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The higher productivity from soil can be achieved through Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) technology; for this reason, the implementation of WSNs in precision agriculture is increasing day by day. Among the different technologies for crop monitoring, WSNs are recognized as a powerful option for collecting and processing data in the agricultural domain, with low cost and low energy consumption. The ultimate aim of this paper is to predict the precise values of soil nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) using a machine learning (ML)-based mathematical model formulation. The proposed system will use Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technology to automatically monitor soil parameters. It transfers soil data over the mobile network using a GSM modem. In the hardware part, sensor node units were developed to fetch and load data through the energy-efficient GSM, utilizing a bi-directional multi-level text messaging option to improve the alarm system’s efficiency. The system contains sensors such as potential of hydrogen and humidity (PH), which are used to monitor soil data collected from the sensors by the microcontroller. Additionally, as a novel contribution, machine learning based on regression models is applied to the NPK data. A novel data interpolation approach is proposed for data oversampling. The R2 values are compared, achieving nearly 99.5% accuracy in all cases. This paper focuses on various challenges and scalability issues encountered in research and discusses different results obtained by monitoring various soil parameters in a real-time agricultural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management of water resources in the Murray-Darling Basin has historically focussed on water security and the allocation of water for users with competing needs. This focus was reflected in the seminal paper on multiple risks to shared water across the basin by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation 15 years ago. That paper captured key concerns that were at the forefront for decision-makers, managers and policy-makers who were, at that time, experiencing the early impacts of the Millennium Drought. Water quality, then, was secondary to the issues of water security. Across the following years, new water quality risks have emerged along with a more nuanced understanding of the complex interplay between climate, floodplain/catchment vegetation, hydrology, and water quality. Critically, this improved understanding applies to the systemic shocks of extreme events, such as the 2020 bushfires and hypoxic blackwater events, as well as the variability, duration and volumes of natural and regulated river flows. In this paper, we explore the key water quality issues that currently face the Basin, and reframe water quality as an integral rather than incidental component of the risks to shared water in the Basin, with the associated implications for policy development that this implies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Populations are generally censused daily, weekly, monthly or annually. In this paper, we introduce a discrete-time nutrients-phytoplankton-oysters (NPO) model that describes the interactions of nutrients, phytoplankton and oysters in a bay ecosystem. We compute the threshold parameter $ \mathcal {R}_N $ R N for persistence of phytoplankton with or without oysters. When $ \mathcal {R}_{N} \lt 1 $ R N < 1 , then both phytoplankton and oysters populations go extinct. However, when $ \mathcal {R}_N \gt 1 $ R N > 1 , we show that the model may exhibit two scenarios: (1) a locally asymptotically stable equilibrium with positive values of nutrients and phytoplankton with oysters missing, and (2) a locally asymptotically stable interior equilibrium with positive values of nutrients, phytoplankton and oysters. We use sensitivity analysis to study the impact of human and environmental factors on the model. We use examples to illustrate that some human activities and environmental factors can force the interior equilibrium to undergo a Neimark–Sacker bifurcation which generates phytoplankton blooms with oscillations in oysters population and nutrients level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) is an important medicinal plant belonging to the Acanthaceae family and used for the treatment of many diseases. This study is focused on determining the critical limit for the cultivation of A. paniculata in sodic soil. A pot experiment was conducted with different exchangeable sodium percentages (ESPs) to determine the critical limit for the cultivation of A. paniculata in sodic soil. The critical limit, 16 ESP, was found for A. paniculata grown in sodic soil. Overall, increasing trends in N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr, and Mo and a decreasing trend in Ni and Se were observed in all part of the plant due to increasing sodicity levels. The determination of the critical limit for the cultivation of A. paniculata in sodic soil is an important aspect of this paper. The nutrients and heavy metal profiling with the extreme levels of sodicity will be useful to study the nutrient utilization pattern for the nutrient management strategy of A. paniculata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foods are not simply a delivery vehicle for nutrients; they consist of a matrix in which nutrients and non-nutrient compounds are presented that induce physiologic effects different from isolated nutrients. Dietary guidance is often based on effects of single nutrients that are considered unhealthy, such as saturated fat in beef. The purpose of this paper is to propose a working definition of the whole food beef matrix whose consumption has health effects distinct from those of isolated nutrients. The beef matrix can be defined as: the collective nutritive and non-nutritive components of the beef food structure and their unique chemical and physical interactions that may be important for human health which are distinguishable from those of the single components in isolation. Background information supporting this approach is summarized on multiple components provided by beef, temporal changes in beef consumption, dietary guidance that restricts beef, and how the background diet determines healthfulness rather than a single food. Examples of research are provided on other whole foods that differ from their constitutive nutrients and lay the groundwork for studies of beef as part of a healthy dietary pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize has sustained the Zuni and other peoples of the arid American Southwest for more than four millennia. In Zuni dryland agriculture, fields on alluvial fans and other valley-edge landforms are managed to receive supplemental water and nutrients by retaining storm runoff and associated sediment and organic material transported from adjoining uplands. An experiment with Zuni blue maize (Zea mays L.) and commercial hybrid maize was conducted in two Zuni fields to study traditional maize and its productivity as part of a larger study of Zuni agroecosystems. Following a closely related paper on maize growth and productivity, studies of maize nutrient composition and quality are presented here. More nutrient differences occurred between Zuni and hybrid maize than between runoff and other treatments. Zuni grain had higher concentrations of more nutrients than hybrid maize, and for several elements, there was an inverse pattern in grain vs. leaf nutrient concentration between cultivars. Zuni grain had a higher N (protein) concentration than hybrid maize, and a higher proportion of N in grain vs. leaf, indicating an ability to partition more N and other nutrients into grain. Parallel differences in maize and soil N and P were found between the two fields, though the cultivars had different P content patterns. Overall, agronomically sufficient concentrations of most nutrients were present across cultivars and treatments. Long-term production and nutrient management of maize grown without conventional irrigation or fertilization reflect a traditional agroecosystem that incorporates sustainable practices intended to