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The significant risk associated with fault reactivation often necessitates slip tendency analyses for effective risk assessment. However, such analyses are challenging, particularly in large areas with limited or absent reliable stress measurements and where the cost of extensive geomechanical analyses or simulations is prohibitive. In this paper, we propose a novel approach using a physics‐informed neural network that integrates stress orientation and satellite displacement observations in a top‐down multi‐scale framework to estimate two‐dimensional slip tendency analyses even in regions lacking comprehensive stress data. Our study demonstrates that velocities derived from a continental scale analysis, combined with reliable stress orientation averages, can effectively guide models at smaller scales to generate qualitative slip tendency maps. By offering customizable data selection and stress resolution options, this method presents a robust solution to address data scarcity issues, as exemplified through a case study of the South Australian Eyre Peninsula. Plain Language Summary: Fault reactivation poses significant risks, often requiring slip tendency analyses for thorough risk assessment. Yet, such analyses face challenges, especially in large areas lacking reliable stress measurements or where extensive geomechanical analyses are too costly. Our paper suggests a new method using a physics‐based neural network. This approach combines compressive direction and satellite displacement observations to estimate slip tendencies in two dimensions, even where stress data is lacking. Our study shows that by using displacements from a continental scale analysis and reliable averages of compressive directions, we can guide models to create smaller‐scale maps indicating where faults are more likely to reactivate. This method allows for customizable data selection and stress resolution, offering a strong solution to data scarcity issues. We demonstrate its effectiveness through a case study of South Australia's Eyre Peninsula. Key Points: Physics‐based neural networks allow two‐dimensional slip tendency analyses without prior full‐stress informationA multi‐scale approach provides required displacement constraints when inferring full stresses from global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and stress orientation dataWe present a new application for GNSS data that would welcome more stations, even in seismically stable areas [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper explores the fate of South Australia's highly regarded Police Drug Diversion Initiative over the past 10 years. Methods: The paper uses historical and legal analysis, including publicly available data as to rates of drug use, arrests and diversions, media reports, legislation and Hansard debates. Results: In the mid‐2010s, amidst growing anxiety about levels of amphetamine‐type stimulants use in Adelaide, a coroner's report became the poster child for what was seen by the Liberal opposition as the excessive leniency and 'waste of resources' of the Police Drug Diversion Initiative. Despite being universally praised for its efficacy, the Liberal government, when elected, passed amendments to the legislation which 'capped' diversions at two. This ended the period in which diversions from criminal to social justice systems was mandatory for all persons charged with simple drug possession. But since then, the diversion rate in South Australia has plummeted in ways that cannot be explained merely because of these amendments. Discussion and Conclusions: The most highly regarded scheme for diversion of minor drug offenders to treatment is no longer effective. Indeed, the best scheme in the country may now be the worst. The essay draws attention to a catastrophe whose extent is not yet fully appreciated and suggests ways in which we can begin to explain why such a small change has had such dramatic and unforeseen consequences. Like some sort of perverse alchemy, Australia's gold standard for drug diversion has been turned into lead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyses of the prevalence of homelessness suggest homelessness is increasing in Australia and other countries. Yet, difficulties exist in obtaining an accurate picture of homelessness due to a dearth of robust data and inconsistent definitions. This study aimed to build a comprehensive descriptive profile of homelessness and associated health needs in Adelaide. Five data sources were analysed and compared to produce descriptive sociodemographic and health statistics. Across data sources, people experiencing homelessness had a high prevalence of poor health outcomes and service utilisation. Consistent with the international literature, high rates of physical and mental health conditions were reported, including depression, anxiety and dental problems. While there was variability in demographic data, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples were consistently over‐represented. Analysing data from multiple sources provided a richer understanding of who is experiencing homelessness and their health needs, highlights it is not always necessary to collect new data to overcome dataset limitations and illustrates how data comparison can improve the use of existing data. The paper concludes with reflections on the challenges and potential of the methodology. Overall, the study shows analysing data from multiple sources can provide rich information to service providers and government departments to inform more nuanced and effective services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issue addressed: Wellbeing SA, an independent South Australian government agency, developed a Wellbeing Index for South Australia across a 12‐month period in 2021–2022 to enable the measurement of wellbeing outcomes for the state. Methods: The development of the Index was a methodical process based on two key emphases—evidence‐based action and working in partnership. The steps included a scoping of existing wellbeing measurement frameworks and then working with a broad range of partner agencies to define the purpose, scope and structure for the Index and subsequently the content (indicators, their measures and the most robust data available). Results: A Wellbeing Index for South Australia was launched in June 2022 on the Wellbeing SA website. It is structured against domains of physical, mental, social/community, Aboriginal cultural wellbeing and the underpinning determinants of wellbeing. Conclusions: The Index communicates the importance and the breadth of wellbeing outcomes addressed by the various health promotion and policy actors in South Australia and provides a sound basis for monitoring the wellbeing of the community over time. So what?: Measuring wellbeing is identified by proponents of a Wellbeing Economy as one useful mechanism, alongside legislation, policy and funding, for shaping a broader definition of a successful society. The health promotion community, and their partners, have a role to play in promoting the importance of a broad definition of wellbeing, and in identifying robust and meaningful indicators. This paper offers other jurisdictions insights into the process used, and challenges encountered, in creating the Index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper determines the optimal capacity of solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy storage (BES) for a grid‐connected house based on an energy‐sharing mechanism. The grid‐connected house, also mentioned as house 1 where it is relevant, shares electricity with house 2 under a mutually agreed fixed energy price. The objective is to minimize the cost of electricity (COE) for house 1 while decreasing the electricity cost of house 2. Practical factors such as real data for solar insolation, electricity consumption, grid constraint, ambient temperature, electricity rate, and battery degradation are considered based on actual data. The developed methodology is examined by taking the actual load data of two houses in South Australia. Different scenarios of contract years between the houses are investigated to make it more practical in real life. Sensitivity analyses are conducted for the sharing of energy between the houses and by changing parameters like export power limitation, load of houses, and costs of PV and BES. Likewise, operational analysis is done for two days of summer and winter. It is found that when energy sharing is applied, the optimal design of the PV‐BES system will achieve lower COE for both houses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In the past 30 years, 60% of South Australia's rural maternity units have closed. Evidence demonstrates midwifery models of care offer regional Australia sustainable birthing services. Five birthing sites within the York and Northern Region of South Australia, designed in collaboration with key stakeholders, offered a new all‐risk midwifery continuity of care model (MMoC). All pregnant women in the region were allocated to a known midwife once pregnancy was confirmed. In July 2019, the pilot program was implemented and an evaluation undertaken. Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness, acceptability, and sustainability of the new midwifery model of care from the perspective of health care providers. Design: The evaluation utilised a mixed methods design using focus groups and surveys to explore experiences of health care providers impacted by the implementation of the MMoC. This paper reports on midwives, doctors and nurses experiences at different time points, to gain insight into the model of care from the care providers impacted by the change to services. Findings: The first round of focus groups included 14 midwives, 6 hospital nurses/midwives and 5 doctors with the overarching theme that the 'MMoC was working well.' The second round of focus groups were undertaken across the five sites with 10 midwives, 9 hospital nurses/midwives and 5 doctors. The overarching theme captured all participants commitment to the MMoC, with agreement that 'there is no other option ‐ it has to work'. Discussion: All participants reported positive outcomes and a strong commitment to navigate the changes required to implement the new model of care. Collaboration and communication was expressed as key elements for success. Specific challenges and complexities were evident including a need to clarify expectations and the workload for midwives, and for nurses who were accustomed to having midwives 24 hours a day in hospitals. Conclusion: This innovative model responds to challenges in providing rural maternity care and offers a sustainable model for maternity services and workforce. There is an overwhelming commitment and consensus that there is 'no other option–it has to work'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil corrosivity is a term used to describe the corroding susceptibility (risk) of metal infrastructure in different soil environments. Soil corrosivity mapping is a crucial step in identifying potentially problematic, high-maintenance fence lines and can help improve fence longevity by identifying soil environments where the use of more expensive, corrosion-resistant materials would be more cost-effective in the long term. Soil corrosion damage sustained on exclusion fences can be a serious management issue for conservation programs and initiatives, as it weakens the fence netting and provides opportunities for invasive animal migration and occupation (e.g. feral cats and foxes) into areas of high conservation value. The increasing accessibility of geospatial analysis software and the availability of open-source soil data provide land managers with the opportunity to implement digital soil databases and pedotransfer functions to produce fence corrosion risk maps using commonly measured soil attributes. This paper uses open-source government agency soil data (shapefiles) to map fence corrosion risk in the southern part of the Yorke Peninsula in South Australia, with the intention to assist with the installation of a new barrier (exclusion) fence as part of the Marna Banggara rewilding project. The risk classifications (low, moderate and high risk) made by this map were compared with rates of zinc corrosion (µm/year zinc loss) observed at field sites and correctly predicted the amount of fence damage sustained at five of the eight sites. The mapping approach outlined in this study can be implemented by environmental managers in other areas to inform strategies for enhancing fence longevity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The development of vaccines against SARS‐CoV2 has been a key public health response to the COVID‐19 pandemic. However, since their introduction, there have been reports of anaphylactic reactions to vaccines in individuals with history of allergic reactions to other vaccines, excipients or to COVID vaccines. Aim: A dedicated adult COVID vaccine allergy clinic with a standardised allergy testing protocol was set up to investigate safety and suitability of available COVID vaccines in Australia. Methods: Patients referred to a state‐wide COVID‐19 vaccine allergy clinic between March and August 2021 with a history of allergy underwent skin‐prick testing and intradermal testing to both available vaccine formulations (BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1‐S), excipients (polyethylene glycol and polysorbate 80), excipient‐containing medications and controls. Basophil activation testing was conducted in few subjects with convincing history of immediate type reactions. Results: Fifty‐three patients underwent testing for possible excipient allergy (n = 19), previous non–COVID vaccine reaction (n = 13) or previous reaction to dose 1 of COVID‐19 vaccine (n = 21). Patients were predominantly female (n = 43, 81%), aged 18–83 (median 54) years. Forty‐four patients tested negative and 42 of these received at least their first dose of a COVID‐19 vaccine. Nine patients tested positive to excipients or excipient‐containing medication only (n = 3), or vaccines (n = 6). Five patients were positive to just BNT162b2, 3/5 have been vaccinated with ChAdOx1‐S. One who was skin test positive to both vaccines, but negative BAT to ChAdOx1‐S was successfully vaccinated with ChAdOx1‐S. Conclusion: Even in a high‐risk population, most patients can be vaccinated with available COVID‐19 vaccines. This paper reports local experiences using a combined allergy testing protocol with skin testing and BAT during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The life expectancy of persons with intellectual disability is increasing, and this is often occurring concurrently with the aging of their long‐term parental carers. Research in both Australia and around the world indicates that proactive post‐parental care planning is not widely implemented, and transitions primarily happen suddenly following a personal crisis for the primary caregiver. Little focus in Australia has been placed on identifying the barriers that inhibit post‐parental care planning in rural areas, specifically in the context of the newly implemented National Disability Insurance Scheme. This paper examines the factors that limit disability services and their staff in supporting successful post‐parental care planning for individuals with intellectual disability and their aging carers in rural South Australia. Small focus groups were conducted with three groups of rural disability support workers using online technologies to assist with the participants' geographic disparity. A semi‐structured interview guide was developed prior to commencement and was used to initiate discussions on key points. A thematic analysis methodological approach was used for data analysis. There were three themes identified through the analysis; Recruitment; Provision of Care; and Retention. The key findings relating to these themes are presented and supported with exemplar quotes. This research proposes three recommendations for policy or practice change: developing a national advertising campaign for new disability staff that positively emphasizes the high‐level skillset need for proactive planning; supporting rural disability providers to collaborate to establish shared teams of staff with expertise in post‐parental care planning; and, using incentive payments to retain staff with these invaluable skillsets in the disability sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A vast empirical literature has investigated economies of scale in municipal operations, especially in water and wastewater provision as well as domestic waste management. By contrast, comparatively few studies have been conducted on the extent of scale economies in local government administration. Given the stress placed on scale economies in Australian state and territory government policies aimed at the structural reform of local government through municipal mergers, including in South Australian (SA) local government, the absence of empirical research into administrative scale economies is unfortunate. To address this gap in the empirical literature, in this paper, we consider administrative scale economies in the SA local government system using four‐year panel data from 2015–2016 to 2018–2019. We find limited evidence for a relationship between administrative intensity and municipal by population size and for a difference between the administrative intensity of urban and rural councils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community treatment orders (CTOs) require individuals with a mental illness to accept treatment from mental health services. CTO legislation in South Australia states that treatment and care should be recovery‐focused, although justification for use is predominantly risk‐based, and care often coercive. Although CTOs are contested, individuals, families, and clinicians frequently engage in care planning within this context. This paper examines how the concepts of risk and risk management impact care planning from the perspectives of individuals on CTOs, their families, and clinicians. Ethnographic methods of observation and interview provided a detailed account of the perspectives of each group over an 18‐month period from two community mental health teams in South Australia. Findings show that care planning occurred within a culture of practice dominated by risk. Risk, however, was understood differently by each participant group, with the dominant narrative informed by biogenetic understandings of mental illness. This dominance impacted on the positioning of participant groups in care planning, focus of care contacts, and care options available. To improve care experiences and outcomes for individuals on CTOs, narrow conceptualizations of risk and recovery need to broaden to include an understanding of personal and social adversities individuals face. A broader understanding should reposition participants in the care planning context and rebalance care discussions, from a focus on clinical recovery to recovering citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Co‐produced research holds enormous value within the health sciences. Yet, there can be a heavy focus on what research participants think, do and know; while the researcher's responsibility to explore and re/work their own knowledge or praxis tends to escape from view. This is reflected in the limited use of co‐production to explore broad structural distributions of health and risk(s). We argue this missed opportunity has the potential to unfold as what Berlant calls a 'cruel optimism', where something desirable becomes an obstacle to flourishing and/or produces harm. We explore challenges to involving lay populations meaningfully in health research amidst a neoliberal cultural landscape that tends to