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Appropriate paper-based technology (APT) is used to provide postural support for children with cerebral palsy (CP) in low-resourced settings. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the impact of APT on the children's and families' lives. A convenience sample of children with CP and their families participated. Inclusion was based on the Gross Motor Function Classification System levels IV and V. APT seating or standing frames were provided for six months. A mixed methods impact of APT devices on the children and families included the Family Impact Assistive Technology Scale for Adaptive Seating (FIATS-AS); the Child Engagement in Daily Life (CEDL) questionnaire; and a qualitative assessment from diary/log and semi-structured interviews. Ten children (median 3 years, range 9 months to 7 years). Baseline to follow-up median (IQR) FIATS-AS were: 22.7 (9.3) and 30.3 (10.2), respectively (p=.002). Similarly mean (SD) CEDL scores for "frequency" changed from 30.5 (13.2) to 42.08 (5.96) (p=.021) and children's enjoyment scores from 2.23 (0.93) to 2.91 (0.79) (p=.019). CEDL questionnaire for self-care was not discriminatory; seven families scored zero at both baseline and 6 months. Qualitative interviews revealed three key findings; that APT improved functional ability, involvement/interaction in daily-life situations, and a reduced family burden of care. APT devices used in Kenyan children with non-ambulant CP had a meaningful positive effect on both the children's and their families' lives. Assistive devices are often unobtainable for children with cerebral palsy (CP) in low-income countries. APT is a low cost and sustainable solution to make seating and standing devices for disabled children in Kenya. The regular use of a postural support device enhanced the children's motor skills, ability to function and participate in everyday activities, reduced the burden of care for the families and promoted the children's social interaction. The postural support devices were highly valued and utilised by the children and families in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For children with mobility impairments, without cognitive delays, who want to participate in outdoor activities, existing assistive technology (AT) to support their needs is limited. In this review, we investigate the control and design of a selection of robotic walkers while exploring a selection of legged robots to develop solutions that address this gap in robotic AT. We performed a comprehensive literature search from four main databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore. The keywords used in the search were the following: "walker", "rollator", "smart walker", "robotic walker", "robotic rollator". Studies were required to discuss the control or design of robotic walkers to be considered. A total of 159 papers were analyzed. From the 159 papers, 127 were excluded since they failed to meet our inclusion criteria. The total number of papers analyzed included publications that utilized the same device, therefore we classified the remaining 32 studies into groups based on the type of robotic walker used. This paper reviewed 15 different types of robotic walkers. The ability of many-legged robots to negotiate and transition between a range of unstructured substrates suggests several avenues of future consideration whose pursuit could benefit robotic AT, particularly regarding the present limitations of wheeled paediatric robotic walkers for children's daily outside use. Children with lower limb disabilities can benefit from assistive technology designed for daily usage in outdoor surroundings. An extension of existing robotic assistive technology that allows the user to travel safely on irregular surfaces both indoors and outdoors is needed. Approaches used to solve research problems in the field of robotics (outside of the rehabilitation area) can be used to address problems that robotic assistive technology currently faces. There is a need for more research on the development of robotic assistive technology for children with mobility impairments without cognitive delays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2016 WHO launched the priority assistive products list (APL) consisting of 50 products and recommended that using this as a reference, countries should develop their own contextually relevant national APLs. This paper describes the development of Malawi's APL. Two hundred and ninety-six persons with disabilities participated in a rapid Assistive Technology Assessment (rATA) survey. Six focus group discussions (FGDs) with people with various types of disabilities were conducted. The rATA questionnaire and FGDs collected data on assistive products (APs) participants used, APs they needed and the challenges they experienced. Data collection was done in six districts spread across the three regions in Malawi. All age groups were included in the survey. Persons with disabilities aged less than 18 participated but went with their guardians. All persons who participated in this study provided consent. Survey and FGDs results were presented at an APL consensus meeting with policymakers, service providers, disabled peoples' organizations and development partners in the disability sector. Based on the results and further discussions, a consensus was reached on the priority APs for Malawi. More than a third of respondents used wheelchairs (32%), followed by auxiliary crutches (25%), walking sticks (13%), reading glasses (11%), prosthesis (10%), elbow crutches (9%) and orthosis (8%). There is also a high demand for products such as pull-up