maintain productivity with conservation of soil and water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ever since the poultry industry began to intensify early last century, coccidiosis has been a significant problem with which it has had to contend. Losses due to mortality and morbidity can be significant, and before the advent of control agents there were several practices, some of which were nutritional, which were implemented to limit these losses. The development of coccidiostats reduced these problems considerably and, as a result, some of the more extreme intervention measures were no longer necessary. Modern-day interpretations of what may have been happening with some of these early interventions provide interesting insights into what may be possible today should cocciodiostats be removed. More recent research has also indicated that the diet has a significant influence on the ability of poultry to resist and resolve an infection through direct and indirect effects on the pathogen, the immune system and on the litter. This paper reviews the role of dietary ingredients and nutrients on the pathogen to establish and the host to resist such an infection. There is clearly no panacea, but the combination of a few practices may reduce the overall challenge experienced by the poultry producer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh fruits and vegetables are important dietary sources of fibres, minerals and antioxidant compounds. However, post-harvest transportation, storage and processing of horticultural crops are usually accompanied by quality deterioration, leading to the loss of commodity value. Previously used methods of post-harvest preservation may adversely affect quality properties, and have harmful chemical residues. Therefore, some plant endogenous signalling molecules are examined as non-toxic alternatives. Salicylic acid (SA), a natural phenolic acid, was first recognised as a defence-related plant hormone, which provides benefits to post-harvest storability and alleviation of injury for horticultural commodities. In recent years, studies in the application of SA have suggested a critical role in regulating post-harvest quality. In this paper, with a focus on quality control, we review the effects of pre-harvest and post-harvest applications of SA and its combination with other post-harvest technologies on horticultural commodities. Exogenous SA treatment exhibits excellent potential in quality control, which is attributed to (1) delaying fruit ripening, altering pigment composition, alleviating fruit browning; (2) reducing cell wall degrading enzyme activity, maintaining cell membrane properties; (3) reducing fruit aroma loss, improving fruit taste and (4) retaining nutrient content and enhancing antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitamin D status has been linked to visual memory in adults. We hypothesized a similar association in young adolescents. Methods: Participants were 9-13 years. The Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Task (ROCF), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task (RAVLT), Digit Span (Forward, Backward), and verbal fluency task assessed visual and verbal learning/memory, attention/working memory, and executive functioning/language, respectively. An at-home, mail-in blood spot test assessed 25(OH)D levels. Results: Participants (N = 56) were 10.7 ± 1.3 years, 61% females, 25(OH)D levels 84.2 ± 25 nmol/L (39.9 - 167.2 nmol/L) and 41% had insufficient vitamin D status (<75 nmol/L). Only measures of visual memory (ROCF-Recall, -%Recall of Copy) were significantly correlated with 25(OH)D, r = .34, p < .01 and r = .33, p < .01, respectively, and 25(OH)D remained a significant independent predictor on multiple regression analyses, which included age and sex.(ROCF-Recall overall model: Adj R2= .24, p < .001; for 25(OH)D: p = .009; ROCF-%Recall of Copy overall model: Adj R2 = .20 p < .002; for 25(OH)D: p = .01). Individuals with sufficient vitamin D performed significantly better only on these measures (t-tests; ROCF-Recall, p = .016, d = 0.68; ROCF-%Recall of Copy, p = .022, d = 0.64). Despite moderate effect sizes (d = 0.4-0.5) in the Younger Age Group (9-10 years), only in the Older Age Group (11-13 years) was 25(OH)D significantly correlated with ROCF-Recall, r = .64, p = .0001 and ROCF-%Recall of Copy, r = .64, p = .0001, as well as working memory (Digit Span-Backward), Spearman's r = .46, p = .013. Similarly, those in the Older Age Group with sufficient vitamin D performed significantly better on ROCF-Recall, p = .01, d = 1.07; and ROCF-%Recall of Copy, p = .009, d = 1.08. Conclusions: Vitamin D insufficiency was common in young adolescents. Similar to adults, visual memory was better among participants with higher 25(OH)D and those with sufficient levels. This effect was especially pronounced among older participants, suggesting possible time- and/or agerelated implications of vitamin D status on cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to outline areas at risk of the occurrence of eucalypt defoliator caterpillars and their relationship with variations in the spectral behaviour of canopies and soil attributes. The study was conducted in three eucalypt plantation areas of the Bracell Bahia company, located in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Initially, the spatiotemporal distribution of climatic variables and water balance was evaluated. Subsequently, using geographic information systems and fuzzy logic, occurrence risk zoning was developed for defoliator caterpillars associated with different classes of eucalypt crop aptitude. After defining the areas at risk of pest occurrence, specific plots in different aptitude classes were selected to assess, intra-plot, characteristics that can increase or reduce the risk of defoliator caterpillar attack and damage intensity, as well as the plant's ability to recover after a controlled outbreak. Information on the spectral behaviour of the canopies and the availability of nutrients in the soil was used in this step. Zone modelling enabled the delineation of areas and periods at a higher risk of pest occurrence for the different aptitude conditions of the eucalypt crop. The intra-plot methodology proved that the class of eucalypt crop aptitude with the greatest potential for recovering vegetative vigour 60 days after caterpillar damage was the apt class. This result can be attributed to K limitation and the high spatial resolution of the PlanetScope orbital sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a study in Lake Abaya and Lake Chamo, the two largest Ethiopian Rift Valley lakes, between 2016 and 2019, to evaluate their limnological features and infer longer-term changes in some water-quality parameters. Data generated through in situ measurements and laboratory analyses of physico-chemical parameters and the plankton communities were compared with results from the literature. Turbidity, salinity, nitrates and soluble reactive phosphorous showed an increasing trend in Lake Abaya, while in Lake Chamo conductivity, salinity, nitrates and soluble reactive phosphorous showed an increasing trend. In both lakes the water transparency and chlorophyll a concentration showed a declining trend. Despite higher available nutrients in Lake Abaya compared with Lake Chamo, higher turbidity with suspended solids contributed to lower chlorophyll-a concentrations and lower zooplankton abundance. The abundances of rotifers and crustaceans were lower in Lake Abaya compared with Lake Chamo. The mean trophic state index using total phosphorus, Secchi depth and chlorophyll-a shows that both lakes are in a eutrophic state. Our findings are consistent with previous studies and indicate that changes in major limnological features are a signal to take intervention measures to prevent further ecological degradation and to sustain the ecological services and livelihoods of fishers who are directly dependent on the lakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edge-of-field mitigations (EoFM) can reduce agricultural nutrient losses to surface water. To determine the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of EoFM, we developed a spatial–economic modelling