responsibilise people with problems they cannot solve. Methods and Findings: Drawing together principles from hermeneutic and feminist philosophy, we develop a novel methodology for co‐producing research about determinants of health and health risk (using a case study of alcohol consumption as an example) that centres on what researchers do, know and think during research: Women's Thought Collectives. Discussion: Keeping the constructed nature of social systems—because they shape ideas of value, expertise and knowledge—in view during co‐produced research illuminates the potential for cruel optimisms within it. Such reflexive awareness carves out starting points for researchers to engage with how social hierarchies might (tacitly) operate during the co‐production of knowledge. Our work has broad utility for diverse population groups and provides important considerations around the roles and responsibilities for reflexive co‐production of knowledge at all levels of health systems. Patient or Public Contribution: The development of these ideas was sparked by working with lay participants during the Women's Thought Collectives for Kristen Foley's doctoral research 2021–2023, but undertaken without their direct involvement—in accordance with the responsibilities of researchers in the reflexive co‐production of knowledge. Forthcoming publications will address the outcomes and processes of this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Annual sowthistle is a weed that is difficult to control in lentil crops in southern Australia due to a lack of herbicide options, widespread herbicide resistance and prolific production of highly mobile seed. This study investigates herbicide resistance in annual sowthistle in the Mid‐North (MN) and Yorke Peninsula (YP) regions of South Australia, identifies and characterizes the mechanisms of acetolactate‐synthase (ALS)‐inhibitor resistance in this amphidiploid species, and combines this with analyses of population structure and gene flow. Results: ALS‐inhibitor‐resistant annual sowthistle is widespread across the YP and MN of South Australia and is associated with a variety of Proline‐197 mutations of the ALS gene, including leucine, alanine, arginine, serine, threonine and histidine. These mutations were found in different combinations on either of the two copies of the ALS gene. An additional 200 tissue samples were collected from across a single field on the YP and the ALS gene was sequenced for all these individuals. Different ALS‐inhibitor resistance profiles were evident between mutation combinations and within mutation combinations, possibly mediated by differing subgenome assortment of the mutations, or altered gene experession of the two ALS homeologs. Population genetics analysis showed evidence of long‐distance dispersal, resulting in highly mobile resistance genes, and multiple instances of resistance mutation evolution. Conclusions: Continuing selection of Sonchus oleraceus populations with ALS‐inhibiting herbicides has resulted in the accumulation of additional mutations within the ALS gene. New practices to control herbicide‐resistant S. oleraceus should be examined, and control should focus on reducing seed set and dispersal to prevent the spread of emerging cases of resistance. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess awareness, needs and use of Australian Government‐funded home aged care services among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples from rural and remote South Australia. Design: Mixed‐method study. Setting: Four rural and remote communities with a higher proportion of Aboriginal populations (Ceduna, Port Augusta, Port Lincoln and Whyalla). Participants: Fifty Aboriginal peoples aged 50–89 years (68% females) interviewed between August 2020 and October 2021. Main Outcome Measures: Participant awareness, needs and unmet needs. Results: 88% of the participants indicated they needed home care support with daily activities (median number of needs = 3; interquartile range 2–6 needs), especially housework (86%) and transportation (59%). However, only 41% of those reporting current needs were receiving home care services. The most prevalent unmet needs were allied health (87%), housework (79%), help with meals/meals preparation (76%), shopping (73%) and personal care (73%). Overall, 62% of the participants were unaware of the Commonwealth Home Support Programme, and 54% were unaware of the Home Care Packages program. Qualitative data showed participants felt there is insufficient information and public consultation about these services for older Aboriginal adults. Regular communication in group activities was the preferable approach to becoming aware of these services rather than websites, posted materials or phone calls. Conclusion: Further work is needed to increase home aged care service access for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples living in rural and remote settings. Promotion of these programmes through local group activities could facilitate access to these services and facilitate community engagement in decision‐making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Australian Bragg Centre for Proton Therapy and Research (ABCPTR) will be Australia's first proton beam therapy (PBT) facility. A model was developed to predict associated public hospital care requirements for patients during PBT, to facilitate resource planning for pediatric, adolescent and young adult (AYA), and adult public hospitals in South Australia. Methods: National incidence rates for specific cancer indications were obtained from the Australian Childhood Cancer Registry, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and published data. Australian Bureau of Statistics national population projections were used to estimate new cases in 2025 and beyond. Radiation oncologists and pediatric oncologists from the Central Adelaide Local and Women's and Children's Health Network, along with international colleagues, provided guidance on chemotherapy utilization and inpatient admission estimates. Results: It was estimated 180 patients (40.4%) within the adult population (≥25 years) and 265 patients (59.6%) within the pediatric/AYA population (<25 years) would be eligible for PBT in 2025. There was no indication adult cancers would require concurrent outpatient/inpatient chemotherapy, in contrast with pediatric and AYA patients (59.5% and 62.8% outpatient and 18.9% and 41.9% inpatient, respectively). It was estimated 53% and 29% of pediatric and AYA patients could require inpatient admission for toxicity related to disease, concurrent chemotherapy or PBT. Conclusion: Associated public hospital care requirements related to the delivery of a national PBT service were estimated. This has particular implications for planning of the new Women's and Children's hospital, co‐located with the ABCPTR. True data accuracy will be determined on future data generation and analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire has been suggested to be an initiation mechanism of landscape instability and coastal dune transgression, but modern evidence showing a shift to a transgressive dune phase is lacking. Following the largest wildfire in historical records on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, bimonthly uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) surveys were conducted on three coastal dune sites to study their post‐fire responses. The three sites studied here represent the landscape diversity of the temperate dunes of Kangaroo Island with both active coastal and inland relict stabilised dune fields studied. UAV surveys were used to reconstruct landscapes with structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry and compared over time to illustrate significant changes in the landscape. The geomorphic and vegetation changes are compared in net and intra‐survey comparisons to illustrate the post‐fire dunefield response and trends towards stabilisation. Because of a lack of reliable baseline pre‐fire data, satellite geomedians are used to compute spectral indices to show the trajectory of ground cover in the study sites in the years preceding and following the fire. Satellite indices are used to separate 3D changes according to ground cover types and show their differing post‐fire responses. Local and regional wind, temperature and rainfall records are presented to provide weather patterns of the years preceding and following the fire, illustrating the wet and mild post‐fire weather. The overall results indicate no significant landscape instability across the studied sites and that the ground cover of vegetation is nearing pre‐fire baselines, showing that a severe fire has not caused a transgressive dunefield to develop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issue Addressed: Collaboration and partnerships across sectors are critical to the realisation of a wellbeing economy. Wellbeing SA—a government agency in South Australia—utilises a partnership mechanism under the state's public health legislation to achieve collaborative action for improved population health and wellbeing: Public Health Partner Authorities (PHPAs). Methods: The establishment and implementation of PHPAs draws strongly on the principles and practices of South Australia's Health in All Policies (HiAP) approach. This includes the utilisation of cross‐sectoral partnerships to facilitate the implementation of co‐design and co‐benefits principles to deliver policies that support improved population health and wellbeing, while simultaneously delivering other societal benefits. Partnerships also facilitate the sharing of knowledge and resources, and the creation of joint solutions to complex policy issues. Results: PHPAs have been reported to offer a valuable, evidence‐based and practical mechanism for embedding key concepts of wellbeing into the policies, practices and programs of other sectors, and provide the