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Theories are the vehicle of cumulative knowledge acquisition. At this time, however, many (developmental) psychological theories are insufficiently precise to derive testable hypotheses. This limits the advancement of our principled understanding of development. This problem cannot be resolved by improving the way deductive (confirmatory) research is conducted (e.g., through preregistration and replication), because theory formation requires inductive (exploratory) research. This paper argues that machine learning can help advance theory formation in (developmental) psychology, because it enables rigorous exploration of patterns in data. The paper discusses specific advantages of machine learning, explains core methodological concepts, introduces relevant methods, and describes how data‐driven insights are consolidated into theory. Machine learning automates exploration, and incorporates checks and balances to ensure generalizable results. It can assist in phenomenon detection and offers a more holistic understanding of the phenomena associated with an outcome or process of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some scholars claim that epistemology of science and machine learning are actually overlapping disciplines studying induction, respectively affected by Hume's problem of induction and its formal machine‐learning counterpart, the "no‐free‐lunch" (NFL) theorems, to which even advanced AI systems such as LLMs are not immune. Extending Kevin Korb's view, this paper envisions a hierarchy of disciplines where the lowermost is a basic science, and, recursively, the metascience at each level inductively learns which methods work best at the immediately lower level. Due to Hume's dictum and NFL theorems, no exact metanorms for the good performance of each object science can be obtained after just a finite number of levels up the hierarchy, and the progressive abstractness of each metadiscipline and consequent ill‐definability of its methods and objects makes science—as defined by a minimal standard of scientificity—cease to exist above a certain metalevel, allowing for a still rational style of inquiry into science that can be called "philosophical." Philosophical levels, transitively reflecting on science, peculiarly manifest a non–empirically learned urge to self‐reflection constituting the properly normative aspect of philosophy of science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1948, Skinner described the behavior of pigeons under response‐independent schedules as "superstitious," and proposed that the responses were reinforced by contiguous, adventitious food deliveries. Subsequently, response‐independent schedules have been of interest to both basic and applied researchers, first to understand the mechanisms involved, and later, as "noncontingent reinforcement" (NCR) to reduce undesirable behavior. However, the potential superstitious effects produced by these schedules have been challenged, with some researchers arguing that antecedent variables play a significant role. This paper examines the evidence for adventitious reinforcement from both laboratory and applied research, the results of which suggest that antecedent, nonoperant functions may be important in fully understanding the effects of NCR. We propose an applied‐basic research synthesis, in which attention to potential nonoperant functions could provide a more complete understanding of response‐independent schedules. We conclude with a summary of the applied implications of the nonoperant functions of NCR schedules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compression ignition (CI) engines have good performance but more exhaust emissions. Dual fuel (DF) engines have better performance and lower emissions compared to CI mode. Also, the scarcity of fossil fuels made the researchers to find alternative fuels to power CI engines. Therefore, the present work aims to use hydrogen (H2) and honne oil biodiesel (BHO) to investigate the performance of CI engines in DF mode. Also, it aims to compare the performance of CI engines in various DF modes, namely induction, manifold injection, and port injection. First, the CI engine was fuelled completely by diesel fuel and BHO. The data were gathered when the engine ran at a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm and at 80% load. Second, the CI engine was operated in various DF modes and data were generated. CI engine operation in DF mode was smooth with biodiesel and H2. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 32% and 31.1% was reported with diesel and biodiesel, respectively, for manifold injection due to low energy content and high viscosity of biodiesel. These values were higher than CI mode and other DF modes. Fuel substitution percentage for DF manifold injection was 60% and 57% with diesel and biodiesel, respectively. Smoke, hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were lower than conventional mode, but a reverse trend was observed for oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions. Heat release rate (HRR) and peak pressure (PP) were higher than conventional mode due to the fast combustion rate of hydrogen. The shortest ignition delay (ID) period was noticed for traditional diesel fuel, but it was longer for BHO biodiesel due to its higher viscosity and lower cetane number. On the contrary, the presence of hydrogen led to an increment in the combustion duration (CD) owing to the scarcity of oxygen in CD. Consequently, the paper clearly showed that the