperature. In general, to select the optimal scheme, it is necessary to offer different options for different regions with different focuses (heat or momentum). The first focus is on the temperature field. The BL scheme is recommended for January in the NCP region, especially for Beijing, and the MYJ scheme is better for the other 3 months. The ACM2 scheme would be a good match for the YRD region, where the simulation differences between the four schemes are small. The topography of the SB region is more complex, but for most of the areas in the basin, the MYJ scheme is proposed, and if more stations outside the basin are involved, the BL scheme is recommended. The MYJ scheme is applied to the PRD region in January and April, and the BL scheme in July and October. The MYJ scheme is counseled for the NS region. The second focus is the wind field. The YSU scheme is recommended if the main concern is the near-surface layer, and the BL scheme is suggested if focusing on the variation in the vertical direction. The final evaluation of the parameterization scheme and uncertainties will lay the foundation for the improvement of the modules and forecasting of the GRAPES_CUACE regional model developed independently in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous scientific research on reservoirs of the Deng IV Member in the Gaoshiti-Moxi area, the main production area of the Anyue gas field with reserves of tens of billions of cubic metres, has focused on karst palaeogeomorphology reconstruction, the facies distribution on platform margins, and their effects on creating favourable reservoirs. However, the quality of microbial carbonate reservoirs is also closely related to their original depositional environments on both inner and marginal platforms. Therefore, this paper attempts to reveal favourable microbial carbonate reservoir characteristics and the sedimentary effects on their distribution and prediction based predominantly on a synthetic analysis of the sequence stratigraphy and depositional facies. The results show that favourable reservoirs of the Deng IV Member are classified into three types according to their reservoir spaces: fracture-cavity, pore-cavity and pore reservoirs. Secondary dissolution pores and cavities are primary reservoir spaces developed mainly in nonskeletal grain dolomites with sparry cements, thrombolites, and stromatolites. The physical properties of the fracture-cavity and pore-cavity types of reservoirs are better than those of pore reservoirs and have porosities between 1 and 5% and permeabilities between 0.01 × 10–3 and 1 × 10–3 μm2. Vertically, favourable reservoirs are developed mainly in parasequence set 6 (PSS6) and PSS7 and are laterally distributed in well zone MX9-MX19-MX1 for the fracture-cavity type, MX105-MX110-GS20 for the pore-cavity type and MX17-MX107-MX41-MX102-GS102 for the pore type. Moreover, depositional effects on reservoirs in terms of depositional sequences, seismic facies, microfacies and microfacies associations indicate that to some extent, the fracture-cavity type of reservoir is constrained by the top boundaries of PSS7, PSS2, parasequence 17 (PS17) and PS14; the pore-cavity type of reservoir is constrained by the top boundaries of PSS7, PSS4, PS18 and PS12; and the pore type of reservoir is constrained by the top boundaries of PSS7, PSS6, PSS3, PSS2, PS18, PS17, PS14, and PS12. Seismic facies associated with shoals and mound-flat complexes are related to the facies distributions of pore cavities and pore reservoirs. MA1, MA3, MA7, and MA8 are predominant microfacies associations of favourable reservoirs of the Deng IV Member in the Gaoshiti-Moxi area. The above results are significant for further petroleum exploration and exploitation of ultradeep microbial carbonate reservoirs in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ion-adsorption rare earth deposit developed on the Mosuoying granite in the Panxi area of southwestern China represents a significant advancement in the exploration of ion-adsorption rare earth deposits in Sichuan. Being the first and currently the sole ion-adsorption rare earth deposit in Sichuan, studying its rare earth mineralization characteristics holds great importance. This paper aims to investigate the geochemical properties of the Mosuoying granite and its overlying weathered crust using rock geochemical methods based on field geological investigations. The findings reveal that the deposit belongs to the light rare earth type, with the ore-forming parent rock attributed to the high-potassium calc-alkaline series. It exhibits a high rock REE content ranging from 419 to 578 ppm, indicating favorable mineralization potential. Hydrothermal alteration reduces the REE content of the parent rock, leading to a notable increase in the LREE/HREE ratio, thus impacting the partitioning of rare earth elements and subsequent ore formation. The distribution characteristics of rare earth elements in each layer of the weathered crust are controlled by the parent rock and exhibit a light rare earth distribution pattern. The completely weathered layer is the main enrichment zone for rare earth elements, and the migration and enrichment patterns of rare earth elements in the weathered crust are evident. From the semi-weathered layer to the completely weathered layer, all REEs were gained, with a higher degree of migration for LREE. From the completely weathered layer to the clay layer, all REEs were lost, and the vertical distribution of rare earth content shows a "low-high-low" pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is a large deviation between official road freight data and real road freight performance at a subnational level in China. In order to deal with this deviation, the new concept of local freight tonnage and ton-kilometers is presented in this paper based on the territoriality principle, where either the origin or the destination of goods transported is local. Also, the statistic procedures and estimation models of the local freight tonnage and ton-kilometers are proposed based on five accessible basic datasets. Finally, an empirical study in Sichuan province of China is conducted. The statistical results show that there is a large amount of local freight transported by local non-commercial trucks and non-local trucks, which is ignored in the existing road freight statistics. Especially, the