approach and applied it in the Waituna Lagoon Catchment (Southland, New Zealand) to evaluate reductions in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loads, utilising three EoFMs: constructed wetlands, woodchip bioreactors and aluminised zeolite filters. Cost-effectiveness per targeted nutrient was calculated using a strategy that considers nutrient reduction potential and implementation costs of EoFM across all farms (catchment-collective approach), and a strategy requiring each farm to mitigate individually using their most cost-effective EoFM mitigations (farm-based approach). Our modelling showed that the load received from potentially EoFM eligible sub-catchments is 46% and 27% for overall N and overall P load, respectively. EoFM can achieve substantial reductions using a catchment-collective approach (max. 24% overall N load; max. 15% overall P load), but cannot on their own provide the reductions required to achieve the desired outcome (59% overall N and 53% overall P load). Catchment-collective approaches for EoFM placement become more cost effective than farm-based approaches when larger nutrient reductions are required (N >33%; P >30%; N&P combined load >16%, based on the received load from potentially EoFM eligible subcatchments). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poultry litter on agricultural lands could introduce nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), heavy metals in soil and ground water. Native vegetations were identified to assess efficacy for phytoremediation of nutrients and metals from soil and water. Objective was to measure capability of multi-year native species to remove metals, nutrients, and prevent Nitrate-N leaching below the rooting zone. Treatments were distributed in four replicates with/without fertilization. Suction lysimeters were installed at 30, 60, and 90-cm depths in 3 of 4 replicates. Species were identified, recorded, five specified cuttings sampled. Plant, soil, water samples were prepared and analyzed by spectroscopy. Nitrate-N extraction, nitrates in water samples were determined using flow injection analysis. Fertilized plots (NVM) had 39% more biomass yield than unfertilized plots (NVN). In plants, nutrient and metal concentrations varied significantly with 14% increase in Zn, 36% and 26% in K and Mg over NVN for first and second year. Uneven between NVM and NVN, topsoil had higher values for most nutrients and metals. Largest P and (NO3−)−N in plant and water were observed from NVM. Cultivation of native vegetation appears to be an effective approach for remediation of excess nitrates-N, P, heavy metals from surface and sub-surface zones of the soil. Native vegetation has been used for soil fertility, specific reasons like the removal of pesticides or agrochemicals, and other chemical related exposures. Studies on the use of native vegetation for phytoremediation on agricultural lands are uncommon. This research looked at the capability of native vegetation of different species as a viable tool for the remo+val of excess nutrients and heavy metals from agricultural lands. Results indicated native vegetation can take up significant amounts of excess nutrients from soils, proportional to their biomass accumulation. Native Vegetation was therefore found to be a nutrient sink, capable of removing excess nutrients/metals from the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review summarises literature data on redox potential (Eh) as an essential characteristic of surface waters affecting their ecological and chemical state. We consider the influence of Eh on the migration of nutrients, metals, and metalloids in the 'bottom sediments – water' system and its role in the secondary pollution of water bodies. Hypoxia, anaerobic conditions, and reduced Eh leads to an increase in the concentration of nutrients, reduced forms of manganese and iron, due to their migration from bottom sediments to the aquatic environment. This, in turn, contributes to enhanced eutrophication of water bodies. We reviewed the data on the transformation of metal and metalloid compounds depends on the intensity of redox processes resulting their bioavailability, and toxicity to aquatic organisms. Humic substances, as the most common group of dissolved surface water organic substances, exhibit reducing properties and affect the coexisting metals and metalloid species. The intensity of redox processes in surface water will increase under climate change. The issue of redox transformation of elements will need to be considered in the context of developing measures to reduce surface water loading with primarily nutrients and metals, taking into account the possibility of internal pollution of water bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this investigation was to determine whether Canna indica and Oryza sativa L. plants have the phytoremediation potential for removing heavy metals and nutrients from greywater treated in batch-fed Horizontal sub-surface Flow Constructed Wetlands (HssFCW). The HssFCW had a Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) and organic loading rate (OLR) of 3 days and 3.96 (g.BOD/m2.day) respectively. Greywater (GW) samples were characterized for electrical conductivity (EC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP), pH, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), metals (Al, Fe, Mg, Ca) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5). The accumulation of metals in the soil and edible parts of plants was evaluated in terms of bioconcentration and translocation factors. Metal concentrations were determined using an atomic absorption spectrometer, while nutrients were by colorimetric method. The result shows that the metals and nutrients were below the WHO allowable limit for treated greywater recycling in agriculture. Nutrient removal was insignificantly different while metal removal was significantly different in the constructed wetlands (CW). The results indicated that C. indica is preferred as a perennial plant with unlimited metal accumulation and high nutrient removals compare to O. sativa L. with a high metal concentration in the above-ground plant tissue and also an annual plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of concentration–streamflow (C–Q) relationships is presented as a novel approach for studying climate change effects on water quality. Based on data from nine monitoring stations in the Choapa basin, north-central Chile, constituent behaviours were classified as constancy, enrichment or dilution. Constancy was shown for B, As, and Cu. Dilution and enrichment relationships were observed at some sites. Electrical conductivity and major ions showed dilution behaviour, with Na+, Mg2+, Cl−, SO4−2 and K+ showing greater variability in response to streamflow changes. Fe, Al, Mn and Zn presented enrichment behaviour, with Al and Fe showing greater variability. Based on historical C-Q relationships and available projections of streamflow variations under climate change, the change in constituent concentrations from 2010 to 2040 likely will not exceed ±10% with respect to the historical average, and ±15% from 2040 to 2070. In particular, Fe and Mn require special attention in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify the nutrients that influence the performance of working memory, which is greatly affected as age progresses. A total of 1646 healthy adults between 21 and 80 years old participated in the study. The daily consumption of 64 nutrients was examined using a food frequency questionnaire that assessed food intake during the previous year. Working memory was measured in the verbal and spatial domains using a computerized task. We examined which nutrients influence working memory across the entire adult lifespan and whether the influence of any of these nutrients on working memory is moderated by individuals' ages. Working memory, across the entire adult lifespan, benefits from the intake of cholesterol, alcohol, gamma- and delta-tocopherol, vitamin B6, and palmitoleic, oleic, alpha linoleic and linoleic acids. Moderator analyses revealed that fats, energy, lactose and sodium negatively influenced working memory in middle-aged and older adults, whereas