injection way of hydrogen plays a respectable role in the engine characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neglecting the velocity reduction in the induction zone of wind turbines can lead to overestimates of power production predictions, and, thus, of the annual energy production for a wind farm. An experimental study on the induction zone associated with wind turbine operations is performed in the boundary‐layer test section of the BLAST wind tunnel at UT Dallas using stereo particle image velocimetry. This experiment provides a detailed quantification of the wind speed decrease associated with the induction zone for two different incoming flows, namely, uniform flow and boundary layer flow. Operations of wind turbines in different regions of the power curve are modeled in the wind tunnel environment with two porous disks with a solidity of 50.4% and 32.3%, which correspond to thrust coefficients of 0.71 and 0.63, respectively. The porous disks are designed to approximate the wake velocity profiles previously measured for utility‐scale wind turbines through scanning wind LiDARs. The results show that the streamwise velocity at one rotor diameter upwind of both disks decreases 1% more for the boundary layer flow than for the uniform flow. Further, the effect of shear in front of the disk with a higher thrust coefficient can be observed until 1.75 rotor diameter upwind of the disk, whereas for the disk with a lower thrust coefficient, the effect of shear becomes negligible at 1.25 rotor diameter upwind. It is found that at one rotor diameter upwind, for both incoming flows, the disk having a higher thrust coefficient has 2% more velocity reduction than the lower‐thrust‐coefficient disk. The results suggest that the variability in wind shear and rotor thrust coefficient, which is encountered during typical operations of wind turbines, should be considered for the development of improved models for predictions of the rotor induction zone, the respective cumulative effects in the presence of multiple turbines, namely, wind farm blockage, and more accurate predictions of wind farm power capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ionospheric convection electric field is often assumed to be a potential field. This assumption is not always valid, especially when the ionosphere changes on short time scales T≲5 $T\lesssim 5$ min. We present a technique for estimating the induction electric field using ground magnetometer measurements. The technique is demonstrated on real and simulated data for sudden increases in solar wind dynamic pressure of ∼ ${\sim} $1 and 10 nPa, respectively. For the real data, the ionospheric induction electric field is 0.15 ± $\pm $ 0.015 mV/m, and the corresponding compressional flow is 2.5 ± $\pm $ 0.3 m/s. For the simulated data, the induction electric field and compressional flow reach 3 mV/m and 50 m/s, respectively. The induction electric field can locally constitute tens of percent of the total electric field. Inclusion of the induction electric field increased the total Joule heating by 2.4%. Locally the Joule heating changed by tens of percent. This corresponds to energy dissipation that is not accounted for in existing models. Plain Language Summary: In the study of ionospheric dynamics, it is often assumed that the ionospheric electric field is a potential field. This means the contribution from induction is neglected. The induction electric field is described by Faraday's law and relates to temporal changes in the magnetic field. This assumption only holds when the ionospheric dynamics change slowly. In this study, we present a technique for calculating the ionospheric induction electric field using measurements of the magnetic field on the ground. We demonstrate the technique on real and simulated data of a dynamic event, that is, a sudden commencement. We find that the induction electric field, on a global scale, is small compared to the potential electric field. Inclusion of the induction electric field increased the total energy dissipation, that is, Joule heating, by only a couple of percent but resulted in local variations of tens of percent. Furthermore, we quantified and visualized the compression flow which is the compression and expansion of the magnetic field related to the temporal evolution of a dynamic ionospheric event. Key Points: A method for estimating the induction electric field using ground magnetometer measurements is presentedLocally, the estimated induction electric field can constitute tens of percent of the total electric fieldThe spatial pattern of ionospheric Joule heating is shown to be highly affected by the induction electric field, even during weak induction [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Dicloxacillin is used to treat staphylococcal infections and we have previously shown that dicloxacillin is an inducer of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs). Here, we employed a translational approach to investigate the effect of a treatment with dicloxacillin on warfarin efficacy in Danish registries. Furthermore, we assessed dicloxacillin as an inducer of CYPs in vitro. Methods: We conducted a register‐based study and analysed international normalized ratio (INR) levels in chronic warfarin users before and after short‐ and long‐term use of dicloxacillin (n = 1023) and flucloxacillin (n = 123). Induction of CYPs were investigated in a novel liver model of 3D spheroid primary human hepatocytes at the level of mRNA, and protein and enzyme activity. Results: Short‐ and long‐term dicloxacillin