underwear (incontinence products) (79%), hearing aids (70%), reading glasses (59%) and diapers (63%). After intensive discussions during a consensus meeting, an agreement was reached on the 22 priority APs for Malawi. There is a wide range of APs being used by people with different functional limitations in Malawi. There is also a demand for APs that are not readily available. When developing an APL, the list should include products in use, those in demand, and those recommended by service providers. Following the development of the priority assistive products list (APL) by WHO, member states should develop their own contextually based APL. The development of the APL should be based on research evidence. All key stakeholders including persons with disabilities and other functional limitations, government, and development partners should participate in this process. The APL should be part of the national health system or community services. The Department of Disability and Elderly Affairs in the Ministry of Gender, Community Development, being the Government of Malawi line ministry coordinating disability issues participated actively in this study including inviting participants in the stakeholders' validation workshop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to identify assistive technologies that are promising for addressing loneliness in people living with dementia in long-term care. A scoping review was conducted. EBSCO, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and ProQuest were searched from 2000 to 2020. The included studies were selected by three independent researchers and summarised, compared, and categorized according to technology type. Publications were eligible for inclusion when they reported on psychosocial interventions aiming to reduce loneliness and/or social isolation in people with dementia in long-term care settings. Twenty-four papers were included (20 original research papers and four reviews). Most studies were conducted in Australia and Europe. The studies aimed to investigate two different types of assistive technology: social robots, and multimedia computer systems. Most studies focussed on behaviour, engagement, and mood as primary outcomes. Only one study directly aimed to alleviate loneliness. Even though only one study addressed loneliness directly, it became clear that assistive technologies used to apply psychosocial interventions have the potential to impact loneliness in people with dementia in long-term care. However, it remains unclear why loneliness was not included as an outcome and how loneliness could become a key outcome in evaluating assistive technologies. Loneliness among older adults is associated with health risks, such as the development of dementia, depression, and increased mortality. Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) technologies have been studied to address loneliness for older adults; however people with dementia are often excluded from such studies. This diverse group of technologies is shown to have a promising impact on outcomes, such as social engagement, quality of life, and mood, but loneliness was studied less often. More research is needed to discover the potential of assistive technologies for people with dementia living in long-term care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Throughout the world, mobility devices are usually distributed using product-based business models, where a device is provided to a user, and serviced or replaced when the user returns to the clinic with an issue. Moving to a service-based business model can provide continuous and customised support for the user, and provide the clinicians and manufacturers with better data to base their decisions on. This study reviews papers on assistive technology service-based business models and considerations in designing such a model to optimise economic and social value. It then applies the findings to the mobility device space. Method: A systematic literature search was undertaken in PubMed, Web of Science, and OVID databases to analyse studies that discuss service delivery models used to provide assistive products. Inductive thematic analysis determined the themes, facilitators and barriers associated with providing a service. Findings were applied to mobility device service provision. Results and conclusion: Themes from the 29 relevant papers were grouped into four categories: Access (affordability/availability/education), Utility (customisability/usability/adaptability), Integrity (quality/sustainability/impact), and Compliance (policy/privacy/security). The most common themes were customisability, affordability, availability, and education. There is a need for service-based delivery models to replace conventional product-based models, and many considerations to optimise their design. No publications discussed the design and implementation of a service-based model for mobility device provision that uses modern sensors, software and other digital technologies to optimise the service. Service-based models that use modern digital technologies are new for the mobility device field, but much can be learnt from other fields. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: Service-based business models that make use of modern digital technologies are likely to improve ongoing individual rehabilitation, but they are new for the mobility device field and currently lack research and evidence-based practice. The systematic review found that modern digital technologies like sensors, apps, and AI might be useful for providing ongoing support and more personalised rehabilitation for users of assistive products. To provide ongoing support for end-users, a successful design of service-based business model for assistive products should be accessible, both physically and financially, as well as easy to customise and adapt over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Play is a fundamental human right and one of the most important occupations in children's lives. Fewer opportunities exist for children with physical disabilities (CWPD) to play. This study aimed to conduct a scoping review of published peer-reviewed literature on using AT to enable "play-for-the-sake-of-play" by CWPD. Method: The review was conducted using a widely accepted scoping review methodology. Literature searches were conducted from January 2000 to March 2022 using MEDLINE, Central, CINAHL, ERIC, Scopus, and EMBASE. Pairs of reviewers used an online systematic review system to manage title, abstract, and full-text screening. Excel was used for data extraction and charting. Data was charted based on type of AT, play types according to LUDI definitions, and level of evidence. Results: The search yielded 5250 papers after the removal of duplicates. Title and abstract screening identified 58 studies for full-text screening. The final sample included 31 papers. Seven types of AT were identified in studies: power mobility, virtual reality, robots, adaptations for upper limb differences, switch-adapted games, augmentative and alternative communication devices, and mobility aids. Twenty-three papers addressed cognitive play, seven addressed social play, and one addressed both cognitive and social play. Most studies used case study, descriptive, or repeated measures designs. Conclusion: There is limited evidence regarding the use of AT to support play-for-the-sake-of-play in CWPD. Given the importance of play, further research using rigorous methodologies and the development of assistive technology dedicated to promoting play-for-the-sake-of-play is warranted. IMPLICATION FOR REHABILITATION: There is a need to promote play-for-the-sake-of-play for its intrinsic value rather than only focusing on play for its therapeutic outcomes for children with physical disabilities. Existing studies on technology to support play participation for children with physical disabilities seldom consider a holistic view of play that includes both social and cognitive dimensions. A few studies have included the use of assistive technology to enable play, but the wide variety of technologies used limits the identification of patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information and Communication Technologies have transformed our lives in different social areas, facilitating interpersonal relationships thanks to technological tools. In the specific case of people with disabilities, Assistive Technologies (ATs) break down barriers and increase opportunities to become active members of society with equal opportunities. This paper presents a systematic mapping study that analyzes the current state-of-the-art of ATs proposed in the literature to support the empowering of people with disability. Specifically, this paper focuses on (1) describing a global vision of the scientific literature published in the last 20 years about ATs in the computer science field and (2) identifying research needs, gaps, and trends. For this purpose, an in-depth analysis of 389 primary studies is presented. The information obtained from the mapping process is also constrained. Concretely, 35 ATs versus 22 disabilities are compared, obtaining striking peaks for some disabilities described in the discussion. Finally, the findings show that several areas have been covered only lightly, revealing interesting future directions and challenges for junior researchers. • ATs have the potential to break down barriers for people with disabilities, enabling them to participate more fully in society. This implies a need for rehabilitation programs to incorporate ATs into their strategies to enhance social inclusion. • Given the transformative role of ICT, rehabilitation programs should focus on helping people with disabilities develop the necessary technological skills to utilize ATs effectively. • This work highlights the diversity of ATs and disabilities, suggesting a need for personalized rehabilitation plans that match specific ATs to individual disabilities. • Rehabilitation professionals should be trained to assess and recommend appropriate ATs for each case. Rehabilitation programs should consider incorporating cutting-edge ATs and staying involved in research to contribute to future developments to cover gaps and challenges identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the needs and care for children on the autism spectrum have been widely investigated, the intervention and services available to autistic adults have been overlooked for a long time. This survey paper reviewed 32 articles that described and evaluated assistive technologies that have been developed and evaluated through a complete circle of interactive product design from ideation, prototype, and user evaluation. These assistive technologies aim to improve independence and living quality in autistic adults. We extracted information from the perspective of requirement gathering, technology designing, and effectiveness of evaluation in the design cycle. We found a general lack of requirements-driven design, and the evaluation process was not standardized either. The lack of requirement gathering results in designs purely based on existing literature without targeting actual user needs. Our synthesis of included paper contributes to developing iterative design considerations in assistive technologies for autistic