vitamin D and vitamin C had positive effects on memory beyond 70 years of age. Nutrients have the ability to positively or negatively affect working memory, which varies as a function of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improved predictability of the effectiveness of biostimulant products is required before their wider acceptance by ornamental plant growers. We investigated the effects of three of the main groups of biostimulants (humic acids, protein hydrolysates, and seaweed extracts) under six fertilization levels, using Antirrhinum majus L. as a model ornamental plant to evaluate potential interactive effects on plant performance and growth substrate biological activity. Number of leaves increased in response to biostimulant application, but leaf area was generally reduced, especially in potting mix with lower fertility. Seaweed extract had beneficial effects on both shoot and root dry mass accumulation but was less beneficial than higher fertilizer rates. The beneficial effects of protein hydrolysates and humic acids were marginal and less predictable under our experimental conditions; humic acids showed particularly negative effects on root dry mass accumulation. All biostimulants showed negative impacts on substrate microbial activity, although Dehydrogenase Activity (DHA) was substantially higher under lower fertility. Extrapolation of the results of this study suggests that it is feasible to apply biostimulants, particularly seaweed extracts, to improve the overall growth performance of ornamental plants. However, it is essential to consider the nutrient status of growth medium if we are to leverage the biostimulant paradigm in the ornamental plant sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solanum nigrum is an orphan crop known for its medicinal and nutritional value and phenotypic plasticity. Four genotypes, previously identified as accumulating high levels of Ca (G5 and G20) and Fe (G6 and G15), were clonally propagated. Following acclimatization, the clonal progenies were subjected to two watering regimes (50 and 100% water holding capacities) in a greenhouse and clones of each genotype were harvested at 15, 30 and 45 days of ex-vitro growth. Full water supply and aging led to the greatest biomass production by the clonal genotypes while both watering regimes resulted in overall increases in leaf water contents. Ca and Fe contents were not affected by age or changing water availability except for the G6 clones which accumulated less Fe under water stress. Genotypic variations occurred for all tested parameters except Fe content (full water supply), and Ca content, root fresh and dry weights (water stress). With age, plasticities for biomass increased, those for leaf water content decreased and remained unaffected for Ca and Fe contents. Genotypic effects were observed for shoot and root dry weight plasticities (G6 > G15). The clones of G5, G6 and G20 could be grown at 50% WHC and harvested after 15 days of ex-vitro growth as full plants for consumption but since shoot biomass was found to be a critical factor influencing Ca and Fe content, a greater number of clones will need to be propagated to gain the maximum nutritional benefit at day 15. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ethiopia, particularly in the East wollega zone, several underutilized wild edible fruits, such as Gardenia erubescens, Ficus mucuso, Dovyalis abyssinica, and Ziziphus spinachristi, are consumed only by local communities. However, information on nutritional composition, antinutrients, and antioxidant properties of edible parts of the fruits are limited. Given this, the study aimed to determine the nutritional composition, antinutrients, and antioxidant properties of the four selected wild edible fruits collected from the East Wollega zone following official standard analytical producers. The result on dry matter basis of the four wild edible fruits had moisture (9.83–13.10%), crude protein (3.01–5.31%), crude fat (1.40–3.31%), crude fiber (0.71–2.11%), total ash (4.84–9.23%) and utilizable carbohydrate (70.41–78.27%) and gross energy (316.05–342.63 kcal/100 g). The results also depicted high in utilizable carbohydrate and gross energy contents recorded in the Dovyalis Abyssinica. In contrast, high protein and fat contents were observed in the Ziziphus spina-chris and Ficus mucusa. The findings indicated that Ziziphus spina christi fruit was high in iron, zinc, and magnesium, while Ficus mucusa was high in calcium and phosphorus. Gardenia erubescens were low in oxalate and phytate contents. The molar ratios of the wild fruits in this study were below the standard and showed the high mineral bioavailability in all wild edible fruits. The Gardenia erubescens fruit was high total phenolic (230.76 mg/GAE/g) and flavonoid (112.85 mg CE/g) contents. The findings showed that among wild edible fruits considered in this study, Gardenia erubescens and Ziziphus spina-chris may have less anti nutrient activity that may favor mineral bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of fresh water and seawater flooding on phosphorous (P) and nitrogen (N) dynamics in two calcareous soils (Biscayne and Krome) of South Florida using a 28-day greenhouse flooding experiment. Porewater samples were collected at three depths over four periods (1, 7, 14, and 28 days) of flooding and analyzed for selected water quality parameters. Results showed that seawater-flooded Biscayne soil had a 4.4 fold higher porewater soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentration than freshwater. Additionally, porewater SRP concentration and total phosphorus (TP) in Biscayne soil increased with prolonged flooding duration and column depth. Furthermore, both freshwater and seawater flooding increased porewater NH4+ - N concentration; however, the increase was more pronounced in seawater flooded samples. NH4+ - N concentration also increased with flooding duration. Overall, the study highlights the risks of nutrient leaching from seawater flooded coastal soils that could contribute to the deterioration of surface and groundwater quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peach and apple flowers were evaluated for their human nutritional value by obtaining baseline information on their contents of bioactive compounds, minerals and antioxidant capacity. We used simple random sampling and nested statistical analysis to examine flowers of three peach cultivars ("July Flame," "Cary Mac" and "Fair Time") and two crab apple cultivars ("Manchurian" and "John Downie"). Flowers of "John Downie" stood out for their high contents of ash, protein and crude fat. Carbohydrate contents were highest for "Fair Time" and "Cary Mac." Peach and apple differed in their contents of total phenols (73.23 ± 1.94 mg GAE/g peach and 86.65 ± 1.18 mg GAE/g, apple) and total flavonoids (TFl) (5.29 ± 0.10 mg QE/100 g peach and 7.99 ± 0.3 mg QE/100 g apple). The peach cultivar "Fair Time" and the crab apple cultivars "Manchurian" and "John Downie" showed the highest values of K+ and Mg2+. Micronutrient concentrations differed between species, however, Zn2+ and Na+ values were similar among species but differed between cultivars. Antioxidant capacity showed inter-species variations with the methods ABTS and FRAP. The results indicate a good potential for both peach and apple flowers to be incorporated in the human diet, for fresh consumption as functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish and other seafood are important sources of nutrients, but they are also sources of chemical contaminants that may cause adverse health effects. This article aimed to identify existing risk–benefit assessments (RBA) of fish, shellfish, and other seafood, compare methodologies, discuss differences and commonalities in findings, and identify limitations and ways forward for future studies. We conducted a scoping review of the scientific literature of studies in all languages published from 2000 through April 2019. We identified 106 RBA of fish and other seafood across Europe, Asia, North America, Africa, and at the global level. Studies were heterogeneous in terms of types of fish and other seafood considered, beneficial and adverse compounds assessed, and overall methodology. Collected data showed that a diet consisting of a variety of lean and fatty fish and other seafood is recommended for the overall population and that women of childbearing age and children should limit the consumption of fish and other seafood types that have a high likelihood of contamination. Our review emphasizes the need for evidence-based, up-to-date, and harmonized approaches in RBA in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The importance of nutrition in reproductive health is widely acknowledged with special emphasis given to periconceptional maternal diet and its implications on embryo-fetal development, pregnancy complications, and the health of the offspring. Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, we searched for literature in PubMed, CINAHL, and WoS to gather newer information on how diet composition influences the concepts from the very early stages of pregnancy and how maternal health may be affected as well. Fifty-six studies published up to June 2020 met the inclusion criteria. Results: With its proportioned and diversified macronutrient composition, the Mediterranean Diet prevents congenital anomalies, preterm birth, hypertensive disorders, and gestational diabetes. Similar dietary patterns rich in vegetables, nuts, fish, and cereals increase the likelihood of conception and have a protective action, mediated by their antioxidant properties, against orofacial clefts, congenital heart and limb defects in the progeny. Conversely, the pro-inflammatory features of western diets, rich in processed foods and low in fruit content, diminish fertility, increase miscarriage rates, and enhance the risk of neural tube defects regardless of folate supplementation. Conclusions: It may be concluded that within the multiple dietary options, some of them are soundly associated with beneficial effects for the mother and the newborn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The small tree, Dichrostachys cinerea, occurs in dense patches within grasslands on gabbro-derived soils in the southern Kruger National Park. It is not known whether soil properties in the grasslands affect tree establishment. As a first step in identifying soil properties potentially underpinning differences in vegetation structure, we analysed the soil chemistry of the pedoderm (0–2 cm) in Dichrostachys patches and adjacent open grassland. Relative to the Dichrostachys patches, the pedoderm of the grassland was significantly richer in K (1.4-fold), Ca (2.6-fold), Mg (3.4-fold), Mn (1.7-fold), B (1.2-fold) and Na (1.6-fold). The pH of the grassland was also higher than in the Dichrostachys patches (6.45 ± 0.14 vs 5.53 ± 0.09). It is unlikely that the vigour of tree seedlings, tree ramets or grasses in the Dichrostachys patches would be constrained by the concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, Mn, B and Na, or the pH, at the study site. Greater concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, Mn, B and Na in the pedoderm of the grassland are, however, likely to be linked to relatively greater nutritive value of the grass sward and in turn greater herbivory pressure. This effect is a potential cause of the greater constraint of D. cinerea seedlings and/or ramets in the grassland than in the Dichrostachys patches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mathematical model with the intraguild predation structure is proposed to describe the interactions of autotrophs and mixotrophs containing light and nutrients in a well-mixed aquatic ecosystem. The dissipation, existence and stability of equilibria of the model are proved, and the ecological reproductive indexes for the extinction, survival and coexistence of autotrophs and mixotrophs are established. We also consider the influence of Holling type functional responses and abiotic factors on the coexistence and biomass of autotrophs and mixotrophs. It is shown that the intraguild predation structure is beneficial to phytoplankton biodiversity and provides an explanation for the phytoplankton paradox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of medicines is associated with both therapeutic and adverse effects and interactions. In particular, interactions between drugs and food are common, and can either enhance the action of drugs or diminish their effect. Health professionals have a responsibility to screen for and educate patients about food–drug interactions, as well as to assist in decreasing their occurrence. The aim of this study was to identify any interactions present between food and selected over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Sixty-five publications out of a potential 1112 found in the search were included in the study and among them 28 concerned painkillers, 6 – antihistamines, 4 – nasal decongestants, 10 were for proton pump inhibitors and for iron and 8 for sildenafil. Interactions between food and OTC drugs do exist. These drugs should not be taken regardless of the meal. Providing relevant information to the patient will increase drug safety and efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In open-canopied temperate rivers, periphyton plays a pivotal role by converting dissolved nutrients into food for biota. International research suggests that periphyton is particularly responsive to flow and nutrient alterations and therefore ideally suited to aiding the prediction and monitoring of the effects of altered flow regimes. Given that one of South Africa's key focus areas for river management has been the provision of flows to sustain aquatic ecosystems, this study aimed to quantify the relative importance of potential environmental drivers of periphyton, particularly flow, under different nutrient conditions in rivers of the south-western Cape. The study focused on two perennial rivers, the Berg and Molenaars Rivers. Quantitative monthly samples of periphyton biomass were collected from four sites, representative of different flow and nutrient regimes, over a 21-month sampling period between September 2007 and May 2009. The frequency of flood disturbance over the wet season was found to be the single most important driver of periphyton communities. It accounted for almost 75% of the total variation in periphyton biomass under natural flow and nutrient-poor conditions and it was therefore identified as the primary driver of periphyton communities. Its role was smaller under moderately enriched conditions and accounted for 45% of the total variation. These findings suggest that periphyton in south-western Cape rivers has great potential as a tool for predicting and monitoring the effects of altered flow regimes under different nutrient enrichment regimes. Together with some insight into community structure, the next step is to develop periphyton indicators that reflect different aspects of ecosystem integrity, for use in scenario modelling and other management aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cereals research over the past fifty years has led to huge improvements in production, productivity and food security. The current emphasis in agri-nutrition on micronutrients has cast doubt on the need to continue to invest in cereals. However, besides the essential dietary energy content of cereals such as wheat, maize and rice, we argue that there are two important factors to consider. First, the intrinsic micronutrient content of cereals is not often taken into account. As a major dietary component, cereal foods are already an important vehicle for enhanced nutrition, and these characteristics are amenable to further improvement through plant breeding and value chain interventions in processing, manufacturing and distribution. Second, while adverse effects are acknowledged for some people, cereals are a rich source of both dietary fibre and a range of bioactive food components that are also essential for good health and well-being. In particular, the role of the bioactives in combatting non-communicable diseases is becoming more evident. The development community must not assume that the research gains of the last five decades will be sufficient to guarantee future food security. Research into cereals should be implemented as a