potential as one important tool for the formation of a wellbeing economy. Conclusions: The achievement of a wellbeing economy is dependent on collaboration within and between sectors, and through strong community engagement. Developing a joint and inclusive understanding of wellbeing and its importance as a societal goal is critical, and can only be achieved through collaborative approaches. The implementation of PHPAs in South Australia has demonstrated the importance of partnerships to address complex issues across sectors, and has identified key elements to successful partnerships. So What?: South Australia's experience in implementing PHPAs and HiAP has demonstrated how health promotion practice, policy and research that incorporate successful partnerships can support high quality, effective intersectoral collaboration for the benefit of citizens, including some lessons that may be worth considering in the development and realisation of a wellbeing economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Unplanned return to theatre (URTT) is associated with longer hospital stay and higher mortality rates, placing extra burden on hospital resources. There is a lack of literature analysing causes of URTT in a rural general surgery department. This knowledge may be important to help identify patients at risk of URTT. This study aims to identify causes of URTT in rural general surgical patients. Methods: This is a retrospective multicenter cohort involving four rural South Australian (SA) hospitals: Mount Gambier (MGH), Whyalla (WH), Port Augusta (PAH), and Port Lincoln (PLH). All general surgical inpatients admitted from February 2014 to March 2020 were analysed to identify all‐cause of URTT. Results: Of the 44 191 surgical procedures performed, there were 67 (0.15%) URTT. The most common surgical subspecialty cases that resulted in URTT were Colorectal (47.1%), General surgery (33.2%) Plastics (9.8%), and Hepatopancreatico‐biliary (3.9%). The three commonest operations during URTT were washouts 22 (32.8%), interventions for haemostasis 11 (16.4%) and bowel resections 9 (13.4%). Sixteen (24%) of URTT followed emergency surgery. When comparing between elective and emergency admissions needing URTT, there were no statistical difference in age, gender, speciality type, types of surgery performed, and median number of days until URTT. Conclusion: Rates of URTT are low in South Australian rural hospitals when compared to our overseas counterpart. A wide range of surgery is being performed in rural centres, further supporting the need for rural surgical trainees to have a tailored curriculum encompassing subspecialities and being competent in managing any potential complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skilled migration is an important strategy in developed economies seeking to address skills shortages and population ageing. Research on the labour market outcomes of skilled migrants tends to focus on employers' devaluation of skills without considering the role of immigration policy in the migration process. Moreover, there is little understanding of whether efforts to meet employer demands for local qualifications improve labour market outcomes. Drawing on a study on skilled migrants sponsored under the State‐Specific and Regional Migration Scheme in the regional state of South Australia, we explore the shaping of skills and skills recognition in the migration journey, particularly migrants' strategy of reskilling in response to employer demands for local qualifications. Our logistic regressions on the association between the acquisition of Australian qualifications and labour market outcomes reveal only marginal returns to these efforts. We argue that Australia should consider developing a more coherent skilled migration process to better harness the human capital of skilled migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the March state election, a Labor government was installed after convincingly ousting Steven Marshall's one-term Liberal government, continuing a tradition of short-lived Liberal governments in South Australia. The Malinauskas Government: Leadership and Performance By the end of 2022, and less than a full year in office, Peter Malinauskas had already made a strong, mostly favourable, impression in South Australia. Premier Malinauskas was quick to claim this as a triumph for his fledgling government, noting the difficulties governments usually face in by-elections ( I ABC News i , 4 July 2022). Chapman leaves a reformist legacy, having been the state's first female Deputy Premier and Attorney-General, and having steered through contentious social reforms in the areas of abortion and voluntary euthanasia - which had been left untouched by more socially conservative Labor predecessors in John Rau and Michael Atkinson ( I ABC News i , 19 April 2022). [Extracted from the article]

Predation by feral cats (Felis catus) has caused the extinction of many native species in Australia and globally. There is growing evidence that the impacts of feral cats can be amplified in post‐fire environments, as cats are drawn to hunt in or around recently burnt areas and are also more effective hunters in open habitats. In 2018–2019, we established arrays of camera traps to estimate the abundance of feral cats on Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Much of the island (including five of our seven survey sites) was subsequently burnt in a severe wildfire (December 2019–February 2020). We re‐sampled the sites 3–8 months post‐fire (seven sites) and 11–12 months post‐fire (three sites). At two unburnt sites sampled post‐fire, it was possible to produce density estimates of cats using a spatially explicit capture–recapture approach. Where estimating density was not possible (due to low detections or individual cats not being distinguishable), the number of individuals and percentage of trap nights with detections was compared between the sampling periods. Some low‐level cat control occurred within 2 km of three of the seven arrays (all within the burn scar) within 3 months of the fire. Across the five burnt sites, there was a decline in cat detections post‐fire (including those without post‐fire cat control). At 3–8 months post‐fire, there was, on average, a 57% reduction in the number of individual cats, and a 65% reduction in the number of nights with cat detections, relative to pre‐fire levels. Although cat detections declined following the fire, reduced population sizes of prey species and reduced cover as a result of the fire might still mean that cat predation is a threat to some surviving prey species. Management that reduces feral cat predation pressure on wildlife following wildfire should enhance the likelihood of post‐fire wildlife persistence and recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perhaps one of the central questions in ecology has been what limits the geographic distribution of species. The geographic distributions of the reptile‐ticks Amblyomma limbatum, Bothriocroton hydrosauri and Amblyomma albolimbatum are a classic example of this problem: where these ticks meet, narrow regions‐of‐overlap often occur. Despite studies of interactions among these ticks, and of these ticks and their environment, we still do not understand what limits their geographic distributions. Many hypotheses have been proposed and tested, but all have seemingly been rejected. Our aim was to account for the abundance and the geographic distributions of A. limbatum and B. hydrosauri at Bundey Bore Station, South Australia, where these species come in contact and have been studied for over 35 years, leading to over 55 000 records of reptiles and their ticks using a capture‐mark‐recapture approach. We constructed models which had combinations of temperature and moisture indices from different months of the year to determine the relationship between climate and tick abundance, and between climate and the shifting local geographic distribution of A. limbatum and B. hydrosauri at Bundey Bore Station. We found that climate together with the abundance of ticks in the previous year and the abundance of the lizard host, accounted for 54%–77% of the variation in the abundance of A. limbatum and B. hydrosauri among years. We also found that the climate in late autumn to winter, together with the abundance of ticks and their host, accounted for 18%–84% of the variation in the geographic distributions of these ticks among years. Climate was central to the abundance and the geographic distributions of A. limbatum and B. hydrosauri at Bundey Bore Station. We speculate that the same mechanisms account for the geographic distributions of A. limbatum, B. hydrosauri and A. albolimbatum elsewhere in Australia; so, climate may explain the three‐tick problem in Austral ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trilobites were notably flexible in the moulting behaviours they employed, producing a variety of moult configurations preserved in the fossil record. Investigations seeking to explain this moulting variability and its potential impacts are few, despite abundant material being available for study. We present the first quantitative study on moulting in a single trilobite species using a dataset of almost 500 moult specimens of Estaingia bilobata from the Cambrian (Series 2, Stage 4) Emu Bay Shale, South Australia. Specimens were categorized by moulting mode (Salter's or Sutural Gape) and their associated configurations, and their body proportions measured from both a museum collection (including a bycatch sample) and a randomly‐collected field sample. This enabled analysis of the proportion of E. bilobata specimens displaying the Sutural Gape and Salter's modes of moulting and their different configurations, and tests for association between moulting behaviour and body proportions. The results show a wide range of E. bilobata moulting configurations in all samples, suggesting that