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Early clinical diagnosis, effective intraoperative guidance, and an accurate prognosis can lead to timely and effective medical treatment. The current conventional clinical methods have several limitations. Therefore, there is a need to develop faster and more reliable clinical detection, treatment, and monitoring methods to enhance their clinical applications. Raman spectroscopy is noninvasive and provides highly specific information about the molecular structure and biochemical composition of analytes in a rapid and accurate manner. It has a wide range of applications in biomedicine, materials, and clinical settings. This review primarily focuses on the application of Raman spectroscopy in clinical medicine. The advantages and limitations of Raman spectroscopy over traditional clinical methods are discussed. In addition, the advantages of combining Raman spectroscopy with machine learning, nanoparticles, and probes are demonstrated, thereby extending its applicability to different clinical phases. Examples of the clinical applications of Raman spectroscopy over the last 3 years are also integrated. Finally, various prospective approaches based on Raman spectroscopy in clinical studies are surveyed, and current challenges are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a case of drug‐induced lung injury treated with prior atezolizumab and subsequent sotorasib. The patient was a 62‐year‐old woman with lung adenocarcinoma harbouring a KRAS G12C mutation that was resistant to chemotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors. Cough and dyspnea appeared on day 80 after sotorasib was administered as second‐line therapy, and chest computed tomography revealed ground glass opacities in all lung lobes. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed an increased total cell count with lymphocyte predominance. The patient was considered to have lung injury caused by prior atezolizumab or sotorasib administration. Withdrawal of sotorasib did not improve symptoms and shadows in both lungs. We administered moderate‐dose prednisolone and the lung disorder quickly resolved. Prednisolone tapering was completed in 2 months, followed by several months without relapse. Definitive identification of the responsible drug for the drug‐induced lung injury proved challenging in the setting of exposure to multiple potential inciting agents. There is a need for high levels of clinical suspicion for timely evaluation and management.We report a case of drug‐induced lung injury treated with prior atezolizumab and subsequent sotorasib. Definitive identification of the responsible drug for the drug‐induced lung injury proved challenging in the setting of exposure to multiple potential inciting agents. There is a need for high levels of clinical suspicion for timely evaluation and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) is one of the most important causes of male infertility, accounting for 10–15% of infertile men worldwide. Among these, more than 70% of cases are idiopathic NOA (iNOA), whose pathogenesis and molecular basis remain unknown. This work profiles 3696 human testicular single‐cell transcriptomes from 17 iNOA patients, which are classified into four classes with different arrest periods and variable cell proportions based on the gene expression patterns and pathological features. Genes related to the cell cycle, energy production, and gamete generation show obvious abnormalities in iNOA germ cells. This work identifies several candidate causal genes for iNOA, including CD164, LELP1, and TEX38, which are significantly downregulated in iNOA germ cells. Notably, CD164 knockdown promotes apoptosis in spermatogonia. Cellular communications between spermatogonial stem cells and Sertoli cells are disturbed in iNOA patients. Moreover, BOD1L2, C1orf194, and KRTCAP2 are found to indicate testicular spermatogenic capacity in a variety of testicular diseases, such as Y‐chromosome microdeletions and Klinefelter syndrome. In general, this study analyzes the pathogenesis of iNOA from the perspective of germ cell development, transcription factor (TF) regulatory networks, as well as germ cell and somatic cell interactions, which provides new ideas for clinical diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies that is usually detected late in the clinic. The currently available diagnostic tools for CRC are either invasive or insensitive to early lesions due to the dearth of reliable biomarkers. In this study, we discovered that the extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the faeces of CRC patients can act as a potent biomarker for the non‐invasive diagnosis and prognosis of CRC. This finding is based on the identification of two transmembrane proteins—CD147 and A33—on faeces‐derived EVs (fEVs) that are intrinsically associated with CRC. The detection results show that the levels of CD147 and A33 on fEVs were upregulated in the CRC patients (n = 48), dramatically distinguishing them from the healthy donors (n = 16). The CD147/A33‐enriched EVs offer a clinical sensitivity of 89%, much higher than that (40%) of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a clinically‐established serum biomarker for CRC diagnosis. In addition, the analysis of longitudinal faeces samples (n = 29) demonstrated that the CD147/A33‐enriched fEVs can be utilized to track the prognosis of CRC. Due to the high compliance of faeces‐based detection, the CD147/A33‐enriched fEVs could serve as new‐generation CRC biomarkers for large‐scale, non‐invasive CRC screening as well as real‐time monitoring of patient outcomes during clinical interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Female pattern hair loss (FPHL) is a non‐scarring hair disease characterized by progressive hair diminishment and decrease of its density. Although typical cases of FPHL are usually straightforward to diagnose, its initial forms can be unrecognized and often need the use of other diagnostic methods. Objective: To describe the accuracy of a diagnosis of FPHL based on clinical grounds and videodermoscopy compared with scalp biopsy. Methods: An observational diagnostic test study was performed. Scalp biopsies were read by the same dermatopathologist and processed horizontally to allow follicle's number and size evaluation. Digital videodermoscopy was also performed. Results: A total of 202 patients were enrolled, but only 35 women were assessed with digital videodermoscopy. When clinical diagnosis was compared to scalp biopsy, a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and a negative predictive value (NPV), of 77% %, 72.4%, 82.2%; and 65.5%, were respectively obtained. Videodermoscopy showed a sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 88.9%, 100%, 100%, and 72.7%, respectively. Conclusions: This study provided valuable information on the accuracy of clinical examination of FPHL, showed the usefulness of videodermoscopy as a method that in the future may replace scalp biopsy for its diagnosis, or also could aid patient´s follow‐up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fitz‐Hugh‐Curtis syndrome should be suspected in sexually active young women presenting with acute right upper quadrant pain even in the absence of lower abdominal pain. The risk of radiation exposure associated with computed tomography should also be considered while making a diagnosis of abdominal pain in young patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]