multi-sectoral and multi-disciplinary activity encompassing whole food systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of photo-sequencing batch reactor (PSBR) in removing multiple antibiotics and nutrients from aquaculture wastewater as well as the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) proliferation were firstly investigated during the long-term experiments. The operational conditions (i.e. light intensity, light time, aeration and solid retention time) were optimised to realise the simultaneous removal of antibiotics and nutrients. It was found that, compared with traditional SBR, PSBR has similar nutrient removal rate and a 30% higher antibiotics removal rate due to the corporation of microalgae (Chlorella) and bacteria, and the absolute abundance of ARGs decreased by 78% in PSBR. Further investigation showed that PSBR had certain advantages in removing quinolones and the corresponding removal rate could reach up to 90%. In terms of the mechanisms, the possible metabolic pathway of antibiotic was analysed and the intermediate metabolites were different from that of the reported studies. The microbial communities were also affected by microalgae and the relative abundance of certain bacteria (such as members of the families Rhodocyclaceae and Burkholderiaceae), which were positively correlated with some ARGs, decreased in PSBR. This study provides an alternative and effective method to aquaculture wastewater treatment, which present high nutrients and antibiotics removal efficiencies and low ARGs transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estuaries are the receiving environment for catchment-derived contaminants, the fate of which depends on the interplay between the estuarine geomorphology and hydrodynamics. In large estuaries, biophysical processes are spatially and temporally-diverse, which makes understanding and managing the impact of human activities challenging. Here we use two common modelling approaches to explore the advantages and limitations of biophysical modelling as a tool for limit setting in a large barrier-enclosed estuary in New Zealand. The model shows the large spatial variation in water quality associated with low upper harbour flushing. Variations can also be attributed to spatial variation in processes (such as denitrification). Although the non-linear interactions between processes within these models can limit the value of using specific detail of outputs for decision making, the general patterns and sensitivities can be used to define areas, explore connectivity, and provide some information when monitoring data is lacking. Even in a deterministic modelling environment, it can very difficult to attribute water quality variations output at one location to the loading that caused these variations. While biophysical modelling will likely remain a core tool for informing management, any future development of limit setting methods for estuaries should recognise the inherent constraints we describe here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil plays an important role in controlling the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients and contaminants in the environment. Reliable analytical techniques are critical to better understand their transformation in soils. Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films technique (DGT) is one of such techniques, which has become increasingly popular in soil research since 1998. Undeniably, DGT attracts increasing attentions from multidisciplinary researchers worldwide. This is mainly due to its inherent merits, including ease of use, in situ measurement, and biomimetic applications. Further, four important aspects of DGT applications in soil research were summarized. They include: 1) chemical speciation, 2) bioavailability measurement, 3) desorption kinetic modeling, and 4) interfacial process mapping of nutrients and contaminants, with main focus on the progresses achieved during the past five years. In short, DGT is effective in studying the biochemical behaviors of nutrients (e.g., phosphate and nitrate), trace elements (e.g., Cd, Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb, and As), and polar organic compounds (e.g., antibiotics, pesticides, and bisphenols) in soils. Toward the end, we proposed several aspects of applying DGT as a versatile tool in soil research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foliar spray with commercial nutrients, humic acid, vigamax, and potassium phosphate dibasic of sugar beet plants, was evaluated against leaf spot disease incited by Cercospora beticola. Significant reduction of Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) disease severity was reported under natural field infection. Spraying with humic acid (at 20.0 g/l) and mix treatments resulted in the lowest values of disease severity during the two seasons (2018/2019 and 2019/2020) and the highest efficiency against the disease (76.41-89.36%). Retarding of CLS and the reduction of disease severity due to nutrient applications correlated to yield increment. PR1 (SA responsive gene) and LOX2 (JA biosynthesis) genes expression levels were induced and increased in the sugar beet leaves after treatment applications. The nutrients have positive impacts on both sugar beet yield and health. In conclusion, humic acid, vigamax, and potassium phosphate dibasic could be involved in management strategies against Cercospora leaf spot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The therapeutic use of nutrient-based 'nutraceuticals' and plant-based 'phytoceuticals' for the treatment of mental disorders is common; however, despite recent research progress, there have not been any updated global clinical guidelines since 2015. To address this, the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) and the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Disorders (CANMAT) convened an international taskforce involving 31 leading academics and clinicians from 15 countries, between 2019 and 2021. These guidelines are aimed at providing a definitive evidence-informed approach to assist clinicians in making decisions around the use of such agents for major psychiatric disorders. We also provide detail on safety and tolerability, and clinical advice regarding prescription (e.g. indications, dosage), in addition to consideration for use in specialised populations. The methodology was based on the WFSBP guidelines development process. Evidence was assessed based on the WFSBP grading of evidence (and was modified to focus on Grade A level evidence – meta-analysis or two or more RCTs – due to the breadth of data available across all nutraceuticals and phytoceuticals across major psychiatric disorders). The taskforce assessed both the 'level of evidence' (LoE) (i.e. meta-analyses or RCTs) and the assessment of the direction of the evidence, to determine whether the intervention was 'Recommended' (+++), 'Provisionally Recommended' (++), 'Weakly Recommended' (+), 'Not Currently Recommended' (+/−), or 'Not Recommended' (−) for a particular condition. Due to the number of clinical trials now available in the field, we firstly examined the data from our two meta-reviews of meta-analyses (nutraceuticals conducted in 2019, and phytoceuticals in 2020). We then performed a search of additional relevant RCTs and reported on both these data as the primary drivers supporting our clinical recommendations. Lower levels of evidence, including isolated RCTs, open label studies, case studies, preclinical research, and interventions with only traditional or anecdotal use, were not assessed. Amongst nutraceuticals with Grade A evidence, positive directionality and varying levels of support (recommended, provisionally recommended, or weakly recommended) was found for adjunctive omega-3 fatty acids (+++), vitamin D (+), adjunctive probiotics (++), adjunctive zinc (++), methylfolate (+), and adjunctive s-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) (+) in the treatment of unipolar depression. Monotherapy omega-3 (+/−), folic acid (−), vitamin C (−), tryptophan (+/−), creatine (+/−), inositol (−), magnesium (−), and n-acetyl cysteine (NAC) (+/−) and SAMe (+/−) were not supported for this use. In bipolar