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The extralegal lynching of innocent individuals from discriminated groups remains a dark, lasting mark on the United States' history. Following the conclusion of the Civil War, former slaves and their descendants were frequent targets for this form of violence. A significant existing literature finds various contributing factors to the pattern of violence. However, the current paper is the first to document a relationship between the weather and the lynching of African Americans in the U.S. South during the early twentieth century. Within affected communities, we find heavy May rains reduced cotton yields which raises the probability of a lynching during the subsequent year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Through a case study and historical textual analysis, this article explores how small-city newspapers offer a window into urbanism and identity formation in the early twentieth century. These newspapers pursued a content and circulation strategy that combined publishing characteristics associated with the mass circulation dailies and industrial journalism of major metropolitan areas with more community-oriented elements, such as booster content and hyperlocal news items. These newspapers operated as an important part of the early twentieth century American media system and represented a distinct type of publication that embraced the aspirational urbanism of local business interests and civic boosters. Despite flourishing literature on newspapers in twentieth century American society, large, urban areas tend to dominate scholarly analysis, while leaving out the sorts of communities that had a self-conscious experience of industrial modernity. By focusing analysis on the 1920s, this article explores how the Superior (Wisconsin) Telegram embraced this aspirational urbanism. It shows how the Telegram operated as a platform for its readers to navigate the tensions of the decade, articulate the city's urban ambitions, and serve as a symbol of the city's modern and progressive ideals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women based in the U.S. often succeed in leading dance organizations by employing unique leadership practices. By examining national statistics to note the complex contexts of funding and support in dance and the diverse leadership styles of women artistic directors and choreographers as described in public scholarship, this article highlights major issues facing women in dance leadership roles and their particular strengths and success strategies. Women in the U.S. exhibit important leadership abilities, styles, and practices in response to their organizations' unique needs and in the context of U.S. culture and funding requirements; these women leaders have influenced change in society and in dance since the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]