higher the level of local economic development, the greater the deviation between the official road freight data and the real road freight performance at a subnational level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the investigation results of a base-isolated RC frame-shear wall structure located in Luding County, Sichuan Province, China, which was damaged by a Ms 6.8 earthquake on September 5, 2022. This recently constructed school office building was about 9 km away from the epicenter. The isolation layer of this building consists of 54 rubber bearings and 12 viscous dampers. These viscous dampers or their connections failed during the earthquake, and the limit state included connection breaking or global buckling of the damper. Also, the superstructure suffered some minor damage. To investigate the cause of structural damages, a nonlinear time-history analysis is conducted using the ground motions recorded by four seismic stations close to the building. The onsite investigation and numerical simulation results revealed the possible reasons for the failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The security of natural gas supply and demand has always been an important topic, and as a result, analyzing and predicting the supply and demand of natural gas has received considerable attention from researchers. Numerous studies have extensively researched the supply and demand of natural gas. The main purpose of this study is to explore the supply‐demand balance mechanism for natural gas security. A system dynamics model is constructed to assess the supply and demand of natural gas in Sichuan Province, China. A new system dynamics model based on domestic gas, production gas, ecological environment and natural gas supply is proposed. The study considers four scenarios: natural development, economic priority development, environmental priority development and coordinated development. The results show that the rapid economic development has led to an excessive environmental carrying capacity, a larger gap between natural gas supply and demand, a decline in the quality of life of residents, and even affected the energy security of Sichuan Province and China. The findings also show that people's overprotection of the environment can lead to slow economic development, which prevents it from achieving its desired goals. The coordinated development scenario in this paper not only ensures the production of natural gas and the quality of life of residents, but also is an optimal scheme with low energy consumption and pollution. According to the research conclusions, considering the overall situation of China's energy security and the situation in Sichuan Province, the author proposes reforms from the supply and demand sides of natural gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: 1. How to quantitative evaluation of mechanical properties of shale in Da'anzhai section combined with triaxial mechanical experiments? The compressive strength of dry rock samples and soaked rock samples were tested by triaxial mechanical experiments. According to the stress-strain curves, the changes of compressive strength, elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio before and after hydration were analyzed. 2. How to establish a mathematical model of shale fracability that comprehensively considers brittleness index, horizontal differential stress, and fracture toughness is proposed? Fracability index is proportional to brittleness index and horizontal differential stress, and inversely proportional to fracture toughness. Young 's modulus, Poisson's ratio and tensile strength in fracability index model are related to rock water saturation, so the fracturing index is also related to rock hydration. 3. What is the effect of shale hydration on fracability and fracture pressure? As the water saturation rate of the rock gradually decreases, the FI of the formation rock de-creases Combined with the variation law of water saturation rate, it shows that after the shale around the well is hydrated, the fracture pressure of the formation decreases Accurate evaluation of shale oil reservoir fracability helps avoid blind fracturing and ensures efficient fracturing. However, the current evaluation of the fracability index rarely considers the impact of hydration caused by drilling fluid invasion during drilling. The results of a rock triaxial mechanical test conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of shale oil reservoirs are reported in this paper. Based on the results, we developed a comprehensive evaluation method of shale oil reservoir fracability that considers hydration; the effects of the brittleness index, horizontal difference stress, and fracture toughness; and the law of water phase intrusion into shale oil reservoirs. The research results show that the average compressive strength decreased by 37.99%, the average elastic modulus decreased by 53.36%, and the average Poisson's ratio increased by 68.75% after being soaked for 48.00 h at 80 °C and 30.00 MPa. The water saturation rate at the borehole wall was the highest; with the extension to the stratum, it gradually decreases to the original water saturation rate of the formation, while the fluctuation radius gradually increases with time. The Young's modulus and fracture toughness decrease, the Poisson's ratio increases, and the fracability index reaches a maximum value at the wellbore (i.e., the highest water saturation rate), indicating that the strength of the hydrated rock decreases and it can be easily fractured. The case analysis shows that the optimal fracturing position of the Da'anzhai Section of Well NC2H is around 2600 m deep. After the hydration occurs, the fracture initiation pressure of the formation is reduced from the original value of 72.31 MPa to 66.80 MPa. This indicates that when hydration decreases, the formation fracture pressure also increases. The research presented in this paper can be used to optimize fracture location and set a reasonable fracturing pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geological storage of CO2 is a critical technique for reducing emissions, which significantly contributes to the mitigation of the greenhouse effect. Currently, CO2 is often geologically stored in coal seams, hydrocarbon reservoirs, and saline aquifers in order to store CO2 and improve