treatments decreased INR levels by −0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.57 to −0.74) and −0.76 (95% CI: −0.50 to −1.02), respectively. More than 90% of individuals experienced subtherapeutic INR levels (below 2) after long‐term dicloxacillin treatment. Flucloxacillin decreased INR levels by −0.37 (95% CI: −0.14 to −0.60). In 3D spheroid primary human hepatocytes, the maximal induction of CYP3A4 mRNA, protein and enzyme activity by dicloxacillin were 4.9‐, 2.9‐ and 2.4‐fold, respectively. Dicloxacillin also induced CYP2C9 mRNA by 1.7‐fold. Conclusion: Dicloxacillin induces CYPs and reduces the clinical efficacy of warfarin in patients. This effect is substantially exacerbated during long‐term treatment with dicloxacillin. The in vitro results corroborated this drug–drug interaction and correlated to the clinical findings. Caution is warranted for warfarin patients that initiate dicloxacillin or flucloxacillin, especially for a long‐term treatment of endocarditis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To seismically isolate a structure, it is possible to interpose a rubber device between the foundation and superstructure that increases the period of the superstructure, a feature that allows the structure to be "transparent" to the seismic excitation. A package of several rubber pads typically constitutes a seismic isolator; they are 10–20 mm thick vertically interspersed with either steel laminas or fiber‐reinforced polymer dry textiles suitably treated. So, the rubber has a primary role and must be vulcanized correctly to create the polymer cross‐linking properly. All rubber mechanical properties are strongly affected by curing temperature and curing time. Under vulcanization is a typical production error that suppliers make in large‐scale productions, especially when the size of the devices is considerable. It is common to deal with elastomeric isolators where rubber pads have been treated at a largely suboptimal temperature. This article proposes a numerical model for predicting the cross‐linking degree of rubber pads used in seismic isolation and made by a natural rubber‐ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber compound. The aim is to correctly define the optimal curing temperature and exposition time for producing a rubber quadruple shear test specimen and a fiber reinforced elastomeric isolator (FREI). The model is a kinetic one and takes into consideration the induction time. An experimental investigation has been conducted to validate the model with visible inspections and hardness measurements taken on the rubber pads (quadruple shear specimens) and the rubber devices. The results have shown the reliability of the new numerical model proposed, with a homogeneous mechanical properties distribution obtained within the rubber pads and the FREI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The induction of anesthesia in children poses a challenge for the anesthesiologist, the parent and child. Anxiety and negative behaviours and strategies that effectively mitigate should be documented accurately and be available for future patient encounters. To address the need for a structured and standardized electronic documentation tool. Aims: Our aim was to develop a comprehensive electronic tool to capture and report behaviours during induction of anesthesia. Methods: We performed a literature search on existing validated tools for documenting behaviours during anesthesia induction. We used the nominal group technique to achieve agreement on the components to include. We used Agile software development techniques to design and review the integrated electronic tool. Twelve international hospitals informed the development of the tool. Results: We developed an electronic tool, the Standardized Anesthesia InductioN Tool (SAINT). SAINT incorporates validated scales for documenting key stages of the anesthesia induction journey (separation from caregivers, mask acceptance, induction behaviour, parental presence, the use of adjuncts and their effectiveness). In addition, the standardised data elements used in SAINT allow for local reporting, quality metrics and can assist in data across multi‐centre trials. To date the tool has been adopted by 133 institutions across four countries and is freely available. Conclusion: We show that collaborative development and rapid adoption of the comprehensive induction tool SAINT has led to its rapid adoption in the routine practice of pediatric anesthesiology across several countries. Further studies on how the SAINT is being used for quality improvement or research are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We evaluated whether the new allocation system altered induction practice patterns and affected outcomes in adult HT recipients. Design: Retrospective, observational, cohort study. Data Source: This study used data from the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database. Patients We included adults (18+ years of age) who had undergone HT and received induction immunosuppression and were stratified based on surgery being before (January 1, 2015–May 31, 2018) and after (May 1, 2018–December 31, 2021) the UNOS allocation policy change. Measurements Outcomes of 30‐day mortality, 1‐year mortality, and 1‐year graft failure were compared between those transplanted before and after the policy change through risk‐adjusted Cox proportional hazards models while drug‐treated rejection in the first year was compared using multiple logistic regression. Results: Of the 7845 HT recipients who received