configurations represent definable instances in a largely continuous spectrum of variation. Analyses comparing body proportions of specimens showing the two modes of moulting were non‐significant, suggesting there is no true association between moulting behaviour and body proportion, except for a single significant result for body length. All results were relatively consistent between the museum and field samples. However, removing accessioned specimens from the museum sample brought results even further in line with the field sample, supporting the need for consideration of museum collection bias in palaeontological analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inverse modeling of regional‐scale aeromagnetic data is complicated due to the non‐uniqueness principle and interference of anomalies, especially with increased source‐sensor separation. This is why in situ data and constraints are required to create a reliable inversion model. However, these complications even exist when analysis is conducted at a microscale level with the magnetic mapping of a thin section. Here, we assess the impact of magnetic minerals on adjacent non‐magnetic minerals, specifically magnetite and ilmenite, respectively. The sample is from the Black Hill Norite, South Australia, which has been the focus of both paleomagnetic and geophysical modeling. Here, we conduct inverse modeling of all opaque minerals in the thin section. During post‐modeling, the opaque minerals are identified as magnetite or ilmenite using backscatter electron imaging for quantifiable classification. The results show that ilmenite will exhibit a magnetic intensity and direction when magnetite lamellae are present or when it is adjacent to a magnetite grain from which the ilmenite grain was oxy‐exsolved. We also assess the scale of interpretation by modeling the grains both as a singular volume (frustum) and as a series of smaller volumes (tabular arrays). It is shown that although the magnetic field generated by the frustums and the tabular arrays are quantitatively similar to the original measured magnetic field from the scanning magnetic microscope, the tabular array produces a closer fit to the modeled anomaly. Plain Language Summary: Magnetic anomalies are values that deviate from the baseline magnetic field and are due to the presence of a magnetic source, such as a rock or mineral. The anomaly of a magnetic mineral may influence measurements of adjacent non‐magnetic minerals. If this impact is not considered, then false solutions may be overlooked in the interpretation and modeling process. Using a sample from the Black Hill Norite intrusion in South Australia, we show that the magnetic mineral, magnetite, impacts the results for the non‐magnetic mineral, ilmenite, when completing 3D modeling. In this sample, when an ilmenite grain contains thin magnetite blades or is next to a magnetite grain, the modeled magnetic anomaly is controlled by the magnetite and not the ilmenite itself. In 3D modeling, grains are represented as a single large volume or numerous small volumes. The magnetic field produced by modeling solutions for both approaches is similar to the original measured field of the sample. However, when the magnetic field values are assessed along a profile, the smaller volumes result in a closer match to the laboratory‐measured values. Key Points: Scanning magnetic microcopy and microscale modeling are used to detect the occurrence of ferromagnetic phases in a paramagnetic hostMicrostructures such as lamellae result in anisotropic magnetic susceptibility, which plays a key contribution to bulk magnetic propertiesInverse modeling of tabular bodies was efficient in quantifying local variation of the magnetization associated to microstructures [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: With the rise of age‐friendly cities and communities, increasing attention is being paid to coproducing age‐friendly guidelines with older people and community stakeholders. Little is known however about age‐friendly guidelines for dining establishments. Methods: A three‐stage study to develop general and contextualised requirements for an age‐friendly dining experience was conducted in the City of Onkaparinga, South Australia. The first stage involved older people in co‐designing aspects of an age‐friendly dining experience. Subsequently, the second and third stage coproduced, trialed and evaluated age‐friendly initiatives with two dining venues. Results: Through co‐design, seven domains of an age‐friendly dining experience were identified (Menu, Affordability, Dementia Awareness, Venue, Feeling Welcome, Special Offerings and Assistance), alongside an overarching desire for a 'meaningful' dining experience. Differences in health and socioeconomic status of diners underpinned the differences needed to ensure an age‐friendly dining experience and highlight the importance of contextualisation for the local population. The trial demonstrated positive outcomes for both older diners and venues. Discussion: The environment, value and logistics of dining out are important to older people when making choices about dining in the community. The elements of an age‐friendly dining experience presented in this study are a useful starting point for contextualisation to other local settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The developmental mode of four redlichiid trilobites is summarized, based upon exceptionally well‐preserved, articulated specimens from Cambrian Series 2 (stages 3 and 4) strata in southwestern China and South Australia. These relatively complete developmental sequences indicate a balanced rate in segment increase and addition to the thorax during the meraspid phase, which might explain why most redlichiids possess micropygous body patterning during ontogeny. In addition, an analysis of the size distribution, developmental strategy, and distribution of specimen numbers at different growth stages reveals a distinct developmental strategy during the redlichiid life cycle. A relatively short pre‐holaspid and a prolonged holaspid phase in these redlichiid taxa offers insight into the developmental control and life strategy in these primitive arthropods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regulation of river systems alters hydrodynamics and often reduces lateral connectivity between river channels and floodplains. For taxa such as frogs that rely on floodplain wetlands to complete their life cycle, decreasing inundation frequency can reduce recruitment and increase the probability of local extinction. We virtually reconstructed the inundation patterns of wetlands under natural and regulated flow conditions and built stochastic population models to quantify the probability of local extinction under different inundation scenarios. Specifically, we explored the interplay of habitat size, inundation frequency, and successive dry years on the local extinction probability of the threatened southern bell frog Litoria raniformis in the Murray River floodplains of South Australia. We hypothesized that the changes to wetland inundation resulting from river regulation are driving L. raniformis declines in this semiarid system. Regulation has reduced the inundation frequency of essential habitats below critical thresholds for the persistence of many fresh water‐dependent species. Successive dry years raise the probability of local extinction, and these effects are strongest in smaller wetlands. Larger wetlands and those with more frequent average inundation are less susceptible to these effects. Elucidating these trends informs the prioritization of intervention sites and the frequency of conservation interventions. Environmental water provision (through pumping or the operation of flow‐regulating structures) is a promising tool to reduce the probability of breeding failure and local extinction. Our modeling approach can be used to prioritize the delivery of environmental water to L. raniformis and potentially many other frog species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Coorong Coastal Plain in the south‐east of South Australia is a series of uplifted and stranded Pleistocene, beach‐dune, aeolianite complexes (Bridgewater Formation) that range in age from Middle Pleistocene to Holocene. Aeolianite ridges are separated by elongated corridors, the sites of interdune sedimentation. The youngest corridors, sites of Holocene lacustrine deposition, are also locations of syndepositional dolomite formation. These lakes, particularly south of the Coorong Lagoon, are world‐famous and extensively studied. The older corridors, by contrast, are poorly understood. This study investigates the numerous corridor sediments and limestones between aeolianites across the coastal plain. There are two formations: (i) the Padthaway Formation, a middle Pleistocene, Marine Isotope Stage 15 to Marine Isotope Stage 2 deposit with three facies; and (ii) the Glanville Formation, a younger late Pleistocene Marine Isotope Stage 5e, unit with one facies containing warm‐water biota that is not present in the area today. These carbonates are interpreted to record deposition in palaeoenvironments ranging from lacustrine to estuarine–lagoonal. There is very little dolomite in the deposits. Aragonite and Mg‐calcite are present and most abundant in corridors younger than 350 ka. There are only seven samples of Padthaway Formation carbonates that contain any dolomite, with only two containing more than 50%. Limestone and dolomite stable isotopes are similar with negative δ13C values (−3.9 to −8.6‰) and variable δ18O numbers (+3.0 to −2.4‰). Such values are quite unlike those for younger synsedimentary dolomites. Mineralogy and geochemistry suggest original low‐magnesium calcite‐rich sediment that has been modified to varying degrees by meteoric diagenesis. Lack of synsedimentary dolomite is ascribed mainly to more humid climatic conditions in the