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Over the past years the world has witnessed a myriad of 'viral' policing videos, some showing police officers in a positive light and many others showing officers in a negative light. Whichever direction these viral videos go, civility/incivility can be recognized in all of them. We believe that the proliferation of body-worn cameras (BWCs) offers a unique opportunity to study general (non-viral) police-suspect interactions at an interactional level. The present study documents incivility, as experienced by police officers and as experienced by suspects, using a sample of 152 police-suspect interactions involving one officer and one suspect. Key measures of incivility include interruptions, directed profanity, directed slurs, and proven deception. Results demonstrate that officers experience incivility in about one-third of one-on-one interactions. Interestingly, suspects experienced incivility at a similar rate. For the research site, interactions between officers and suspects of color were more likely to be civilized. Results reveal that officers in this study were significantly more likely to direct profanity and do so at a higher rate when interacting with male suspects. Although this study is inherently exploratory, the research offers practical implications for baselining interactions on key measures of incivility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has begun to explore to what extent I-502, the initiative authorising the retail distribution of recreational marijuana in Washington State, influenced a range of public safety outcomes. However, despite a growing body of research exploring potential impacts on crime, absent from this research has been a more nuanced analysis of officer workload. Specifically, an analysis into calls for service received and initiated by police. To document to what extent I-502 is associated with changes in the type of calls police agencies respond to, this research uses an interrupted time series, to analyse data provided from two border-straddling cities (Pullman, WA, and Moscow, ID). Findings indicate that recreational sales of marijuana is associated with noteworthy changes in police resourcing in the legalised state setting and the magnitude of those changes vary based on call type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper explores if, and to what extent, shifting instruction modality influenced student learning outcome success in a writing intensive undergraduate course when COVID-19 shifted the method of the course’s delivery. With consistency in the instructor of record and writing prompt, the present study isolated and evaluated variability across student performance as assessed by final research project grades produced by the instructor, and assessment scores by two independent evaluators. Results show that instruction modality is associated with student performance. Students enrolled during the transitioning 2020 period earned lower grades on their final project as assessed by the instructor of record than students did in other course modalities. Additionally, these students performed lower in the areas of comprehension and citation. Students enrolled in 2021 hybrid class performed objectively lower, with lower scores on their final project and in the domains of clarity, comprehension, courtesy, cleverness, and citation in comparison to their pre-COVID-19 2019 face-to-face peers. Writing intensive capstone courses require faculty to work closely with students; students are more focused and attentive to improving the quality of their research papers and perfect their writing when faculty provide individualized attention to students in a face-to-face teaching modality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabis legalisation was viewed with great concern by law enforcement personnel. Here we show that police perceptions of the societal effects of legalisation are shaped to a considerable degree by officers' geographic context. Urban communities tend to be relatively prosperous and hold political and social views characterised as progressive. In contrast, rural areas tend to be much less affluent, and their residents tend to share relatively conservative political and social views. Often lacking in resources, rural police agencies experience greater difficulty with the implementation of a broad new social policy such as cannabis legalisation. We investigate how the rural or urban and east/west geographic locus of a police officer tends to shape their perceptions on cannabis-related issues. Our qualitative study involved interviews conducted in 2018 and 2019 of 67 officers from 24 agencies across Washington. Officers were drawn from 11 urban, 1 rural, and 2 tribal police departments in western Washington, and 5 urban and 3 rural police departments in eastern Washington. Both common concerns and some differing perceptions were articulated by these officers from urban and rural agencies. The common circumstance of rural decline is present in Washington as elsewhere in the US; the findings reported here suggest that marijuana legalisation outcomes will likely entail greater challenges of adaptive implementation in rural areas experiencing decline than in urban centres in those states currently reforming their marijuana laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]