the oil and gas recovery simultaneously. Shale formations, as candidates for CO2 storage, are drawing more attention because of their rich volumes. CO2 storage through shale formations in the Sichuan Basin, China, has tremendous potential because of the readily available CO2 injection equipment, such as abandoned shale gas wells. Therefore, we review the potential of using these wells to store CO2 in this paper. Firstly, we review the status of the geological storage of CO2 and discuss the features and filed applications for the most studied storage techniques. Secondly, we investigate the formation properties, shale gas field development process, and characteristics of the abandoned wells in the Sichuan Basin. Additionally, after carefully studying the mechanism and theoretical storage capacity, we evaluate the potential of using these abandoned wells to store CO2. Lastly, recommendations are proposed based on the current technologies and government policies. We hope this paper may provide some insights into the development of geological CO2 storage using unconventional reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a relic species in China and a flagship species in the field of endangered wildlife conservation. The conservation of the giant panda's habitat has gained widespread attention for this reason. Historically, Chinese Giant Panda Nature Reserves are surrounded by communities and the resource utilization behavior of households disturbs the giant panda habitat. Changes in these communities and in Giant Panda Nature Reserves began around 2010, with the feminization and aging of the farm labor force. These changes brought different resource utilization behaviors that led to different evolutionary tendencies in giant panda habitats. This research study assesses the impact of these tendencies based on data from the fourth survey of the giant panda in the Sichuan Province and from geographic information data. The paper aims to uncover the internal mechanisms of farmers' resource utilization behavior in terms of the changes wrought to giant panda habitats. The paper simulates the future habitat of the giant panda based on the LUCC (land use/cover change) model to identify anticipated changes in future landscape patterns and the habitat quality of giant pandas under the current scenarios. The paper analyzes the spatial-temporal change of landscape patterns through the land use transfer matrix, based on the Markov model. The results of the scenario analyses illustrate the spatial and temporal difference in habitat quality. The driving mechanism for landscape pattern change is explored using the logistic regression model. The paper simulates the variation tendency of giant panda habitats under differential labor force structures and resource utilization behavior based on the CA (cellular automata) model, with the robustness of the results verified by participatory experiment. Through four scenarios of simulated farm labor force structure and resource utilization behavior, results suggest that the quality of giant panda habitats in the future will be relatively high when workforce feminization and aging is intense and resource utilization behavior is weakened. The simulated results confirm that the current agricultural labor force structure can reduce the intensity of resource utilization behavior. In this scenario, disturbance to giant panda habitats would decrease and their quality would improve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Straw used to be an important raw material for heating, cooking, and raising livestock in rural areas. However, with the development of the economy, straw burning poses a great threat to the environment. Straw return is of great significance for realizing carbon peaks and carbon neutrality because of its ecological value and economic value. Based on the survey data of 540 households in Sichuan Province, China, the Probit model and CMP model are used to empirically analyze the influence of environmental policy on farmers' active straw return and its mechanism. The results show that: (1) 65.9% of farmers actively return straw to the field, and 34.1% of farmers passively return straw to the field. (2) environmental policies significantly promote farmers' initiative to return straw to the field, in which the influence of economic rewards and punishments is greater than that of administrative guidance. (3) Government propaganda and government training in government administrative guidance can promote farmers' active straw return by raising their awareness, with intermediary effects of 76.05% and 60.14%, respectively. (4) Female heads of households, high education level of heads of households, and high family income can also positively promote farmers' active straw return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of the economy, carbon neutral and carbon peak are on the agenda in China, and the reform of intelligent construction and assembly building is in full swing in the Chinese construction industry. In order to further explore and study the relationship between the textural structural issues of the envelope structure and the overall energy consumption situation of the house, and further bridge the gap between the actual energy-saving design scheme and the actual application scheme, therefore, this paper takes a certain place as a research object to study the phenomenon of design assembly energy saving, based on dozens of assembly building enterprises researched, selected samples of envelope components studied, selected BIM technology for premodeling optimization, used neural network algorithm for analysis of influencing factors, and studied the application in the study of energy-saving optimization of assembly building envelope in the western Sichuan plain area, and used OpenStudio was used to build a model to simulate the heating and air conditioning load of the assembled building numerically and to fit the quantitative relationship between the variable factors and the building energy consumption. On this basis, the relationship between multifactor and single-factor variables is identified and evaluated using relevant variables means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being a clean and renewable energy source, photovoltaic (PV) power generation faces severe challenges in operation due to its strong intermittency