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2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). For example, among healthy individuals, BNP concentrations average <=10 pg/mL; interestingly, while NT-proBNP concentrations are often much higher than BNP in the presence of prevalent HF, in healthy individuals NT-proBNP is often as very low as BNP. After the first proof of principle for B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) as a diagnostic aid for acute heart failure (AHF) was reported by Davis I et al i . in 1994,1 the Breathing Not Properly (BNP) study, published in 2002, ushered in a new era for natriuretic peptides (NPs) as companion biomarkers for the diagnosis of heart failure (HF).2 More than just a clinical trial with novel and favourable results, it revolutionized a whole field and introduced biomarkers and the molecular phenotyping of the heart to algorithms in use for HF diagnosis and management. The "Peptide for Life" Initiative: a call for action to provide equal access to the use of natriuretic peptides in the diagnosis of acute heart failure across Europe. [Extracted from the article]