induction therapy, 5070 (64.6%) were transplanted before and 2775 (35.4%) after the UNOS policy change. The most used induction agents were basiliximab (56.0%) and thymoglobulin (39.3%), with thymoglobulin used more often in the new (43.1%) than old system (37.2%; p < 0.001). Among adult HT recipients who received induction, risk‐adjusted hazards of 30‐day mortality (HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.67–1.18), 1‐year mortality (HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.84–1.19), and 1‐year graft failure (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.60–1.15) were similar between the old and new systems. Conversely, the adjusted odds of drug‐treated rejection in the first year was lower in the new system (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.38–0.72). Conclusions: HT recipients in the new allocation system were more likely to receive thymoglobulin induction, which may be associated with a reduced risk of drug‐treated rejection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the rates of and risk factors associated with iatrogenic and spontaneous preterm birth and the variation in rates between hospitals. Design: Cohort study using electronic health records. Setting: English National Health Service. Population: Singleton births between 1 April 2015 and 31 March 2017. Methods: Multivariable Poisson regression models were used to estimate adjusted risk ratios (adjRR) to measure association with maternal demographic and clinical risk factors. Main outcome measures: Preterm births (<37 weeks of gestation) were defined as iatrogenic or spontaneous according to mode of onset of labour. Results: Of the births, 6.1% were preterm and of these, 52.8% were iatrogenic. The proportion of preterm births that were iatrogenic increased after 32 weeks. Both sub‐groups were associated with previous preterm birth, extremes of maternal age, socio‐economic deprivation and smoking. Iatrogenic preterm birth was associated with higher body mass index (BMI) (BMI >40 kg/m2 adjRR 1.59, 95% CI 1.50–1.69) and previous caesarean (adjRR 1.88, 95% CI 1.83–1.95). Spontaneous preterm birth was less common in women with a higher BMI (BMI >40 kg/m2 adjRR 0.77, 95% CI 0.70–0.84) and in women with a previous caesarean (adjRR 0.87, 95% CI 0.83–0.90). More variation between NHS hospital trusts was observed in rates of iatrogenic, compared with spontaneous, preterm births. Conclusions: Just over half of all preterm births resulted from iatrogenic intervention. Iatrogenic births have overlapping but different patterns of maternal demographic and clinical risk factors to spontaneous preterm births. Iatrogenic and spontaneous sub‐groups should therefore be measured and monitored separately, as well as in aggregate, to facilitate different prevention strategies. This is feasible using routinely acquired hospital data. This article includes Author Insights, a video abstract available at: https://vimeo.com/745289966. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malnutrition, including obesity and undernutrition, among children is increasing in prevalence and is common among children on renal replacement therapy. The effect of malnutrition on the pre‐transplant immune system and how the pediatric immune system responds to the insult of both immunosuppression and allotransplantation is unknown. We examined the relationship of nutritional status with post‐transplant outcomes and characterized the peripheral immune cell phenotypes of children from the Immune Development of Pediatric Transplant (IMPACT) study. Methods: Ninety‐eight patients from the IMPACT study were classified as having obesity, undernutrition, or normal nutrition‐based pre‐transplant measurements. Incidence of infectious and alloimmune outcomes at 1‐year post‐transplantation was compared between nutritional groups using Gray's test and Fine‐Gray subdistribution hazards model. Event‐free survival was estimated by Kaplan–Meier method and compared between groups. Differences in immune cell subsets between nutritional groups over time were determined using generalized estimating equations accounting for the correlation between repeated measurements. Results: We did not observe that nutritional status was associated with infectious or alloimmune events or event‐free survival post‐transplant. We demonstrated that children with obesity had distinct T‐and B‐cell signatures relative to those with undernutrition and normal nutrition, even when controlling for immunosuppression. Children with obesity had a lower frequency of CD8 Tnaive cells 9‐month post‐transplant (p <.001), a higher frequency of CD4 CD57 + PD1‐ T cells, and lower frequencies of CD57‐PD1+ CD8 and CD57‐PD1‐ CD8 T cells at 12‐month transplant (p <.05 for all). Conclusions: Children with obesity have distinct immunophenotypes that may influence the tailoring of immunosuppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the association between hospital‐level rates of induction of labour and emergency caesarean section, as measures of 'practice style', and rates of adverse perinatal outcomes. Design: National study using electronic maternity records. Setting: English National Health Service. Sample Hospitals providing maternity care to women between April 2015 and March 2017. Main outcome measures: Stillbirth, admission to a neonatal intensive care unit and babies receiving mechanical ventilation. Results: Among singleton term births, the risk of stillbirth was 0.15%, the risk of admission to a neonatal intensive care unit was 5.4% and the risk of mechanical