and volatility compared to the traditional fossil fuel power generation. Accurate predictions are therefore crucial for PV's grid connections and the system security. The existing methods often rely heavily on weather forecasts, the accuracy of which is hard to be guaranteed. This paper proposes a novel GBDT-BiLSTM day-ahead PV forecasting model, which leverages the Teacher Forcing mechanism to combine the strong time-series processing capabilities of BiLSTM with an enhanced GBDT model. Given the uncertainty and volatility inherent in solar energy and weather conditions, the gradient boosting method is employed to update the weak learner, while a decision tree is incorporated to update the strong learner. Additionally, to explore the correlation between photovoltaic power output and historical time-series data, the adaptive gradient descent-based Adam algorithm is utilized to train the bidirectional LSTM model, enhancing the accuracy and stability of mid- to long-term time-series predictions. A prediction experiment, conducting with the real data from a PV power station in Sichuan Province, China, was compared with other methods to verify the model's effectiveness and robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shale of the Wufeng–Longmaxi formation in the Sichuan Basin is the preferred layer for shale gas exploration in China, and its petrophysical characteristics are the key to geological and engineering sweet spot prediction. However, the characteristics and impact mechanisms of its acoustic wave velocity and elastic anisotropy are currently unclear. In this paper, the Wufeng–Longmaxi shale is taken as the research object, and the P-wave and S-wave velocities of the samples are tested under the loading and unloading processes of confining pressure. The stress sensitivity variations in parameters such as wave velocity, wave velocity ratio, and anisotropy are discussed. P-wave and S-wave anisotropy parameters are correlated under different pressure conditions. X-ray diffraction, casting thin sections, scanning electron microscopy, micron CT scanning, and other analytical techniques are used to explore the mechanisms of stress sensitivity of elastic parameters. The research results indicate that: (1) the acoustic velocities of samples from different angles are V90° > V45° > V0°, and there is a positive correlation between the wave velocity and the confining pressure. After unloading the confining pressure, irreversible plastic deformation occurs due to the closure of some microfractures in the rock core, causing the wave velocity to be higher than the initial value. (2) The stress sensitivity coefficient of the P-wave (The mean is 3.00 m·s−1·MPa−1) is higher than that of the S-wave (the mean is 1.23 m·s−1·MPa−1), and the stress sensitivity coefficient of the compacted stage (the mean is 3.02 m·s−1·MPa−1) is higher than that of the elastic stage (the mean is 1.21 m·s−1·MPa−1). (3) The anisotropy of the P-wave and S-wave is negatively correlated with the confining pressure. When the confining pressure is loaded to 65 MPa, the change rate of the P-wave anisotropy coefficient is 23%, and its stress sensitivity is higher than that of S-wave anisotropy coefficient (the change rate is 13.7%). After unloading the confining pressure, the degree of anisotropy is reduced due to the closure of some microfractures. The empirical formula of P-wave and S-wave anisotropy parameters under different pressures is established through linear regression, which can provide a reference for mutual predictions. (4) The variation in wave velocity anisotropy with stress can be divided into stress and material anisotropy, which are related to the directional arrangement of microfractures and clay minerals, respectively. The quantitative characterization of shale anisotropy can be realized by evaluating the development degree of reservoir fractures and mineral components, providing a reference for logging interpretations, sweet spot prediction, and fracturing construction of shale gas reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of foreign electricity markets has been relatively complete, while China's electricity market started late and the design of the market mechanism needs to be improved, so the selection of a suitable market model and the design of the market mechanism in hydropower‐rich regions is conducive to the healthy development of the electricity market. While most of the first eight pilot regions in China have entered the long‐period continuous operation stage, and all the second batch of six power spot pilots have started the simulation trial run. However, the construction of power markets in hydropower‐rich regions of China, Sichuan, and Yunnan, still faces multiple problems to be solved, such as ensuring the reliability of medium‐ and long‐term power supply, improving the efficiency of hydropower resources utilization and consumption scale, and maintaining the stability of market prices. In this paper, the authors establish a multi‐scale joint clearing model for different market models considering both long‐term and short‐term operation strategies, and conduct simulations of different market models at different time scales to compare and analyze the optimization results and electricity price fluctuations of different market models. It can stabilize the market price and reasonably reflect the true value of hydropower, and also promote the consumption of clean energy and guarantee the reliability of power supply in the medium and long terms. Finally, suggestions are made for the selection of electricity market models, the security of energy supply and the design of sustainable development mechanisms for hydropower in hydropower‐rich regions such as Yunnan and Sichuan in China, with a view to providing useful references for the construction of China's electricity market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on government service quality can help ensure the success of digital government services and has been the focus of numerous studies that proposed different frameworks and approaches. Most of the existing studies are based on traditional researcher-led methods, which struggle to capture the needs of citizens. In this paper, a citizen-feedback-based analysis framework was proposed to explore citizen demands and analyze the service quality of digital government. Citizen