disorder, omega-3 had weak support for bipolar depression (+), while NAC was not currently recommended (+/−). NAC was weakly recommended (+) in the treatment of OCD-related disorders; however, no other nutraceutical had sufficient evidence in any anxiety-related disorder. Vitamin D (+), NAC (++), methylfolate (++) were recommended to varying degrees in the treatment of the negative symptoms in schizophrenia, while omega-3 fatty acids were not, although evidence suggests a role for prevention of transition to psychosis in high-risk youth, with potential pre-existing fatty acid deficiency. Micronutrients (+) and vitamin D (+) were weakly supported in the treatment of ADHD, while omega-3 (+/−) and omega-9 fatty acids (−), acetyl L carnitine (−), and zinc (+/−) were not supported. Phytoceuticals with supporting Grade A evidence and positive directionality included St John's wort (+++), saffron (++), curcumin (++), and lavender (+) in the treatment of unipolar depression, while rhodiola use was not supported for use in mood disorders. Ashwagandha (++), galphimia (+), and lavender (++) were modestly supported in the treatment of anxiety disorders, while kava (−) and chamomile (+/−) were not recommended for generalised anxiety disorder. Ginkgo was weakly supported in the adjunctive treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia (+), but not supported in the treatment of ADHD (+/−). With respect to safety and tolerability, all interventions were deemed to have varying acceptable levels of safety and tolerability for low-risk over-the-counter use in most circumstances. Quality and standardisation of phytoceuticals was also raised by the taskforce as a key limiting issue for firmer confidence in these agents. Finally, the taskforce noted that such use of nutraceuticals or phytoceuticals be primarily recommended (where supportive evidence exists) adjunctively within a standard medical/health professional care model, especially in cases of more severe mental illness. Some meta-analyses reviewed contained data from heterogenous studies involving poor methodology. Isolated RCTs and other data such as open label or case series were not included, and it is recognised that an absence of data does not imply lack of efficacy. Based on the current data and clinician input, a range of nutraceuticals and phytoceuticals were given either a supportive recommendation or a provisional recommendation across a range of various psychiatric disorders. However several had only a weak endorsement for potential use; for a few it was not possible to reach a clear recommendation direction, largely due to mixed study findings; while some other agents showed no obvious therapeutic benefit and were clearly not recommended for use. It is the intention of these guidelines to inform psychiatric/medical, and health professional practice globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study considers nutrient content of hydrophytic host populations (Impatiens capensis and Justicia americana) and their obligate holoparasite, Cuscuta gronovii. Comparisons of mineral content in aboveground organs between non-parasitized (control) and parasitized plants were also evaluated. While Cuscuta appeared to have limited impact on plant size for J. americana, the parasite did foster decreases in biomass for I. capensis. When differences in mineral content were observed between hosts and controls, parasitized plants maintained higher nutrient levels. No differences in macronutrient content were observed in parasitized J. americana relative to uninfected controls. In contrast, there were elevated N, P, and S in I. capensis hosts compared to uninfected plants. Although it is possible that Cuscuta parasitism enhanced nutrient uptake in I. capensis, the appearance of higher macronutrients could reflect selective foraging by Cuscuta. That is, given the option between multiple hosts, Cuscuta may have the ability to select hosts with higher nutritional status. There were also higher Mn concentrations in both host species when parasitized, and higher Fe, Cu, and Al in parasitized I. capensis. Aluminum was particularly high (>1000 ppm) in I. capensis hosts, possibly reflecting the role of Al in eliciting antioxidant and/or pathogenic defenses in parasitized plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study considered the experimental parameters (zinc chloride, impregnation ratio and activation times) for nutrients removals (nitrate and phosphate) in synthetic greywater using activated carbon from banana trunk via Taguchi and response surface methodology (RSM). Lastly, the best optimization method was selected to optimize the experimental parameters for nutrient removal in synthetic greywater. For Taguchi method, the most influential experimental parameter was zinc chloride (ZnCl2), followed by impregnation ratio and activation time for both nitrate and phosphate removals. ANOVA results in Taguchi method found that ZnCl2, impregnation ratio, and activation time were significantly associated with phosphate removal. Only ZnCl2 and impregnation ratio were significantly associated with nitrate removal. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) adopting Box–Behnken Design findings indicated that ZnCl2 and impregnation time were the significant experimental parameters for nitrate removal. While, ZnCl2, impregnation ratio and activation time were significantly associated with phosphate removal in synthetic greywater. Three-dimensional surface plots illustrated that the nutrients removals (nitrate and phosphate) increase with the increasing of experimental parameters (ZnCl2, activation time, and impregnation ratio). The RSM method via Box–Behnken Design was chosen as it considered possible linear and non-linear combination interactions between two or more parameters with low errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The match between dry fish supply and nutrient needs is vital to support the health and well-being of the increasing human population. The depleting fisheries resources also suggest a corrective measure to define accurately the amount and quality of nutrients supplied by dry fish. Dry fish is increasingly becoming a vital factor in providing high-quality proteins, healthy fats (including long-chain omega-3 fatty acids like eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)), and a unique source of essential nutrients such as iodine, zinc, copper, selenium, and calcium. Our knowledge on contribution of dry fish towards food and nutritional security is largely based on limited scattered data which is unsatisfactory. The aim of our work consequently to put together dry fish information all about nutrition and its safety aspects. We show that dry fish gives basic supplements of high bioavailability which are found in constraining sums in the eating regimen of developing countries. The review also assesses the economics and health risks associated with consumption of dry fish and consequently, the necessary measures and steps to reduce such risks in order to have a safer food for the consumers and profitability to fish farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cheleleka Wetland is located in the Ethiopian Rift Valley on the upper shore of Lake Hawassa, after which the regional capital is named. This study investigated the relationship between water quality and the occurrence and diversity of macrophyte species of the wetland. Spatio-temporal variability in terms of water quality and macrophytes were studied in the wet and dry seasons at purposely-selected sites selected based on human disturbance levels. Six sites were selected, two from each of 'severely', 'moderately' and 'least disturbed', and data collected on water quality parameters, macrophytes richness and abundance. The results showed 25 macrophyte species dominated by Cyperaceae (24%), Poaceae (20%) and Nymphaeaceae (12%). Species diversity and abundance were significantly different between seasons and among the sampling sites (p < 0.05), with the richest taxa recorded at the least disturbed sites. A redundancy analysis of the species–environment relationships identified nutrient loads as significant drivers of macrophyte diversity and abundance in the