Search

Acknowledging that the government is a user of social networks may help us to better understand its attempt to regulate them. This paper draws on the French case to show different ways of regulating hate speech online. It then turns to the peculiar case of hate speech expressed by the government. There are good reasons to consider that government hate speech can be restricted in Europe as well as in the United States. Europe and the United States however pull apart when the government regulate the discussion space below its online speech. Here, European governments are under an obligation to fight hate speech, when U.S. government infringes the First Amendment when it attempts to do so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child sexual abuse (CSA) impacts individuals and communities in numerous ways, including their faith. This study's aim was to learn from individuals who have an interest and/or expertise in spirituality and CSA about how various groups can support those impacted by CSA. The participants (n = 76) took part in a symposium focused on this topic and responded to an online survey with open-ended questions. Three themes emerged: negative impacts, direct response, and institutional changes. Using these responses, a model for Spiritually Informed Care is described, and implications for practice for those who work with those who have been impacted by CSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the utility of a biopsychosocial model to explain both higher body mass index (BMI) and disordered eating. The study was designed to examine the predictors of higher BMI and a number of measures of disordered eating (dietary restraint, drive for muscularity, drive for thinness, binge eating, and compensatory behaviour). Young adults (N = 838) recruited from seven countries, grouped into four regions (Europe, North American countries, Australia, Japan), completed an online survey, with each completion being 12 months apart. The survey included assessments of BMI and disordered eating, and a range of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors expected to predict both outcomes. Results revealed unique patterns of association between predictors and BMI as well as different measures of disordered eating in the four geographical regions. The findings identify the specific nature of biopsychosocial factors that predict both higher BMI and different aspects of disordered eating. They also demonstrate that caution needs to be exercised in generalising findings from one country to other countries. What is already known about this topic: The literature has already identified various aspects of the biopsychosocial model that predicts disordered eating and higher weight. These studies have primarily focused on disordered eating in cross-sectional studies among adolescents. Obesity and disordered eating have been shown to be related What this topic adds: The study identified the biopsychosocial factors that predict higher BMI and disordered eating among young adults over a 12-month period. The study examined all components of the biopsychosocial model in the one study. The study was conducted across seven countries and identified how these relationships vary from one country to another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advantages of higher education have received significant attention over time. However, recent research seems to challenge this assumption. It highlights that returns to education may be subject to inflation, may vary in relation to skills, and may not be equally distributed, thus posing new questions about the role of formal education. Against this background, the growing popularity of new forms of online education and training such as MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) have emerged. Investigating the way different learners use MOOCs may contribute to a deeper understanding of the evolution of the labour market outcomes of both traditional and technologically-mediated educational qualifications. Based on 43 semi-structured interviews conducted with MOOC users in the USA and in Europe, this article explores the potential of MOOCs on the labour market. The positional competition approach can help frame the results, inasmuch as MOOCs emerge as 'soft credentials'. These accessible and flexible educational tools seem to provide applicants in the job queue with additional resources, although their labour market value remains modest and ancillary to formal educational qualifications. From a long-term perspective, however, increasing reliance on this type of training may contribute to further shifting of responsibilities from collective actors to individual workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study explored the experiences of transracial Korean adoptee returnees who were born in Korea, separated from their biological families, raised in the United States and three European countries by White families, and given an Anglicized or Germanic name at the time of their adoption. This study focused on participants' journeys of reclaiming their Korean birth names and the various influences that factored into this decision. Data were collected from in-depth, semi-structured interviews (in-person or via Skype) and coded using grounded-theory methods that integrated a constructivist-interpretivist and critical epistemological paradigm. Participants (N = 12) were transracial Korean adoptees with ages ranging from 22 to 42 years (M = 32.67 years) who were between 0 and 88 months (M = 22.33 months) at the time of adoption, all of whom had returned to Korea. Results from the interviews revealed 11 axial categories and 2 overarching selective categories related to the name reclamation process: (a) name reclamation was part of a larger identity development process; (b) factors that prevented or slowed the name reclamation process. Limitations and future areas of research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the challenges solidarity poses for the development of Precision Medicine (PM). Solidarity is invoked in calls for a new 'social contract' for PM, seeking to promote participation in PM by emphasizing reciprocity between contributions to and benefits from this new branch of medicine. In this context, there is a need for further conceptualization with regard to what qualifies as solidarity and how solidarity is performed in Precision Medicine initiatives. We address these conceptual gaps that have important practical implications for PM's development, most notably for agendas of public engagement and trust. We argue that solidarity does not only represent a value but also takes on infrastructural forms, shaping how PM is practiced in, for example, healthcare delivery systems. Next, we empirically probe how solidarity is invoked in PM initiatives in the United States ('All of Us'-Program) and Europe (the UK 100,000 Genomes Project and the French 2025 Genomics Plan). Based on this analysis, we argue that the infrastructural dimension of solidarity forms a vital precondition to build trust in PM. Echoing the famous motto of The Three Musketeers, 'One for all, all for one', PM policies cannot just proclaim solidarity for the gathering of data alone ('One for all') without caring about delivery of benefits of PM ('All for one'). We conclude by proposing an empirical research agenda for studying infrastructural formations to secure solidarity in the implementation of PM practices across national contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholera remains endemic in >50 countries, putting millions at risk, especially young children for whom killed vaccines offer limited protection. An oral, live attenuated vaccine – CVD 103-HgR (Vaxchora vaccine) – was licensed by the US FDA in 2016 for adults aged 18–64 years traveling to endemic regions, based on clinical trials in human volunteers showing the vaccine was well tolerated and conferred 90% efficacy within 10 days. The evidence base for Vaxchora vaccine has expanded with additional clinical trial data, in older adults (aged 46–64 years) and children (aged 2–17 years), demonstrating that the vaccine produces a strong vibriocidal antibody response. Over 68,000 doses have been administered in the United States, with no new safety signals. The dose volume has been reduced in children to improve acceptability, and cold chain requirements are less st ringent, at +2°C─+8°C. The vaccine has recently been licensed in the Untied States for children aged 2–17 years, in Europe for individuals aged ≥2 years, and for home administration in Europe. Next steps include a Phase 4 study in infants (6–23 months). Additional information is needed regarding duration of immunity, the need for and timing of revaccination, and efficacy data from lower-middle-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the number of resettled refugees arriving in North American and European cities has grown in the 21st century, urban planners have largely failed to adapt their practice in ways that would allow more participation by refugees in municipal planning decisions. Interviews with urban planners and Somali refugees in the Twin Cities of Minnesota indicate that planners typically use public engagement processes that are confusing and intimidating for Somali refugees who may struggle with English, have little leisure time, and lack knowledge about norms associated with participating in these kinds of processes. After living under a predatory state in Somalia, many Somalis view urban planners as an extension of government and distrust them as a result. Urban planners experience more success engaging Somali refugees when they build relationships with individual community members and partner with Somali-led organizations to plan and execute participatory processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]