feedback data are a direct expression of citizens' demands, so the citizen-feedback-based framework can help to obtain more targeted management insights and improve citizen satisfaction. Efficient machine learning methods used in the framework make data collection and processing more efficient, especially for large-scale internet data. With the crawled user feedback data from the Q&A e-government portal of Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China, we conducted experiments on the proposed framework to verify its feasibility. From citizens' online feedback on Q&A services, we extracted five service quality factors: efficiency, quality, attitude, compliance, and execution of response. The analysis of five service quality factors provides some management insights, which can provide a guide for improvements in Q&A services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a Comprehensive Diagram Method (CDM) for a Multi-Layer Perceptron Neuron Network (MLPNN) is proposed to realize natural gas energy metering using temperature, pressure, and the speed of sound from an ultrasonic flowmeter. Training and testing of the MLPNN model were performed on the basis of 1003 real data points describing the compression factors (Z-factors) and calorific values of the three main components of natural gas in Sichuan province, China. Moreover, 20 days of real tests were conducted to verify the measurements' accuracy and the adaptability of the new intelligent method. Based on the values of the Mean Relative Errors and the Root Mean Square errors for the learning and test errors calculated on the basis of the actual data, the best-quality MLP 3-5-1 network for the metering of Z-factors and the new CDM methods for the metering of calorific values were experimentally selected. The Bayesian regularized MLPNN (BR-MLPNN) 3-5-1 network showed that the Z-factors of natural gas have a maximum relative error of −0.44%, and the new CDM method revealed calorific values with a maximum relative error of 1.90%. In addition, three local tests revealed that the maximum relative error of the daily cumulative amount of natural gas energy was 2.39%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debris flows can damage infrastructure and threaten human life and property safety, especially in tourist attractions. Therefore, it is crucial to classify and evaluate the risk of debris flows. This article takes 14 debris flows in Longmenshan Town, Pengzhou, Sichuan, China, as the research object. Based on on-site geological surveys, combined with drone images and multiple remote sensing images, the essential characteristics of each debris flow are comprehensively determined. A total of nine factors are used as the primary indicators affecting the risk of debris flow: drainage density, roundness, the average gradient of the main channel, maximum elevation difference, bending coefficient of the main channel, the loose-material supply length ratio, vegetation area ratio, population density, and loose-material volume of unit area. The subjective weights of each indicator are obtained using the Analytic Hierarchy Process, while the objective weights are obtained using the CRITIC method. Based on this, the distance function is introduced to couple the subjective and objective weights, determine each indicator's combined weights, and obtain the integrated evaluation score values of different debris flow hazards. Considering the integrated evaluation score of debris flow, cluster analysis was used to classify 14 debris flows and cluster effectiveness indicators were introduced to determine the effectiveness of debris flow classification. A quantitative standard for the risk of debris flow within the study area was proposed, and finally, a risk assessment of debris flow in the study area was made. Comparing the results of this paper with the gray correlation method, the coupled synergistic method, and the geological field survey results, proves that the proposed method is feasible and provides a reasonable scientific basis for the study of the hazard assessment of regional debris flow clusters and other related issues within the scope of the Jianjiang River basin and other areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-cluster fracturing technology was often used in horizontal well reservoir reconstruction to achieve production increase, which also affected casing equivalent stress distribution. This paper focuses on multi-cluster fracturing and establishes a fracturing model in line with the reality. The three-dimensional finite element model of multi-cluster fracture-formation-cement sheath-casing was proposed, the influence of cluster spacing and fracturing cluster number on casing equivalent stress was studied. On this basis, a single segment 8-cluster three-dimensional finite element model was developed. The influence of rock elastic modulus, casing inner wall pressure, geostress change and elastic modulus of cement sheath on casing equivalent stress was simulated from two aspects of uniform and non-uniform extrusion of wellbore. Actual data was used and analyzed for the fracturing section of a well in Weirong Block, southern Sichuan Basin, China. The results showed that the casing equivalent stress decreased with the increase of fracture dip angle. The casing equivalent stress increased with the increase of cluster spacing; however, it decreased with the increase of rock elastic modulus. The casing equivalent stress increased with the increase of casing wall pressure. Also, the cracks extrude the casing evenly did not affect the change on casing equivalent stress. It was also found that, when casing was uniformly squeezed by multiple fractures, the difference of ground stress had little effect on casing equivalent stress, while non-uniform extrusion had greater effect on casing equivalent stress. Further, when there was no wellhead pumping pressure, the casing equivalent stress increased with the increase of the elastic modulus of the cement sheath, and decreased on the contrary. The elastic modulus of rock was lower than that of cement sheath, and the casing equivalent stress increased with the increase of the elastic modulus of cement sheath, and decreased on the contrary. The research results had certain guiding significance for the prevention and control of casing damage in fracturing