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In this study, we prepared amine‐functionalized fullerene derivatives by using methylene blue (MB)‐sensitized photoaddition reactions of fullerene C60 with a variety of α‐silyl group containing N‐alkylglycinates through 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions of in situ formed azomethine ylide, derived from glycinates, to fullerene C60 and examined their solubility properties in several organic solvents. The results showed that although it was hard to find a clear correlation between the solvent solubility of and N‐substituents of fullereopyrrolidines, the solubility of functionalized fullerene derivatives in organic solvents such as toluene, CHCl3, CH2Cl2, and tetrahydrofuran (THF) was much higher than that of C60 and in addition, the solubility properties of fullereopyrrolidines can be manipulated by incorporating diverse organic moieties into fullerene surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ligands role in normal atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is not only for controlling the system but also regulate the rate of polymerization depending the solubility in the reaction media. Solubility of the catalyst/ligand complexes in organic media is of particular importance to attain homogeneous polymerization conditions. The linear multi‐dentate amine ligands with a long aliphatic chain on the nitrogen atoms provide solubility of its metal complexes in organic solvents. However, the increasing length of the alkyl substituents induces steric effects and can alter the redox potential of the metal center. Herein, to understand the effect of alkyl length, we report the synthesis of tri‐, tetra‐dentate linear amine ligands, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine having n‐alkyl halides containing odd carbon chain lengths (C3H7‐, C5H9‐), respectively. Well‐defined polymers were obtained in ATRP of S and MMA using synthesized ligands. Apparently, increasing the alkyl chain length was sufficient to provide homogeneous ATRP medium, which was not achieved with methyl‐substituted ligands (e.g., pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, PMDETA and hexamethyltriethylenetetramine, HMTETA). In combining ATRP results for odd (synthesized) and even carbon number alkylated ligands (literature), linear decreasing trend was observed on apparent rate constant (kpapp) by the increasing the alkyl chain length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been extensively used in drug formulation and delivery as designer solvents and other components because of their inherent tunability and useful physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties. ILs can be used to manage some of the operational and functional challenges of drug delivery, including drug solubility, permeability, formulation instability, and in vivo systemic toxicity, that are associated with conventional organic solvents/agents. Furthermore, ILs have been recognized as potential solvents to address the polymorphism, limited solubility, poor permeability, instability, and low bioavailability of crystalline drugs. In this account, we discuss the technological progress and strategies toward designing biocompatible ILs and explore potential biomedical applications, namely the solubilization of small and macromolecular drugs, the creation of active pharmaceutical ingredients, and the delivery of pharmaceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solubilities of three P3HT samples of similar regioregularity (rr ≈ 96%) but varying molecular weight (Mn = 14 kDa, 32 kDa, and 49 kDa) are measured in 23 organic solvents. The solubility data is used to calculate the partial solubility parameters (δD, δP, δH) using the functional solubility parameter (FSP) method. The results reveal a monotonic decrease in the polar and hydrogen‐bonding parameters, δP and δH, respectively, with increasing molecular weight of the polymer. The observed trends are consistent with recent experimental and computational results and are rationalized in terms of increasing torsional and conformational disorder of higher molecular weight P3HT following dissolution in solvents of decreasing P3HT solubility. The results indicate that the structural attributes of the P3HT chains in the solutions impact the nature and strength of the polymer‐solvent interactions, and that these structural effects are registered by the observed solubility parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports the synthesis of six new polyimides obtained by the reaction of two novel diamine monomers: methyl 4‐(3,5‐diaminobenzamido)benzoate and dimethyl 5‐(3,5‐diaminobenzamido)isophthalate, bearing one or two methyl ester groups in their phenyl rings, respectively, with three known dianhydrides, 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphatalic anhydride (6FDA), 4,4′‐(dimethylsilanediyl) dipthalic anhydride (SiDA) and 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODPA). The polyimides were synthesized using the "two‐step" method, which first involves forming a poly(amic acid) precursor that is subsequently cyclodehydrated to form the imide linkage. The yields were higher than 95% in all cases, and the structural characterization was performed by spectroscopic techniques like FT‐IR, 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR. In addition, the effect on the solubility in common organic solvents and thermal and gas transport properties of these polyimides were studied as a function of the nature of the respective side group and the dianhydride used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three‐dimensional solubility parameters (HSP) of the acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber (NBR) were determined by combining a software program with equilibrium swelling test. Then, a modified Flory‐Huggins interaction parameter (χHSP) was calculated and compared with the traditional one (χ) in characterizing the swelling behavior of NBR. NBR exhibits quite different swelling responses in the selected seven kinds of organic solvents, which can be differentiated by the energy difference (Ra) and be further correlated with χHSP value between rubber and solvent. The results turn out that the swelling ratio (q) decreases with increasing χHSP value. By mathematical fitting, an exponential relationship between q and χHSP is achieved to predict the swelling behaviors of NBR in the increasing used bio‐fuels, bio‐diesel, and IRM903 being selected for examples. From the prediction model, we can get that there is a high swelling area for bio‐diesel/ethanol system and both a high and low swelling areas for IRM903/ethanol system. Hereby, it is expected that the swelling behavior or oil resistance of NBR based rubber parts can be predicted quantitatively in a concise way now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous materials are important for various energy‐related technologies such as catalysis and separation. While porous organic cage compounds are a rather recent addition to the field of porous materials, these discrete nanocavities have since emerged as a versatile functional‐materials platform, facilitated by the solubility of the materials in common organic solvents. In contrast to other frameworks, organic cages are assembled first from modular building blocks in solution and then packed in the solid‐state in a next step. In this minireview, we highlight examples of porous organic cages with focus on how the intrinsic nanopore can be controlled and utilized, especially focusing on their synthesis and the gas sorption properties of smaller intrinsic pores of porous organic cage compounds, porous macrocycles, and other related compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using non‐halogenated solvents to process organic solar cells is preferable because they are less harmful to human health. However, it is challenging to mitigate the delicate trade‐offs between solubility and pre‐aggregation of organic semiconductors to maintain similar high device efficiencies as those processed by chlorinated solvents. The need for rigorous control of the kinetics between processing temperature and delay time inevitably complicates device processing for achieving reproducible performance. Herein, the authors develop a facile method to achieve proper solubility and pre‐aggregation in non‐halogenated solvents by selecting suitable donor/acceptor materials and subtle tuning of solvent compositions. This results in films with a high degree of ordering and suitably sized phase separation. Solar cells derived from this process can achieve a high power conversion efficiency up to 18%, which is the highest value reported for non‐halogenated solvent processed devices. This impressive result is achieved through synergistically reduced non‐radiative loss and enhanced charge generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a convenient nickel‐catalyzed protocol has been introduced for the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction. A simple mixture of Ni(II) and unfunctionalized β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) was used to cross‐coupling of aryl halides with aryl boronic acids for the synthesis of biaryls in water. β‐CD is a water‐soluble seminatural cyclic oligosaccharide, environmentally friendly biomaterial, inexpensive, and commercially available ligand. This ligand with low solubility in usual organic solvents has been used for the synthesis of biaryls in good to excellent yields. The cross‐coupling results in the presence of Ni(II)/β‐CD catalytic system showed that the coupling reaction carried out with appropriate yields for both electron‐rich and electron‐deficient aryl halides. The coupling reaction completed in water as a green solvent. The catalyst was also recycled for four runs with a small decrease in its catalytic activity. The presented new method allows an easier and more cost‐efficient synthesis of biaryls from the reaction of arylboronic acids with various aryl halides in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]