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Patrolling police officers engage in different mentally, socially, and physically challenging life contexts which may affect their life and health. The aim of this scoping review is twofold, to explore life contexts of patrolling officers in the European Union, and to investigate how their lives and health are affected by environmental characteristics within these contexts. The scoping review followed Arksey and O'Malley's methodology and included a critical appraisal. The environmental model within Kielhofner's Model of Human Occupation was used in the thematic analysis. The review was reported following PRISMA-ScR. In the 16 included studies, two contexts (where environments interact with persons on different levels) were discovered: the global and the immediate context. No local contexts were found. Primarily, research on the social, and occupational environments, including qualities identified in these environments were found. However, some environmental characteristics within patrolling officers' physical environments were also discovered. This review contributes to the emerging research area of police officers' life contexts, by mapping contexts and environments affecting their life and health. However, to get a deeper understanding of how officers are affected by their environments, interviewing them regarding how their different contexts affect their everyday living, would be important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate and summarize the literature on the validation of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) core sets from 2001 to 2019 and explore what research methods have been used when validating ICF core sets. Methods: The current study is a scoping review using a structured literature search. Results: In total, 66 scientific articles were included, of which 23 ICF core sets were validated. Most validation studies were conducted in Europe using a quantitative methodology and were validated from the perspective of patients. Analysis methods differed considerably between the studies, and most ICF core sets were validated only once for a single target population or from a single perspective. The comprehensive core sets were validated more often than the brief core sets, and core sets for stroke and low back pain were validated most often. Conclusion: The results of the current study show that only 66% of the existing ICF core sets are validated. Many of the validation studies are conducted in a European context and from a single perspective. More validation studies of ICF core sets from the perspective of both patients and professionals are needed. ICF core sets aim to facilitate assessments in clinical settings and research. Validation studies indicate in general that the ICF core sets are valid and relevant for patients and professionals in the specific areas explored and thus can be used in rehabilitation settings. To improve the quality of ICF core sets, more validation studies are needed for ICF core sets not yet tested and for ICF core sets that have been validated only in one study or for one specific population or target group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current data on the prevalence of prior illicit drug use among the prison population in Europe is scarce. The aim of this study is to identify the prevalence of illicit drug use prior to incarceration, as reported by studies conducted in 30 European countries. A comprehensive literature review was conducted from the 5–31 of March 2018 using the databases Cochrane Library, Embase, MEDLINE, PsychINFO and PubMed. After the deletion of duplications, 2607 articles meeting the eligibility criteria for review were identified. In total, 26 studies from 12 different countries have been included in this review. The review found that the lifetime prevalence of illicit drug use before imprisonment ranged from 30 to 93%; last year prevalence from 51 to 69%; last 6 months prevalence from 13 to 75% and last month prevalence from 58 to 62%. The prevalence of illicit drug use was especially high among women. The rates varied across the 26 studies although high prevalence values are reported in most studies and variations are partly related to methodological differences in the reviewed studies. The high levels of prior involvement with drugs, necessitates prisons to develop clear strategies to deal with illicit drug use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]