section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapidly increasing number of patent applications in China, each applicant tends to accumulate the quantity of patent, but not the improvement of patent quality. Therefore, the State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO) has recently issued a package of notification, which aims to reverse the status quo. However, existing methods of regional patent evaluation still emphasize on quantity rather than quality indices, which leads to biased evaluation results. In this paper, we establish a comprehensive index system for regional patent evaluation. The indicators of the system consist of four dimensions, including quantity, quality, structure, and coordination. This aims to provide a path of high-quality development for regional patent work. Based on the patent data of each city in Sichuan Province in 2020, this paper validated the effectiveness of the comprehensive evaluation system and put forward countermeasures and suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lala copper area in Huili County, Sichuan Province, China, is favored by superior regional metallogenic geological conditions due to its location in an extremely important copper–iron metallogenic belt in southwest China, and it has witnessed the formation of a series of unique iron–copper deposits following the superposition of multiple tectonic events. In recent years, major mineral exploration breakthroughs have been achieved in the deep and peripheral zones of this area. Using the Lala copper mining area in Sichuan as an example, this paper describes metallogenic prediction research carried out based on multivariate geoscience information (geological information, geophysics, geochemistry, and remote sensing data) and the application of geographic information system (GIS) technology and the radial basis function neural network (RBFLN) model. The five specific aspects covered in this paper are as follows: (1) we collected geology–geophysics–geochemistry remote sensing data and other information, adopted GIS technology to extract multivariate geoscience ore-forming anomaly information, and established a geoscience prospecting information database; (2) we applied the RBFLN algorithm for information on integrated analysis of ore-forming anomalies in the study area; (3) we applied a statistical method to divide the threshold value to delineate favorable ore-prospecting target areas; (4) we applied three-dimensional (3D) visualization technology, through which sample assistance was verified, to evaluate the performance of the RBFLN model; and (5) the results revealed that the RBFLN model can integrate multivariate and multi-type geoscience information and effectively predict metallogenic prospective areas and delineate favorable target areas. The metallogenic prediction method based on RBFLN technology provides a scientific basis for the exploration and deployment of minerals in the study area. It is obvious that the methods to predict and evaluate mineral resources are developing towards model integration and information intelligent analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Operating room nurses play a critical role in patient safety. The evaluation of safety attitudes of operating room nurses reflects their awareness and belief of patient safety. Currently, however, the research on the safety attitudes of operating room nurses is hard to track in the existing literature in China. Therefore, this paper was conducted to explore the factors influencing the safety attitudes of operating room nurses and their cognition and attitudes toward adverse event reporting. A total of 711 operating room nurses from 16 tertiary hospitals in Sichuan Province from March 1, 2018, to 2019 were selected. The general information of operating room nurses, such as age, gender, and years of service in the operating room, was obtained through the basic information questionnaire. The Chinese version of the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (C-SAQ) was used to evaluate the safety attitude of operating room nurses, and the cognition and attitude of the subjects to adverse event reports were assessed through the questionnaire of cognition and attitude toward adverse event reporting. The average score of safety attitudes of operating room nurses was 4.20 ± 0.49. The two dimensions with a lower positive reaction rate of the safety attitudes of operating room nurses were stress recognition and working conditions. The main factors affecting the safety attitude of operating room nurses were night shifts, as well as cognition and attitudes toward adverse event reporting. There was a positive correlation between the total score of C-SAQ and the total score of cognition and attitudes toward adverse event reporting (P < 0.01 , r = 0.445). The safety attitude of operating room nurses is at the upper-middle level, but the stress recognition and working conditions need to be improved. Through the allocation of nursing human resources, the strengthening of hospital logistics support, and the establishment of nonpunitive nursing adverse event reporting system, the operating room safety can be significantly enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unavoidable option for socially sustainable development is a low-carbon economy. One of the essential steps for China to attain high-quality development is reducing carbon emissions. It is necessary to realize low-carbon development in Sichuan, as it is not only an important economic zone but also an ecological protected area. The concurrent relationship among energy consumption, carbon emissions, and economic growth was examined in this study using the Tapio decoupling indicator, and the factors affecting energy consumption and carbon emissions in Sichuan were broken down using the logarithmic mean Divisia indicator (LMDI). The findings demonstrate a fundamental relative decoupling relationship between Sichuan's energy use and carbon emissions. Analysis of energy consumption and carbon emissions in Sichuan Province from 2005 to 2020 shows distinct patterns. From 2005 to 2012, in 2014, and from 2016 to 2020, the relationship between energy use and carbon emissions was relatively decoupled, with decoupling values ranging between 0 and 1. Absolute decoupling occurred in specific years: 2010, from 2013 to 2018, and in 2020. These periods are characterized by economic growth alongside reductions in carbon emissions. Factors affecting energy consumption and carbon emissions were consistently analyzed, showing similar impacts throughout the study periods. We find that population and economic growth are the main driving forces of these effects. The effects of energy intensity and industrial structure mainly play restraining roles, and the latter has a slightly weaker effect than the former. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 50 earthquakes occurred in the Luding region, including a 6.8‐magnitude earthquake on September 5, 2022, which induced huge amounts of geological disasters. As the main triggered factors for the geological disasters, the vegetation, precipitation and temperature show regular changes on the time axis. Thus, this paper based on the spatial–temporal evolution of the precipitation, temperature and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), focuses on the susceptibility of the Luding area using the weighted information content method (ICM) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for the post‐earthquake regional planning and reconstruction. In the Luding area, it was found that there were 18 debris flow gullies, and 470 geological disasters scattered in the debris flow gullies. The NDVI of the study area has been declining in recent years, with only about 12% of the NDVI increasing from 2015 to 2020. From 2011 to 2015, the annual cumulative precipitation has been dropping overall, while the July average temperature has increasing quadratic functions after decreasing trend. Furthermore, the studied area's geological hazards susceptibility was classified into five categories, with extremely low susceptibility accounting for 5.82%, low susceptibility accounting for 13.61%, moderate susceptibility accounting for 38.54%, high susceptibility accounting for 39.96% and extremely high susceptibility accounting for 2.08%. The geological disasters in moderate, high and extremely high susceptibility accounted for approximately 95.08%, and the covered area of geological disasters in moderate, high and extremely high susceptibility accounted for 88.06%. Through the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the model verification found the AUC = 0.743. The geological hazards susceptibility study results show that the approach is useful for the analysis and prevention of geological disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central Sichuan Basin, located in western China, holds great significance in terms of hydrocarbon production, especially in relation to complex carbonate reservoirs, notably the Qixia Formation of the Middle Permian epoch. However, the comprehensive evaluation of this geological formation presents considerable challenges due to complex lithology, limited availability of reservoir property data at various scales, inadequacies in data integration, and the absence of a reliable reservoir ranking system for development decision making. Previous studies primarily relying on conventional data at the reservoir level, such as well logs and geological information, have proven insufficient in accurately characterizing the reservoir. This is especially evident without precise lithological information and detailed knowledge of microscale properties, which are crucial for effective reservoir evaluation. To address these challenges, this study integrates advanced technologies like X-ray diffraction, micro-CT and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques in digital drill cutting analysis at the microscale. A novel scoring system has been developed using a prominent component analysis (PCA) approach and an expert scoring system, which incorporates existing conventional well log data and digital cutting analysis. This scoring system has been validated using actual production data, thus establishing a robust evaluation methodology for assessing the exploration potential and optimizing development strategies for carbonate gas reservoirs in the Qixia Formation. The innovative approach, which incorporates parameters at both micro- and macroscales, holds promising potential in facilitating future exploration and development efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hierarchical diagnosis and treatment (HDT) is an important exploration direction to alleviate the rising pressure of health expenses and medical insurance fund expenditure in China, and to maintain and protect the public health in this country. In recent years, the construction of compact county medical communities (CCMC) has become the primary approach for implementing the HDT. Utilizing the quasi-natural experiment of the pilot project of CCMC in Sichuan Province in 2019, coupled with county-level data extracted from the ' Sichuan Provincial Health Statistics Yearbook ' spanning the years 2008 to 2021, this research evaluates the effect of the pilot project of CCMC on promoting HDT under the medical insurance package payment model. The results show that the pilot project of CCMC has significantly increased the number of consultations per capita of medical and health institutions in pilot counties by 0.434 times, of which the number of consultations per capita of primary medical institutions has increased by 0.340 times; the number of hospitalizations per capita in public hospitals and primary medical institutions in pilot counties increased significantly, and the surgery rate of inpatients in public hospitals increased by 5% compared to before the pilot. There was no significant impact on the allocation of medical facilities and human resources in the pilot counties. Therefore, the construction of CCMC under the medical insurance package payment mode has promoted the realization of the county-level HDT. These findings provide valuable insights for healthcare policy, especially in developing and implementing effective strategies for HDT in county-level medical institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the search for precursors to earthquakes, correlation has been found between geochemical characteristics of soil gases and seismic activity. In this paper we present evidence that seismic waves can trigger emission of soil radon (Rn) and carbon dioxide (CO2). An active experiment was performed in two fault zones in China, the Annighe fault in Sichuan