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Plant health (in this case winter wheat, corn and sunflower crops) is fundamental to the sustainability and competitiveness of agriculture, food safety and environmental protection. Currently, modern winter wheat, corn and sunflower crop protection strategies are focused on combating harmful organisms (diseases, weeds and pests) that cause quantitative and qualitative losses to these crops. The research in this paper focused on the presentation of all plant protection products applied to wheat, corn and sunflower crops by 50 farmers from Ilfov county in the 2019 agricultural year. The assortment of fungicides, insecticides and herbicides used is extremely varied. We also made observations in the field to identify which diseases and pests were present in the crops and consulted the farmers on the extent of their control. The degree of attack of powdery mildew, two weeks after the application of the treatments, was calculated based on the incidence and severity of the diseases. The diagnosis of diseases was made by visual observation of the typical symptoms of their manifestations. Information from farmers was obtained on the basis of questionnaires. Total control of weeds in farmers' crops was provided by an assortment represented by 8 wheat herbicides, 2 sunflower herbicides and 10 maize herbicides. Due to environmental concerns and concern for human health, the application of products for the protection of wheat, corn and sunflower crops was done taking into account good practices in the context of promoting integrated management of diseases, weeds and pests according to European directive 2009/128/EC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper purpose was to assess the impact of climate change on wheat, maize and sunflower yield in the period 2017-2021, using statistical data from National Institute of Statistics (NIS) and National Administration of Meteorology (NAM) and other sources. Comparison method was used to evaluate the deviations between the registered air temperatures and precipitations and the 1981-2010 climatological norm. Graphic method reflected the dynamics of monthly air temperatures and rainfalls in each year. Descriptive statistics for mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation reflected an more comprehensive image upon air temperature, precipitations and yield. Correlations and regression equations were used to establish the intensity of the kinks between climate factors and yield. The highest average air temperature In Romania was 12.130C in 2019. In the period 2017-2020, the average annual temperatures exceeded the climatological norm 1981-2010 accounting for 9.10C. The lowest rainfalls, 614.2 mm, were recorded in 2019, being below of 633.1 mm the norm for the period 1981-2010. The high temperatures associated with drought and low precipitations have deeply affected yield of many agricultural crops, including maize, wheat and sunflower. The highest wheat yield 4,888 kg/ha was achieved in 2017, and the lowest one, 2,966 kg/ha in 2020. Maize registered the highest performance of 7,644 kg/ha in 2018, and the lowest one, 3,977 kg/ha in 2020. Sunflower carried out the high performance 3,041 kg/ha in 2018, and the lowest one, 1,858 kg/ha in 2020. The worst agricultural years for these three crops was 2020, but 2017 favored wheat, while 2018 favored maize and sunflower. The correlation coefficient had in general small values between average temperature and yield, but a higher link with precipitations level. The multiple correlation between yield, air temperatures and precipitations was: r= 0.817 for wheat, r = 0.116 for maize and r = 0.504 for sunflower. In the South Eastern Dobrogea, the driest area in Romania, the rainfalls declined by 65% in the period 2018-2020 having a deep negative impact on sunflower seeds yield, which decreased from 4,282 kg/ha in 2018, to 1,503 kg/ha in 2020. The correlation between precipitations and sunflower yield positive and very strong (r = 0.737). As a conclusion, the climate conditions should be analyzed in each farm and farmers have to take measure to adapt the technologies for sustaining production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, the price volatility relationship between wheat, cotton and corn markets was investigated and daily data for the period 02.04.2005-11.03.2020 were used. The VAR-Asymmetric BEKK-GARCH model, which analyzes the markets simultaneously in a single system, was chosen. Persistent long-term uncertainty in the wheat market affects the market positively. Long-term uncertainty in the cotton market creates uncertainty both in its own market and in the corn market. Persistent long-term uncertainty in the corn market creates permanent uncertainties both in its own market and in other markets, and these effects are statistically significant. Markets were more affected by long-term shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research to determine of color properties of seed related to help in safe passage for seed through cleaning and separation processes. Also investigate some seed properties can be used in design and development of multi-seed planting machine. Soya bean, wheat, corn, cotton faba bean and sunflowers were tested at department of agriculture engineering, faculty of agriculture, Tanta University, Egypt. Through 2022. The design of feed mechanism system required easy movement for seeds this is a critically moving during the filling of the feed disk, so must detriments of the small differences in the surface area and topography of the grains and determine some image analyses. There are clear differences between faba bean and soybean in Hue value was 0. 