ventilation 0.54%. There was considerable between‐hospital variation in the rate of induction of labour (minimum 17.5%, maximum 40.7%) and in the rate of emergency caesarean section (minimum 5.6%, maximum 17.1%). Women who gave birth in hospitals with a higher rate of induction of labour had better perinatal outcomes. For each 5%‐point increase in induction, there was a decrease in the risk of term stillbirth of 9% (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.85–0.97) and a decrease in the risk of mechanical ventilation of 14% (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.79–0.94). There was no significant association between hospital‐level induction of labour rates and neonatal unit admission at term (p > 0.05). There was no significant association between hospital‐level rates of emergency caesarean section and adverse perinatal outcomes (all with p > 0.05). Conclusions: There is considerable between‐hospital variation in the use of induction of labour and emergency caesarean section. Hospitals with a higher rate of induction had a lower risk of adverse birth outcomes. A similar association was not found for caesarean section. Linked article: This article is commented on by Eric Jauniaux, pp. 1907 in this issue. To view this minicommentary visit https://doi.org/10.1111/1471‐0528.17277 This article includes Author Insights, a video abstract available at: https://vimeo.com/bjogabstracts/authorinsights17193 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This non‐interventional observational study described the current standard‐of‐care for transplant‐eligible newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (TE‐NDMM) patients in France, Germany, Spain, and Italy, and recorded the evolution in regimen adoption in distinct elements of frontline treatment during 2017–2020/2021. Methods: Clinical information on ongoing (I) or previous (II) TE‐NDMM patients was extracted from the Cancerology database. Proportions of patients receiving regimens in each element and the evolution in regimen adoption were determined for the entire population and each country. Results: Most common induction regimens among I patients were VRd in France (75.3%) and Spain (44.1%), VTd in Italy (65.2%), and regimens other than VRd/VTd/VCd in Germany. Maintenance was ongoing/planned for 78.3%, 62.3%, 65.2%, and 61.4% patients in France, Germany, Spain, and Italy, respectively. Among II patients, VRd induction increased from 27.0% in 2017 to 65.7% in 2019 in France, remained relatively low in Spain and Germany, and not present in Italy. In Italy and Spain, VTd induction declined from 72.4% and 58.3% in 2017 to 52.8% and 17.3% in 2019, respectively. VCd induction in Germany declined from 85.2% in 2017 to 64.1% in 2019. Conclusion: The use of bortezomib triplets in induction varied markedly over time and between selected countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Induction of puberty with exogenous oestrogen results in considerable variability in final uterine and breast volumes. We set out to quantify the variability of these two outcome measures with a view to establishing monitoring methods that could be used to individualise treatment protocols. Design: A prospective observational study. Participants: Sixteen participants with pubertal delay and primary amenorrhoea, due to hypogonadism were recruited from paediatric gynaecology and endocrinology clinics at University College London Hospital. A standardised protocol of transdermal 17β oestradiol (17βE) was used (Evorel™), with a starting dose of 12.5 mcg increasing to 25 mcg (patch changed twice weekly) after 4 months. Follow up was every 2 months for a total of 8 months. Measurements: Uterine dimensions using ultrasound, oestradiol concentrations and breast development assessed by both Tanner staging and 3D photographic imaging. Results: After 8 months of treatment, the changes in oestradiol concentrations (0–174 pmol), uterine volume growth (4.4–16.4 ml) and breast volume (1.76–140.1 ml) varied greatly between individuals. Of uterine parameters, transverse uterine diameter was most closely associated with serum oestradiol levels at 8 months (beta standardised coefficient = 0.80, p =.001). Change in breast volume was associated with age of treatment initiation (beta standardised coefficient 0.55 p =.04). Conclusions: We demonstrate variation in response to exogenous oestrogen, emphasising the necessity for individualised dose titration. In the absence of sensitive oestradiol assays, uterine transverse measurements may be used as a surrogate marker of oestrogen sensitivity to guide early dose adjustment. 3D breast imaging may provide a quantitative assessment of breast development to complement Tanner breast staging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The progression of wind turbine technology has led to wind turbines being incredibly optimized machines often approaching their theoretical maximum production capabilities. When placed together in arrays to make wind farms, however, they are subject to wake interference that greatly reduces downstream turbines' power production, increases structural loading and maintenance, reduces their lifetimes, and ultimately increases the levelized cost of energy. Development of techniques to manage wakes and operate larger and larger arrays of turbines more efficiently is now a crucial field of research. Herein, four wake management techniques in various states of development are reviewed. These include axial induction control, wake steering, the latter two combined, and active wake