province and the Xiadian fault in Heibei province. An active seismic source was used to generate seismic waves at 10 m depth in wells within bedrock. Rn and CO2 detectors were placed around the wells at a distance of ∼1 m for observing the effects of the seismic waves on the emission of the gases. The observations confirm that the seismic waves have a significant and direct effect on the concentration and flux of soil radon and carbon dioxide. When the seismic events were triggered, the observed concentrations of Rn and CO2 immediately increased and reached peak values within 5–50 min and 30–60 min, with corresponding increases of Rn and CO2 concentrations by 10.5%–238.7% and 3.1%–54.1%, respectively. The measured concentrations and flux of CO2 and Rn after the passage of the seismic waves showed strong correlation, confirming the suggestion that CO2 is the carrier gas for Rn. To the best of our knowledge this is the first direct, in‐situ measurement of gas emission caused by the passage of seismic waves and provides important constraints for better understanding of geochemical earthquake precursors. Plain Language Summary: Observed geochemical properties of soil gases migrated from the deep Earth can be used to survey seismicity, volcanic activity and emission of greenhouse gases. However, due to difficulty in natural earthquake prediction, most observations on the geochemical effects linked to seismic activity are conducted after or away from naturally occurring events, with the effects normally inferred from seismic parameters. In this study, an active seismic source based on methane gaseous detonation was employed to artificially produce seismic events along two fault zones, and in‐situ measurements of concentrations and flux of radon (Rn) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were conducted. These observations showed strong correlation between concentrations and flux of CO2 and Rn after the events, in agreement with the hypothesis that CO2 is the carrier gas for Rn in tectonically active settings. Key Points: Soil CO2 and Rn emission triggered by a new type active source that excited at 10 m deep well in bedrock are observed at first timeQuantitative effect of seismicity on the concentration and flux of soil CO2 and Rn are presentedEmission of CO2 and Rn after the seismicity show strong correlation and proved that CO2 is the carrier gas for Rn [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jiajika rare metal deposit contains the largest area of granitic pegmatite-type rare metal deposits in China. The X03 vein is an immense rare metal deposit dominated by lithium, which was found in the deposit in recent years. The contact metamorphic belt of tourmalinization and petrochemistry is widely developed in its wall rocks, and the altered rocks formed contain Li and other rare metal mineralization. In this paper, the tourmaline found in the different rocks of the Jiajika X03 vein is divided into four types: two-mica quartz schist (Tur-Ⅰ), tourmaline hornfels (Tur-Ⅱ), tourmaline-bearing granite pegmatite (Tur-Ⅲ) and spodumene-bearing granite pegmatite (Tur-Ⅳ); their in situ major element, trace element and boron isotope data are systematically studied. The results show that all tourmalines in the Jiajika X03 vein deposit belong to the alkali group, and are schorl–Oxy/Fluor–schorl, dravite–Hydroxy-dravite and foitite–Oxy foitite solid solutions, among which Tur-Ⅰ are dravite, Tur-Ⅱ are foitite of hydrothermal origin and Tur-Ⅲ and Tur-Ⅳ are schorl of magmatic origin. The boron isotope values show that the boron involved the formation process of tourmaline mainly originates from the Majingzi S-type granite, and the boron isotope variations in tourmaline are controlled by melt fluid and Rayleigh fractionation. Moreover, there is a clear correlation between the B isotope value of tourmaline and the Li, Mn, Zn, Mg, and V contents, showing that these contents in tourmaline are good indicators of the mineralization type of pegmatite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High graphitization is responsible for low-resistivity shale development with poor reservoir quality. This paper provides an explanation of organic matter graphitization and determines the impact of high graphite content on low-resistivity shale reservoir quality at the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in the Southern Sichuan Basin. Fine veins are frequently developed at shale samples with Ro > 3.5%, graphitized organic matter > 25%, and resistivity < 5 Ω•m, which are dominated by three mineral assemblages: brunsvigite, barite-hyalophane-barium feldspar-potassium feldspar-anhydrite, and calcite-ankerite. These filling minerals are characterized by an Eu positive anomaly and high Ba, Fe, and Mn contents, suggesting that low-resistivity shale was modified by magmatic-related low-temperature hydrothermal fluid. Temperature measurements of brine inclusions and a semi-empirical geothermometer of chlorite show that low-temperature hydrothermal fluid experienced the chlorite stage (150–180 °C), the low-sulfidation stage (120–150 °C), and the low-temperature calcitization stage. Paleozoic fault systems and late Permian hydrothermal activities associated with the Emeishan mantle plume control the graphitization of low-resistivity shale. The water formation and seawater infiltrated into the deep crust along the Paleozoic basement faults under gravity, developing alkaline hot brine through mantle plume heating and then causing a water-rock reaction with basement rocks. They migrated upward along deep and large Paleozoic faults through convective thermal circulation in the Tiangongtang area, the Shuanglong-Luochang area, and the Xuyong area. Cation exchange and redox reactions occurred during the interaction between high-temperature hydrothermal fluid and cool wall rocks. The migration of alkaline hot brine via the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale introduced a subsequent water-rock reaction, resulting in the development of hydrothermal mineral assemblages that intricately filled fractures. It increased formation temperature and enhanced thermal maturity and graphitization of organic matter at the Wufeng-Longmaxi low-resistivity shale, resulting in a wide distribution of low-resistivity shale at the Changning Block. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]