adults. We also suggest that assistive technologies for autistic adults shift some attention from assisting only autistic adults who require at least substantial support to embracing also those who have been living independently but rather have difficulties in social interaction. Assistive technologies for them have the potentials to help them consolidate and enhance their experiences in independent living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lack of access to learning opportunities is among the main reasons for social exclusion of people with cognitive disabilities in the professional field. It has been accentuated in the last few years by the rapid development of online learning strategies that limit the physical presence of students and instructors. Personalized systems can help overcome access barriers in learning for people with disabilities by helping them learn autonomously without the direct intervention of tutors. However, despite the wide range of research initiatives in this area to deal with individual differences, learners with cognitive disabilities still suffer from a lack of consideration of their conditions. Indeed, most e-learning platforms have been designed without taking into account users with multiple profiles and impairments. This paper systematically reviewed papers to provide insights about personalization within e-learning systems. We highlight personalization goals and approaches and review whether they improve learning accessibility and outcomes. The objective is to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of current research and suggest some opportunities to improve research in personalized e-learning systems for people with cognitive disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disabled people can benefit greatly from assistive digital technologies. However, this increased human-machine symbiosis makes it important that systems are personalized and transparent to users. Existing work often uses data-oriented approaches. However, these approaches lack transparency and make it hard to influence the system's behavior. In this paper, we use knowledge-based techniques for personalization, introducing the concept of Semantic User Models for representing the behavior, values and capabilities of users. To allow the system to construct such a user model, we investigate the use of a conversational agent which can elicit the relevant information from users through dialogue. A conversational interface is essential for our case study of navigation support for visually impaired people, but in general, has the potential to enhance transparency as users know what the system represents about them. For such a dialogue to be effective, it is crucial that the user understands what the conversational agent is asking, i.e., that misalignments that decrease the transparency are avoided or resolved. In this paper, we investigate whether we can use a conversational agent for Semantic User Model elicitation, which types of misalignments can occur in this process and how they are related, and how misalignments can be reduced. We investigate this in two (iterative) qualitative studies (n = 7 & n = 8) with visually impaired people in which a personalized user model for navigation support is elicited via a dialogue with a conversational agent. Our results show four hierarchically structured levels of human-agent misalignment. We identify several design solutions for reducing misalignments, which point to the need for restricting the generic user model to what is needed in the domain under consideration. With this research, we lay a foundation for conversational agents capable of eliciting Semantic User Models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify factors that contribute to near-miss collisions between pedestrians and personal transportation devices (PTDs) in a university campus using a novel data collection method, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). A total of 3,349 pedestrians and 173 PTD riders were detected through UAV observations. The researchers employed UAV technology to capture and geocode the interactions and behavior of pedestrians and PTD riders. Then, a multilevel logistic regression model examined factors that contribute to near-miss collisions between pedestrians and PTDs. The model outputs indicate that higher speed, non-bicycle PTDs (eg, skateboard and scooter), and some preventive actions, like reducing speed, deviating, and weaving, increase the probability of a PTD rider getting involved in a near-miss collision. Findings can guide campus planners to redesign the streets as a safe environment for all transportation modes and implement appropriate regulations and education programs, especially for non-bicycle PTD riders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shared autonomy has played a major role in assistive mobile robotics as it has the potential to effectively balance user satisfaction and smooth functioning of systems by adapting itself to each user's needs and preferences. Many shared control paradigms have been developed over the years. However, despite these advancements, shared control paradigms have not been widely adopted as there are several integral aspects that have not fully matured. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and review various aspects of shared control and the technologies leading up to the current advancements in shared control for assistive mobile robots. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted following a dichotomy of studies from the pre-2000 and the post-2000 periods to focus on both the early developments and the current state of the art in this domain. A systematic review of 135 research papers and 7 review papers selected from the literature was conducted. To facilitate the organization of the reviewed work, a 6-level ladder categorization was developed based on the extent of autonomy shared between the human and the robot in the use of assistive mobile robots. This taxonomy highlights the chronological improvements in this domain. It was found that most prior studies have focussed on basic functionalities, thus paving the way for research to now focus on the higher levels of the ladder taxonomy. It was concluded that further research in the domain must focus on ensuring safety in mobility and adaptability to varying environments. Shared autonomy in assistive mobile robots plays a vital role in effectively adapting to ensure safety while also considering the user comfort. User's immediate desires should be considered in decision making to ensure that the users are in control of the assistive robots. The current focus of research should be towards successful adaptation of the assistive mobile robots to varying environments to assure safety of the user. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the second of two papers summarizing studies reporting on the design of electronic graphic symbol-based augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems. The aim of this paper was to describe the design approaches used and to determine to what extent the principles of human-centred design (HCD) were reflected in the design approaches and processes used. A scoping review was conducted. A multifaceted search resulted in the identification of 28 studies meeting the selection criteria. Data were extracted relating to four areas of interest, namely, (1) the general characteristics of the studies, (2) features of the systems designed, (3) availability of the systems to the public and (4) the design processes followed. In this paper, findings related to the last area are presented. Design approaches were often inconsistently described. User-centred design was mentioned more often than HCD. Even so, various HCD principles were considered in most studies. Notably, stakeholders were involved in the design process in all studies. However, users were not involved in all studies and stakeholder roles were predominantly informative rather than collaborative. Prototype and product evaluations focussed mostly on usability rather than user experience. Although many design teams were multidisciplinary, engineers and computer scientists predominated. There is a need for designers to be more transparent about the type of design approach used to guide the system design and also to clearly report on design approaches and processes used. The application of HCD to the design of graphic symbol-based AAC systems is still limited. Human-centred design approaches can productively guide the design of electronic graphic symbol-based augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems. Creative methods are needed to involve stakeholders with complex communication needs in all phases of the design process. Evaluation of electronic graphic symbol-based AAC systems should consider both usability and user experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first of two papers summarizing studies reporting on the design of electronic graphic symbol-based augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems, to determine the state of the field. The aim of this paper was to provide an overview of the general characteristics of the studies and to describe the features of the systems designed. A scoping review was conducted. A multifaceted search resulted in the identification of 28 studies meeting the selection criteria. Data were extracted relating to four areas of interest, namely (1) the general characteristics of the studies, (2) features of the systems designed, (3) availability of the systems to the public, and (4) the design processes followed. In this paper, findings relating to the first three areas are presented. Most study authors were affiliated to fields of engineering and/or computer science and came from high-income countries. Most studies reported the design of AAC applications loaded onto mobile technology devices. Common system features included customizable vocabulary items, the inclusion of graphic symbols from both established AAC libraries and other sources, a dynamic grid display, and the inclusion of digital and/or synthetic speech output. Few systems were available to the public. Limited justifications for many of the complex design decisions were provided in the studies, possibly due to limited involvement of rehabilitation professionals during the design process. Furthermore, few studies reported on the design of graphic symbol-based AAC systems specifically for middle- and low-income contexts and also for multilingual populations. Complex design decisions about electronic graphic symbol-based augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems should be made purposefully and with sufficient justification. Increased collaboration between designers and rehabilitation professionals during the design of electronic graphic symbol-based systems could improve the products. Design of AAC systems for populations residing in low and middle-income contexts and also for multilingual populations are urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assistive technologies (AT) perform an important social role, interacting with cultural systems to produce or hinder accessibility to biosocial environments. This interaction profoundly shapes not only how an individual body can be experienced by users but