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Cavernous nerve injury is the main cause of erectile dysfunction (ED) after radical prostatectomy (RP). In our previous study, injection of adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) into the cavernosum can repair damaged cavernosum nerves and ED can be restored to a certain extent. In order to improve these therapeutic effects, we evaluated the efficacy of ADSCs co‐modified with VEGF and Smad7 in a rat model. SD rats were randomly divided into six groups: a sham surgery group, and the five bilateral cavernous nerve injury (BCNI) groups were injected with ADSC or ADSCs genetically modified by VEGF (ADSC‐V), Smad7 (ADSC‐S), or VEGF&Smad7 (ADSC‐V&S) or phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS). The results indicated that the erectile function of the ADSC‐V, ADSC‐S, and ADSC‐V&S groups was significantly recovered, and the erectile function of the ADSC‐V&S group was more distinctly recovered as compared to the other groups. The same results are shown in the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and the smooth muscle/collagen ratio of penile tissue comparing the ADSC‐V&S group to the ADSC‐V and ADSC‐S group. These experimental data suggest that ADSCs co‐overexpressed with VEGF and Smad7 can significantly improve erectile function after BCNI. This study provides new therapeutic thoughts for ED following RP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]