wetland. Generally, the results showed the spatial and temporal variation of macrophyte diversity and abundance are affected by water quality, and poor water quality has resulted in poor ecological conditions of the Cheleleka Wetland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers commonly assume that the intrinsic behavior of molecular water is invariable, yet accumulating evidence suggests that water behavior can be modified via non-chemical means, e.g. by magnetic field effects. This laboratory study examined the effect of turbulent-flow conditioning (CTap) of a mineralized irrigation water source (Tap water) on water chemistry and the behavior and character of soil–water interactions. Turbulent conditioning did not alter the chemistry of water itself; dissolved organic and inorganic carbon, nitrate, ammonium, chloride, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient element concentrations were the same both before and after treatment. However, turbulent conditioning slightly reduced the surface tension of CTap water relative to Tap. Results indicate that CTap irrigation water changed the chemical composition in one pore volume of water leached through the soil column; consistently increasing mean potassium, ammonium, magnesium, and calcium concentrations by 1.2- to 1.4-fold compared to untreated Tap water. Results for the micro-nutrients were inconclusive because their concentrations in the waters were below the analytical detection limit. Conditioning may have changed physical properties of the CTap water, which altered the nature of its physical and/or chemical interactions with the soil. A consistent effect develops after incubated soil is irrigated for >4-weeks, suggesting that the treatment impacts on soil properties may accumulate over time, potentially influencing soil productivity and management. This phenomenon deserves to be further investigated; if the capacity of this simple device to increase soil cation leaching can be confirmed, it could potentially provide an economical means of managing salt-affected soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barley is one of the most important cereal crops and arranged globally as fourth after wheat, rice, and corn. It is known for its beneficial effects against degenerative diseases including diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and colon inflammation which are associated with eating habits and improper lifestyles. These effects are mainly attributed to its rich dietary fibers, i.e., β-glucan composition. Moreover, barley considered as a good source of starch, minerals, vitamins, and protein pose it as an ideal food supplement. Nevertheless, about 2% of the barley global production is utilized due to unacceptable organoleptic characters. Therefore, continuous modifications are ongoing either to develop new cultivars for different purposes, or novel processing methods to improve its organoleptic characters. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the macroconstituents and microconstituents of barley, its nutritional value and prebiotic effects. Further, different processing procedures performed to improve its organoleptic characters or to decrease its antinutrient levels are outlined with suggestions for further needed cultivars that could preserve the different benefits of barley and maximize its value as a major cereal crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current investigation was conducted to test the potential effects of in ovo feeding of vitamin A, L-carnitine, and folic acid on embryonic growth and post-hatch performance. A total of 450 fertile duck eggs were randomly distributed into two experiments of five groups/experiment (255 eggs/experiment and 45 egg/group). The experimental groups were: negative control (non-injected eggs), positive control (eggs were injected with 0.1 ml sterile deionized; DI water/egg), and three other treatments in which vitamin A, L-carnitine, and folic acid were injected (1 mg of each nutrient dissolved in 0.1 ml sterile DI water/egg). All-in ovo injected groups with vitamin A, L-carnitine, and folic acid increased the embryo weight, residual yolk weight, heart weight, hatchability percentage, and embryo length at the 25th day of incubation. At hatching, all micronutrients-in ovo injected treatments increased the duckling's weight, levels of blood hemoglobulin, plasma triiodothyronine, and thyroxin, insulin-like growth factor1, total protein, albumin, and globulin, compared with the controls in both experiments. Conclusively, the in ovo feeding of the present micronutrients showed positive impacts on embryonic development, hatchling health status of ducklings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nostoc was orally administered to mice to evaluate the possible effects on cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced immunosuppression. The results showed that feeding Nostoc may promote the growth of mice. Meanwhile, spleen and thymus indices, WBC, splenic lymphocyte transformation rate, macrophage phagocytosis, and T-AOC were significantly higher in mice treated with CY + Nostoc than treated with CY. ELISA results showed that Nostoc treatment enhanced the production of IgG, IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ in sera of CY-treated mice. In addition, histopathological examination confirmed the biochemical and immunological results, suggesting that Nostoc may be a promising modulator in attenuating CY-induced immunosuppression and oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common vetch plant (Vicia sativa L.) growth under various arsenic (As) loads was investigated in the clean (1st year cultivation) and As-contaminated soils (2nd year cultivation). The total dry weight (DW) of common vetch gradually increased by the application of low concentration of As-contaminated irrigation waters (IWs) while the decrease of total DW to lower than the control plant at high As loads was observed. Compared with the control plant, the aboveground biomass yield loss was 7.6% and 61.6% in the 1st and 2nd cultivation years, respectively. The root dry (RDW) loss was about 36% in the 2nd cultivation year while the 1st year crop root yield loss was 56.5%. In the 1st cultivation year crops, the root As amount was about 1.8–1.9 fold higher than in the shoots while it reached to about 4–11 fold in the 2nd year crops. Although, common vetch might be defined as a highly tolerant plant to As in the clean soil, results demonstrated that the As tolerance of plant could decline when the usage of As-contaminated IWs for a prolonged time. Application of As-contaminated waters for a long time caused the changes of macro (N, P, Ca, Mg, and K) and microelements (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn) transportation from the root to aboveground biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lake Sevan is a meso-eutrophic water body, which was severely impacted by anthropogenic level decrease, pollution and eutrophication during the last century. Starting in the 1970s, these processes resulted in the formation of an oxygen-depleted hypolimnion during summer–autumn stratification of the lake. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time that eutrophication of the lake leads not only to the full depletion of oxygen and nitrate in the hypolimnion but as well to the presence of sulfate-reducing microorganisms and toxic hydrogen sulfide. Concentrations of hydrogen sulfide in the hypolimnion of Major and Minor Sevan in October were as high as 9 and 39 μM, respectively. In October 2019, 66 % of lake's bottom was covered by sulfidic waters, while the fraction of sulfidic water volume reached 19 %. Values of δ34S for hypolimnetic sulfide are lower by only 7–12 ‰ compared to epilimnetic sulfate, while δ33S values of sulfide are similar to the δ33S values of sulfate. These isotopic fingerprints are not consistent with microbial sulfate reduction as the sole source of hydrogen sulfide in the hypolimnion. We attribute the formation of a sulfidic deep-water layer to a combination of microbial sulfate reduction in the water column and diffusion of hydrogen sulfide from the sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]