past. The study emphasizes that lacustrine synsedimentary dolomite forms under semi‐arid conditions when lakes, fed by Mg‐rich and Ca‐rich resurging groundwaters and under bacterial mediation, are evaporated to dryness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of size, site, and activity of tympanic membrane (TM) perforation on hearing loss (HL) in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) children. Design: Observational study. Methodology: Children aged 5–18 years who identified as ATSI at seven Anangu community schools within the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands and Maralinga Lands of South Australia underwent 4‐frequency pure‐tone audiometry (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz) and video‐otoscopy (VO). VO data was reviewed by surgeons for a middle ear diagnosis and VO files with TM perforations were then classified by perforation site (AS, AI, PS, PI, A, P, I) and size (<25%, 25%–50%, 50%–75%, or 75%–100%). Results: Five hundred seventy‐five VO files with matching audiological data were obtained. Active perforations (35 dBHL; 28–44 IQR) demonstrated greater HL than inactive perforations (31 dBHL; 29–39 IQR) p =.0029. For inactive perforations there was a significant difference between <25% and all larger perforations (p <.0001) whereas for active perforations the significance changed to between <25% (p <.0001) and 25%–50% (p <.05) when compared to larger perforations. When perforation site was compared within all size/activity groups, no statistically different findings were identified. In all analyses, findings did not change when individual frequencies were compared to 4‐frequency pure‐tone average dBHL. Conclusion: In ATSI children from remote communities, HL is greater in ears with larger perforations and active middle ear disease but there was no relationship between perforation site and HL. Level of evidence: Level 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hyperbilirubinaemia is an important clinicopathological finding in canine medicine. The objectives of this study were to describe the clinical presentation and outcome of dogs with hyperbilirubinaemia; also to identify factors associated with survival. Materials and methods: Retrospective study of dogs with hyperbilirubinaemia from two referral centres in South Australia (2015-2020). Signalment, clinical signs, clinicopathological data, diagnosis and outcomewere obtained fromsearching clinical records. Univariable analysis and logistic regression modelling were used to compare outcomes and overall survival. Results: A total of 115 cases were included. Themost common clinical signs were vomiting (63.5%), anorexia (62.6%), lethargy (55.7%) and pyrexia (18.3%). Pre-hepatic icterus was diagnosed in 18 cases (15.7%), hepatic icterus in 51 cases (44.3%) and post-hepatic icterus in 42 cases (36.5%). The median survival time across all cases was 40 days (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9-126 days). There was an increased risk of death in dogs with serum bilirubin greater than 60 µmol/L at diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] = 3.55; 95% CI: 1.53-8.22; p-value = 0.003) and in dogs with pre-hepatic icterus compared to hepatic (OR = 4.35; 95% CI: 1.18-16.0; p-value = 0.027) and post-hepatic icterus (OR = 6.52; 95% CI: 1.67-25.5; p-value = 0.007). Conclusions: Pre-hepatic icterus was associated with a significantly higher risk of death than hepatic and post-hepatic icterus. Serum bilirubin >60 µmol/L at diagnosis was associated with a significantly shorter median survival time. This cut-off may be useful in discussions with owners regarding pursuing further diagnostic investigation and treatment. Further prospective studies are needed to prove the validity of this cut-off. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wine tourism is a social phenomenon influenced by the presence and the dynamics of many individuals (e.g. service personnel, travel companions, and other tourists). This study, carried out in South Australia on 394 winery visitors, attempts to confirm, and further explore, the important role of social interaction as part of the winescape experience, its multidimensionality and its impact on wine tourist decision‐making behaviour. Results of the factor‐cluster analysis demonstrate that different clusters exist based on wine tourists' perceptions of their social interactions (i.e. 'social interaction enthusiasts' and 'travel companion‐oriented interactors'), thus supporting the idea that social interaction can be considered a valid market segmentation variable. The findings also show that segments differ in terms of their overall wine tourism experience and behaviour. Moreover, the two groups show significant differences also regarding several socio‐demographic characteristics, as well as travel patterns. Contributions to the body of knowledge and managerial implications are discussed, and suggestions for further research are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pelvic exenteration surgery (PE) offers potentially curative resection for locally advanced malignancy but is associated with significant complexity and morbidity. Specialised teams are recommended to achieve optimal patient outcomes. This study aims to analyse short‐term outcomes at a tertiary setting before and after creating a dedicated PE service. Methods: Patients undergoing PE between 2008 and October 2021 at the Royal Adelaide Hospital and St. Andrews Hospital in South Australia were included, with prospective data collection since June 2017. Patients operated on prior and post the creation of the PE service were compared via univariate analyses. Results: In total, 113 patients were included, with a significant increase in volume of cases post creation of the PE service, (n = 46 pre versus n = 67 post). There were significant differences in the type of neoadjuvant therapy and patient co‐morbidity, with more advanced disease stage and a higher likelihood of bone involvement (P < 0.05) in the latter period. An increased proportion of patients had flap reconstruction (40.3 versus 33.9%, P = 0.010) as well as lateral lymph node dissection (13.4 versus 2.2%, P = 0.046). Despite this, peri‐operative outcomes such as urosepsis (11.9 versus 28.3%, P = 0.028) and Clavien‐Dindo grade of complications grade improved. R0 resections were achieved in 93.9% of curative cases (93.9 versus 84.2%, P = 0.171). Conclusion: The development of a PE service significantly improved short term patient outcomes, despite the inclusion of patients with more advanced disease and comorbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multiple hypotheses which exist to explain the initiation of transgressive aeolian sand sheets and dunefields, are reviewed and discussed. Direct evidence supporting many of these hypotheses is largely lacking. In South Australia, the Younghusband Peninsula coastal barrier extends ~180 km and predominantly comprises transgressive and parabolic dunefields. The 42 Mile Crossing area on the barrier is undergoing significant erosion at variable rates of 0.5 to 5.0 m/yr, and a new transgressive aeolian sand sheet has rapidly developed in ~1 year and is extending landwards at an average rate of 13 m/yr. This research provides unequivocal evidence that large‐scale shoreline and dunefield erosion does lead to the development of a new transgressive aeolian sand sheet (and eventual dunefield) phase thereby demonstrating an initiation mechanism that is likely linked to future sea level rise and climate change. We also show that the initiation process, and, in particular, the subsequent rate of sand sheet transgression occurs at an incredibly rapid rate (+100 m in 8 years). Plain Language Summary: Coastal sand dunes border many of the world's coastlines and are highly adapted to local climate and conditions. How coastal dunes transition from predominantly vegetated and stable systems to wind‐blown sand sheets and dunefields transgressing prior terrain is a research area of pressing relevance due to forecasts of sea level rise and climate change. The factors or triggers that are considered to initiate transgressive aeolian sand sheets and dunefields are reviewed. The formation and evolution of a new transgressive aeolian sand sheet phase triggered by large‐scale shoreline erosion in South Australia is presented. According to the results from historical and satellite images, local shoreline erosion began in the late 1970s and has continued at highly variable rates. We show that once the foredune was removed, the high scarp created by wave erosion of the relict, vegetated transgressive dunefield destabilized and was then eroded by wind processes leading to the rapid development of a transgressive aeolian sand sheet. The initiation and evolution of the sand sheet provides an excellent example of how dunefields might respond to future sea level rise and climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the long-standing connection between South Australia and the national development of immigrant multiculturalism, epitomised through the role of Premier Don Dunstan, recent policy developments have not yet been studied at the state level. This article evaluates the development and ‘policy success’ of multiculturalism in South Australia from 2007 to 2017, a period characterised by the so-called ‘backlash against multiculturalism’ in many liberal democracies. The study is based on interviews with policymakers and policy stakeholders, triangulated against policy documentation and other grey literature. Overall, policy efforts by successive state governments can be characterised as ‘quiet multiculturalism’, in that they have become entrenched as the political norm. Multiculturalism tends not to be politically contentious, leaving policymakers to implement policies without much fanfare. At the same time though, there is a risk of fragility. Deeper structural barriers to equal opportunity may be overlooked due to an attitude that existing policies promoting ‘access and equity’ are sufficient or can be scaled down. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the job‐seeking experiences of Black African migrants in South Australia, focussing on the role played by social networks in labour market integration. While it has been long held that "who you know" matters when finding work, the quality and nature of interpersonal connections that can be put to use for job‐seeking purposes suggests that not all networks effectively leverage social capital when it comes to employment. This article argues that Africa‐born migrants in South Australia are a small, diverse population whose experiences of labour market integration are mediated by both reception (how they are received and perceived) and strategy and choice (decisions made by migrants themselves). There is evidence of these migrants' evolving and expanding social networks; however, the strategy of building the "right" social networks only goes part‐way to addressing employment gaps, while racialised social hierarchies are embedded in the Australian labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Coorong Lakes, South Australia, are one of the models for unravelling the 'Dolomite Problem'. Critically, today only a few modern environments remain where large quantities of very high magnesium calcite (VHMC; Ca0.5Mg0.5CO3; also described as protodolomite or disordered dolomite) and magnesite (MgCO3) precipitate. Previously conducted laboratory studies demonstrate that carbonate minerals can precipitate via classical and non‐classical crystallization pathways. This study uses the preserved crystal sizes, morphologies and microstructures of Ca–Mg carbonates in the Coorong Lakes (Milne Lake, Pellet Lake and North Stromatolite Lake) to evaluate which crystallization pathway most likely occurred. In the fine‐grained sediments of these lakes, very high magnesium calcite and magnesite occur as aggregate particles of nanocrystals (<100 nm). Rietveld refinements using X‐ray diffraction data give modelled Lvol–IB crystallite size values of <120 nm for all carbonates. Transmission electron microscopy shows that, within VHMC and magnesite particles, nanocrystals have an almost identical orientation of their crystal lattice fringes. This is morphologically similar to Ca–Mg carbonates formed via an amorphous carbonate precursor in non‐classical crystallization laboratory experiments. Precipitation of carbonate minerals via an amorphous‐to‐crystalline pathway requires the water to be supersaturated relative to both crystalline and amorphous phases. In the Coorong Lakes, surface water likely only becomes supersaturated relative to amorphous carbonate phases in the late summer after extensive evaporation. Observations suggest that VHMC and dolomite do not directly precipitate from bulk modern seawater, despite oversaturation relative to the crystalline phases, because seawater is undersaturated with respect to amorphous calcium magnesium carbonate, thus limiting the precipitation through a non‐classical crystallization pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Network analysis is an innovative, analytic approach that enables visual representation of variables as nodes and their corresponding statistical associations as edges. It also provides a new way of framing oral health‐related questions as complex systems of variables. We aimed to generate networks of oral health variables using epidemiological data of Indigenous children, and to compare network structures of oral health variables among participants who received immediate or delayed delivery of an oral health intervention. Methods: Epidemiological data from 448 mother‐child dyads enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of dental caries prevention in South Australia, Australia, were obtained. Networks were estimated with nodes representing study variables and edges representing partial correlation coefficients between variables. Data included dental caries, impact on quality of life, self‐rated general health, self‐rated oral health, dental service utilization, knowledge of oral health, fatalism and self‐efficacy in three time points. Communities of nodes, centrality, clustering coefficient and network stability were estimated. Results: The oral health intervention interacted with the network through self‐rated general health and knowledge of oral health. Networks depicting groups shortly after receiving the intervention presented higher clustering coefficients and a similar arrangement of nodes. Networks tended to return to a preintervention state. Conclusion: The intervention resulted in increased connectivity and changes in the structure of communities of variables in both intervention groups. Our findings contribute to elucidating dynamics between variables depicting oral health networks over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Estimating parasitoid abundance in the field can be difficult, even more so when attempting to quantify parasitism rates and the ecosystem service of biological control that parasitoids can provide. To understand how 'field observed' parasitism rates (in‐field mummy counts) of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) translate to 'laboratory observed' parasitism rates (laboratory‐reared parasitoid counts), field work was undertaken in Australian canola fields, over the winter growing season. Results: Overall, laboratory observed parasitism was on average 2.4 times higher than field observed parasitism, with rates an average of four‐fold higher in fields from South Australia. Total field observed and laboratory observed parasitism rates (OPRs) of M. persicae varied considerably across regions, but less so among fields within regions. As crop growth stage progressed, the incidence of field observed mummies increased. The incidence of total parasitoids reared also increased with crop growth stage, averaging 3.4% during flowering and reaching 14.4% during podding/senescing. Although there was a greater diversity of reared parasitoid species at later crop growth stages, the laboratory OPR was unaffected by parasitoid species. Diaeretiella rapae was the most commonly reared parasitoid, increasing in absolute abundance with crop growth stage. Conclusion: These findings indicate that field mummy counts alone do not provide a clear representation of parasitism within canola fields. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection remains a significant public health issue for Indigenous Australians, in particular for remote communities. Aim: To evaluate the spectrum of hepatitis B virus (HBV) care provided to a remote Aboriginal community. Measures studied included screening, seroprevalence, vaccination rates and efficacy, and HCC risk and surveillance adherence. Methods: A retrospective audit of HBV care received by all permanent residents currently attending a remote Aboriginal Health service. This study was endorsed by both the local Aboriginal Health service and the Aboriginal Health Council of South Australia. Results: A total of 208 patients attended the clinic, of whom 52% (109) were screened for HBV. Of these, 12% (13) had CHB and 20% (22) had evidence of past infection. Similarly, of the 208 attending patients, complete vaccination was documented in 48% (99). Of the 33 patients with post‐vaccination serology, 24% (8) had subtherapeutic (<10 IU/mL) levels of HBsAb. Subtherapeutic HBsAb was independently associated with higher Charlson Comorbidity scores (odds ratio = 17.1; 95% confidence interval 1.2–243.3; P = 0.036). Definitive breakthrough infection was identified in 6% (2) patients. One HBsAg positive patient was identified as needing HCC surveillance, but had not undertaken HCC surveillance. Conclusion: Opportunities to improve the quality of CHB care through increased HBV vaccination, screening and adherence to HCC surveillance were identified. High rates of subtherapeutic vaccine responses and documented breakthrough infection raises concerns about the effectiveness of current CHB vaccines in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One‐third of Australia's population reside in rural and remote areas. This audit aims to describe all‐causes of mortality in rural general surgical patients, and identify areas of improvement. Methods: This is a retrospective multi‐centre study involving four South Australian hospitals (Mt Gambier, Whyalla, Port Augusta, and Port Lincoln). All general surgical inpatients admitted from June 2014 to September 2019 were analysed to identify all‐cause of mortality. Results: A total of 80 mortalities were recorded out of 26 996 admissions. The overall mortality rate of 0.3% was the same as the 2020 Victorian state‐wide Audit of Surgical Mortality. No mortality was secondary to trauma. Mean age was 79 ± 11 years and ASA was 3.9 ± 1. Malignancy was associated in over a third of cases (41.2%), mostly colorectal and pancreatic. Most cases were related to general surgical subspecialties: colorectal (51.3%), upper gastrointestinal (21.3%), hepatopancreaticobiliary (13.8%); however, there were also vascular (6.3%) and urology (3.8%) cases. The most common causes of mortality were large bowel obstruction (13.4%), ischemic bowel (10.4%), and small bowel obstruction (7.5%). Majority of mortality were beyond the surgeon's control (73.8%). Of the 21 potentially preventable mortalities, 42.9% were attributed to aspiration pneumonia and decompensated heart failure. Only one (1.3%) mortality case was due to pulmonary embolism. Conclusion: Rural general surgical mortalities occur in older, comorbid patients. Rural surgeons should be equipped to manage basic subspeciality conditions. To further reduce mortalities, clear protocols to prevent aspiration pneumonia and resuscitation associated fluid overload are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arguably, the overall proportion of stimulus spending is likely to be less than other states, especially larger states like Victoria which have tended to support more "big bang" stimulus measures. This new variant, and the state's opening up, unleashed significant pressures on the State government and tested the Premier's claims that the state was "Covid-ready" ( I The Monthly i , 19 January 2022). Government supporters were keen to praise the overall (low) headline figures and lower Covid-19 rates than in other states, and also noted the unfortunate timing of the state's opening up with the new Omicron variant. The period under review was a critical one for the incumbent Liberal government led by Premier Steven Marshall. [Extracted from the article]