control. Each of these is reviewed in terms of its control strategies and use for power maximization, load reduction, and ancillary services. By evaluating existing research, several directions for future research are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: In a US randomized‐effectiveness trial comparing extended‐release naltrexone (XR‐NTX) with buprenorphine–naloxone (BUP‐NX) for the prevention of opioid relapse among participants recruited during inpatient detoxification (CTN‐0051), the requirement to complete opioid detoxification prior to initiating XR‐NTX resulted in lower rates of initiation of XR‐NTX (72% XR‐NTX versus 94% BUP‐NX). Design This was a retrospective secondary analysis of CTN‐0051 trial data, including follow‐up data over 24–36 weeks. Setting: Eight community‐based, inpatient‐detoxification and follow‐up outpatient treatment facilities in the United States. Participants: A total of 283 participants randomized to receive XR‐NTX. Measurements Efficiency was estimated using a multivariable generalized structural equation model to explore simultaneous determinants of XR‐NTX induction and induction duration (detoxification + residential days). Cost‐effectiveness was estimated from the health‐care sector perspective and included expected costs and quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs). Findings Treatment site was the only modifiable factor that simultaneously increased the likelihood of XR‐NTX induction and decreased induction duration. Incorporating the higher predicted probability of XR‐NTX induction, and fewer predicted days of detoxification and subsequent residential treatment into the cost‐effectiveness framework, reduced the incremental average 24‐week total cost of XR‐NTX treatment from $5317 more than that of BUP‐NX (P = 0.01) to a non‐statistically‐significant difference of $1016 (P = 0.63). QALYs gained remained similar across arms. Conclusion: Adopting an efficient model of extended‐release naltrexone initiation could result in extended‐release naltrexone and buprenorphine–naloxone being of comparable economic value from the health‐care sector perspective over 24–36 weeks for patients seeking treatment for opioid use disorder at an inpatient detoxification facility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury's magnetosphere is a unique and dynamic system, primarily due to the proximity of the planet to the Sun and its small size. Interactions between solar wind and embedded interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and the dayside Hermean magnetosphere drive an electric current on the system's magnetopause boundary. So far, electromagnetic induction due to magnetopause motion in response to changing external pressure has been used to constrain Mercury's iron core size. Here we assess the impact a changing IMF direction has on the Hermean magnetopause currents, and the resulting inducing magnetic field. Observations made by the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft during dayside magnetopause boundary crossings in the first "hot season," are used to demonstrate the importance of the IMF direction to Mercury's magnetopause currents. Our 16 boundary crossings show that introduction of external IMFs change the magnetopause current direction by 10° to 100°, compared to the case where only the internal planetary field is considered. Analytical modeling was used to fill in the bigger picture and suggests for an east‐west reversal of the IMF, typical of the heliospheric current sheet sweeping over Mercury's magnetosphere, the inducing field at Mercury's surface caused by the resulting magnetopause current dynamics is on the order of 30% of the global planetary field. These results suggest that IMF variability alone has an appreciable effect on Mercury's magnetopause current and generates a significant inducing magnetic field around the planet. The arrival of the BepiColombo mission will allow this response to be further explored as a method of probing Mercury's interior. Plain Language Summary: Mercury has a large iron core, in which a magnetic field is produced. Determining the precise size of this core and the composition of Mercury's interior are key to developing our understanding of the terrestrial planet's formation and evolution and, therefore, the mechanisms involved in the formation of our solar system. Changes to the sheet of electric current that shields Mercury from the stream of charged particles ejected from the Sun can be used as a natural metal detector to reveal properties of Mercury's subsurface. Through observational data and modeling of the interactions between Mercury's magnetic field and the external magnetic field generated by the Sun, we assess a way in which this electric current sheet can be altered. Our results showed that variability in the orientation of the external magnetic field from the Sun has an appreciable impact on Mercury's shielding electric current sheet. The arrival of the BepiColombo mission in 2025 will allow this response to be further explored as a method of probing Mercury's interior. Key Points: We assess the impact of a changing interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) direction on Mercury's magnetopause current and resulting inducing fieldWe show that variability of the IMF direction alone has an appreciable effect on Mercury's magnetopause currentsThis response, and BepiColombo's arrival, will allow inducing fields to be further explored as a method of probing Mercury's interior [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]