also produce and hinder accessibility to biosocial environments. AT users have historically been viewed through a medical model, which deems them disabled by their impairments and by dominant ableist narratives. Therefore, this paper serves to provide an insight into the importance of ageing with and into AT. This paper aims to investigate polio survivors' and diabetic amputees' experiences of assistive technologies in order to better understand impacts upon narrative and identity. By applying an anthropological and sociological lens, a holistic view of the experiences of polio survivor and amputee AT users is developed. This paper draws on 16 in-depth interviews with polio survivors and diabetic amputees in the United States (US) and Australia, which were analysed using an experience-centered narrative approach. Both projects were approved by ethics boards. All participants provided written consent. Five themes were identified: a) disruption to biographies, which reflected AT impact on how narratives become altered; b) impacts to autonomy, which reflected the importance of regaining previous daily activities; c) re-engaging with community life, which highlighted how AT supported participation in valued activities; d) self-perceptions of assistive technologies, which act in opposition to external perspectives and challenge ableist narratives; and e) an intergenerational comparison of new and older AT users highlights the importance of temporalities. This paper offers new perspectives on ageing with assistive technologies, with a focus on identity and narrative. The importance of this paper is to contribute to the existing literature that demonstrates the cultural implications that arise through embodiment and assistive technologies. The use of assistive technology can help individuals regain function, but the individual circumstances require consideration The use of assistive technology is a complex entanglement of bodies, environments, biographies, and imagined futures. The use of assistive technology can provide participants autonomy over their narratives and assist with maintaining their identities [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents practical challenges and solutions developed while leveraging ICT tools to address the mobility needs of refugees with physical disabilities in Cox's Bazar Rohingya camps. The study sheds light on the role of ICT tools in working with vulnerable groups in conflict-prone regions. Various ICT collaboration and communication tools were utilized, including audio-visual recordings, 3D printing of customized crutch shoes, and CAD-based production of assistive devices. The research highlights disconnections in communication, design, knowledge transfer, production, and device usage. Despite these challenges, the project succeeded in developing and disseminating AT devices to physically disabled refugees. The paper adds a longitudinal aspect by presenting the results of the follow-up visit that occurred one year after the project. The research emphasizes the importance of local ICT expertise, contextualized cultural knowledge, equitable engagement with local engineers, and collaboration with refugee beneficiaries to achieve successful design, development, and implementation of assistive devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smartphones have become a core piece of assistive technology (AT) for people with vision impairment (PVI) around the world. This scoping review sought to provide a comprehensive picture of the current evidence base of smartphones for PVI. Seven electronic databases (CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, IEEE Xplore, Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science) were searched for papers published from 2007 to 2021. Peer-reviewed articles published in English which discussed smartphones use by PVI; smartphone technologies designed for PVI or training and learning support on the use of smartphones were included. There were 16,899 records retrieved and 65 articles were included in this review. The majority (48%) of the papers focussed on developing better interfaces and Apps for PVI. Contrastingly, there was a paucity of papers (5%) discussing training or learning support for PVI to use smartphones and Apps effectively, even though it was highlighted to be important. Proper training will ensure that PVI can use this everyday technology as an AT to increase participation, enhance independence and improve quality of life overall. The findings highlighted that smartphones and Apps can be used as effective and affordable AT by PVI. The many recent developments and research interest in smartphone technologies can further support its use. However, good training and learning support on the use of smartphones and Apps by PVI, is lacking. Future research should focus on the development, provision and evaluation of evidence based tailored training and support, especially in low- and middle-income countries. There is a need for more training and learning support for people with vision impairment (PVI) on the use of smartphones and Apps. Individualized and a graded approach to training has been recommended for PVI to learn to use smartphones. When supporting or training people to use smartphones, the person's level of vision impairment as well as their age, are important considerations. Health professionals should be cognizant of the steep learning curve that some PVI may experience when using smartphones and Apps, especially when they switch from a phone with physical buttons to touchscreen. Certain smartphones features are useful to particular vision loss conditions. For example, zoom and