626. the intensity, and the browning index was 91.75 and 16.25 in faba bean while in soybean were 0. 565,85.33, and 21.79 respectively. While the differences between corn and wheat in Hue value was 0. 699.Also the intensity, and the browning index was 100.08, 17.30 in corn while in wheat were 0. 708. 97.94, and 13.38 respectively. Also, clear differences between cotton and sunflowers in Hue value was 0. 634. Also the intensity, and the Black & White band was 87.40, and 87.40 in cotton while in sunflowers were 0. 480, 96.75 and 96.75 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the variation of the quality indices of the seeds obtained in the period 2021-2022 at an agricultural company is tracked and the factors responsible for the defects found were analyzed. The company under study is based in Mânăstirea commune, Călărași county and has an area of 183.55 ha. From the crops practiced by the society, we analyzed the quality parameters of wheat, corn and barley, the main crops practiced. We carried out an analysis of the quality of the cereals sold within the company, following the values of the most important selection criteria, based on the analysis bulletins owned by the analyzed company. Almost all the qualitative parameters were included within the norms stipulated by STAS, there being small excesses in the case of some, which led to the inclusion of the barley obtained by the company in the grade 2 category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this research to determine of physical properties of seed related to help in safe passage for seed through cleaning and separation processes. Also investigate some seed properties can be used in design and development of multi-seed planting machine. Soya Bean, Wheat, Corn, Cotton Faba Bean and Sunflowers were tested at department of agriculture engineering, faculty of agriculture, Tanta university, Egypt. through 2022. From the results, it is clear that the little differences in the maximum of Length dimensions between Soya Bean and Wheat were 7.62 and 8.72 mm., it increased between Corn and Cotton to 15 and 10.12 mm. and Faba Bean and Sunflowers were 11 and 19 mm. the maximum of Geometric mean diameter recorded little differences between Soya Bean and Wheat were 2.76 and 2.81 mm., it increased between Corn and Cotton to 4.83 and 5.13 mm. and Faba Bean and Sunflowers were 8.47 and 6.86 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The content of this paper aims to analyze the main technical indicators of three of the most important crops in the European Union, namely corn, wheat and sunflower. By interpreting the statistical data provided by Eurostat on the cultivated area, the total production and the average production of the three crops mentioned above using the trend, the standard deviation and the coefficient of variation, an analysis of the Member States of the European Union will be carried out in order to determine which of them dominates the crop sector of corn, wheat and sunflower, in the end to figure out that not one of the analised Member States can be called the leader regarding the agricultural sector, because the results are so different beeing influenced by so many external factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For wheat and maize the yields and quality are affected by management practices, soil and climate conditions and genetic characteristics. The research was conducted between 2019 and 2021, in the experimental field of NARDI Fundulea and the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of agrotechnical measures and climatic conditions on the yield and quality of wheat and corn. The experiment involved four different soil works, using three maize hybrids (Iezer, Mostistea and F423) and three wheat varieties (Glosa, Izvor and Pitar) and three fertilized options. The hight productions and good quality of wheat and maize were maximized by applying the factors in associated variants. The results showed that the crops were very significantly affected by the conditions of the year as well as most of the interactions between the factors. The conservative tillages of the soil associated with the fertilization with manure have potentiated the genetic characteristics of the crop plant, raising the final quality of the production by 5-10%, depending on the variant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]