The majority of the Australian public are willing to have a Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccination. It is unclear whether people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have the same attitude towards COVID‐19 vaccination. A survey was performed to assess the attitude of patients with IBD towards COVID‐19 vaccination in South Australia. Two‐thirds of surveyed patients with IBD were willing to accept COVID‐19 vaccine. Females and younger patients were less likely to accept the COVID‐19 vaccine, as were those who had never had a discussion around vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer‐directed care (CDC) programmes, in principle, provide consumers with choices around who provides care services to them, what services and when. However, literature around consumer behaviour of older adults, especially concerning the factors that may support home care choices, is sparse. The purpose of this study was to understand the decision‐making processes and spending preferences of community‐dwelling seniors assessed eligible for CDC home care services. We completed an explorative inquiry using a "think‐aloud" technique with eligible consumers in South Australia. The inquiry had two components. First, consumers used imitation money to simulate the purchase of home care supports while talking out loud their decision‐making processes. Then, semi‐structured interviews were completed to identify underlying thoughts that informed the decisions made and spending preferences. Fifteen consumers, mean age 82 years (range 70–94), participated. The most frequently prioritised choice was domestic assistance. However, choices were made based on a perceived hierarchy of need (due to limits placed on available budgets for care). Interview data revealed that the decision making and service preferences were also based on limited knowledge about what was available. Consumers revealed perceived value in purchasing expert advice to guide their choices and preference for relational not transactional service delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On June 1, 2019, just before 7:30 p.m. local time, the Desert Fireball Network (DFN) detected a −9.3 magnitude fireball over South Australia near the Western Australia border. The event was observed by six fireball observatories, and lasted for 5 s. One station was nearly directly underneath the trajectory, greatly constraining the trajectory solution. This trajectory's backward numerical integrations indicate that the object originated from the outer main belt with a semimajor axis of 2.75 au. A light curve was also extracted and showed that the body experienced very little fragmentation during its atmospheric passage. A search campaign was conducted with several DFN team members and other volunteers. One 42 g fragment was recovered within the predicted fall area based on the dark flight model. Based on measurements of short‐lived radionuclides, the fragment was confirmed to be a fresh fall. The meteorite, Arpu Kuilpu, has been classified as an H5 ordinary chondrite. This marks the fifth fall recovered in Australia by the DFN, and the smallest meteoroid (≃2 kg) to ever survive entry and be recovered as a meteorite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the availability, accessibility and use of obstetric point-of-care ultrasound (PoCUS) services in regional, rural and remote communities of South Australia. Topics discussed include antenatal care, availability of telehealth, and common indications for ultrasound such as foetal positioning, identification of foetal heart and loss of foetal movement.

Question: (1) Following reconnection, does ground cover in the pond become similar to mature salt marsh sites over time? (2) Do seed densities and species composition of seed banks and seed rain differ between the pond and mature salt marsh, and between elevations? (3) Do seed densities vary over time? (4) Within the pond, can seed densities be explained by the abundance of reproductive plants, elevation, or distance from the pond inlet. Location: Dry Creek salt field, South Australia. Methods: We sampled seed rain (monthly) and seed banks (every three months) 6 to 18 months after tidal reconnection and surveyed ground cover (plant species, logs, seagrass wrack and bare ground) up to 34 months after reconnection. Samples were collected from the pond and from mature marsh vegetation at a reference site, and a site immediately adjacent to the pond inlet. Results: Vegetation cover in the pond increased more quickly at mid elevations compared with low elevations. Regarding the composition of ground cover, seed rain and seed banks, the site became more similar to the adjacent site than to the reference site. Seed densities increased from late autumn to early winter. The pattern of seed densities across sites and elevations differed between seed rain and seed banks. Seeds of Salicornia quinqueflora and Suaeda australis dominated in the pond, reflecting their high seed densities adjacent to the pond inlet. Variation in seed densities of both species in the pond was explained by the abundance of nearby, reproductive conspecifics but not by the distance from the inlet. Conclusions: Early stages of salt marsh revegetation were driven by tidal import of seeds and by the rapid seed production of early colonising species; however, low seed densities may reduce rates of revegetation at low elevations. Seed dispersal and revegetation may be maximised by undertaking tidal reconnection when seed densities are highest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demographic parameters were estimated for southern right whales (SRWs), Eubalaena australis, using photo‐identification (photo‐ID) and count data collected during annual cliff‐based surveys at the Head of the Great Australian Bight (HoB), South Australia between 1991 and 2016. Photo‐ID and count data were contributed from the annual aerial surveys of the south‐western population in Australia (1993–2016).The HoB photo‐ID database included 1,186 non‐calf individuals, with 459 reproductive females. HoB is an open population and represents a relative proportion (0.48–0.21) of the overall south‐western population, which is decreasing with population growth.No change was detected in the growth rate at HoB over time (1992–2016) and there was no significant difference when compared to the overall south‐western population. The estimated mean rate of increase for all SRW was 3.2% (± 1.3) per annum and for females with a calf was 4.6% (± 1.7) per annum at HoB, compared to 5.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.78, 7.36) and 6.01% (95% CI, 3.78, 7.36), respectively for the south‐western population during the same period.The apparent mean calving interval was 3.3 years (SD = 0.78, ± 0.14, 95% CI; 1996–2016), and a significant increase to 4 years was observed since 2015. The apparent mean age at first parturition was 9.0 years. The minimum estimated age of the oldest whale was 50 and oldest lactating female 41 years old.The SRW demographic data provides information for monitoring recovery, population status, species conservation management and global comparative studies. There is a need to understand fluctuations in calving intervals, threats to the population and implications for species recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To examine population changes in 5‐year survival for people in South Australia diagnosed with acute leukaemia during 1980–2016, by socio‐demographic characteristics. Design, setting: Retrospective analysis of South Australian Cancer Registry data for the period 1980–2016. Participants: All South Australian residents diagnosed with primary acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) or acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) during 1980–2016. Main outcome measures: 5‐year disease‐specific survival and disease‐specific mortality. Results: Crude 5‐year disease‐specific survival was 58% (95% CI, 54–61%) for the 1035 people diagnosed with ALL during 1980–2016, and 18% (95% CI, 17–20%) for the 2814 people diagnosed with AML. Survival improved steadily across the study period: from 44% (95% CI, 35–52%) for people with ALL diagnosed during 1980–1984 to 69% (95% CI, 63–75%) for those diagnosed during 2010–2016; and from 9% (95% CI, 5–15%) to 23% (95% CI, 20–26%) for people diagnosed with AML. Disease‐specific mortality increased with age, but was not influenced by socio‐economic status or remoteness of residence. After adjusting for other factors, rates of change in risk of leukaemia‐related death were greater for younger than older patients with ALL (for interaction: P = 0.004) or AML (P = 0.005), but were not significantly influenced by socio‐economic status or remoteness. Conclusion: Five‐year survival for people with acute leukaemia in South Australia continuously improved during 1980–2016, and socio‐economic status and remoteness did not influence survival. It improved markedly for younger patients (under 50 years of age). However, survival is still relatively poor, especially for people over 50 years with AML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]