magnification are helpful for those with low vision but text input and output, and commands using speech (e.g., Siri and TalkBack) are useful for those who are blind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social work education is mandated to provide inclusivity and accessibility to all students. Critical disability theory (CDT) challenges the notion that disabilities should be eradicated; rather, it declares that different abilities should be acknowledged and embraced as contributions. Universal design (UD), originating as a framework for accessible architectural building designs, has become a pedagogical approach in education. UD supports CDT and takes it farther by suggesting how to develop an inclusive environment. Through the lens of CDT and UD, this conceptual paper provides the rationale for educators to increase classroom inclusivity and accessibility by adding closed captions to all learning materials, presentations and videos, Closed captions, the text of verbal language, is beneficial for many different types of students, including those with processing disorder or hearing loss, those who did not learn English as their primary language, and those who have difficulty with focus. Further, this paper seeks to provide a step-by-step instruction manual to assist instructors with immediately including captions in their learning materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the data gap on efforts to assess use of assistive technology among children with disability in sub-Saharan Africa. Contribute towards efforts examining access to assistive technologies in sub-Saharan Africa. The paper uses data from the 2017 survey on Living conditions among persons with disabilities in Malawi and the 2015-16 Malawi Demographic and Health survey to address the objective of the study. The two datasets were statistically matched through random hot deck technique, by integrating the two datasets using randomly selected units from a subset of all available data donors. Results indicate that statistical matching technique produces a composite dataset with an uncertainty value of 2.2%. An accuracy assessment test of the technique also indicates that the marginal distribution of use of assistive technology in the composite dataset is similar to that of the donor dataset with an Overlap index value of close to 1 (Overlap = 0.997). The statistical matching procedure does enable generation of good data in data constrained contexts. In the current study, this approach enabled measurement of access to assistive products among children with disabilities, in situations where the variables of interest have not been jointly observed. Such a technique can be valuable in mining secondary data, the collection of which may have been funded from different sources and for different purposes. This is of significance for the efficient use of current and future data sets, allowing new questions to be asked and addressed by locally based researchers in poor settings. In resource-poor settings, the technique of statistical matching can be used to examine factors that predict the use of assistive technology among persons with disabilities. The statistical matching technique is of significance for the efficient use of current and future datasets, allowing new questions to be asked and addressed by locally based researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5.5 million Americans have Alzheimer's disease or some form of dementia and by mid-century, the number of people living with dementia in the United States is projected to grow to 13.8 million. About half of the persons with dementia currently live at home, 43% require occasional support, 47% daily support, and 10% continuous support; with most of this support provided by informal family caregivers. Caregivers face on-going significant risk throughout the ebb and flow of providing care, as care recipients may lose grasp of their understanding of their circumstances, relying heavily on caregivers for all aspects of support. This support includes prompting and cueing through the multi-step instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) such as meal preparation and house-keeping which require complex cognitive processing and are cognitively demanding. This paper describes the preliminary pilot study work laying the groundwork for ongoing development of a cognitive assistive technology (CAT) to support IADLs in dementia homecare. Through a user-centered design methodology, an online survey for caregivers identified areas of the home with the highest levels of IADL needs, aiding in the development of an 800 sq ft mock-up apartment for preliminary testing of the mobile interface for the CAT tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent assistants have proliferated across various settings spurring research and ideas. However, there is a lack of clarity on how they can be defined and identified. This definitional and terminological incoherence manifests in narrow and misinformed understanding of technology and thus, poses threats to theoretical and empirical endeavors in AI. To overcome these challenges, this paper presents a definitional framework that defines intelligent assistants and distinguishes them from other technologies. This framework is informed by tracing the historical evolution of this technology in the past 70 years which saw the rise of three constitutive features in machines: AI, interaction, and assistance. A review of technology's definitions published since 2010 and associated terminologies was also conducted to unpack their conceptual limitations and support the framework. A new definition is then presented which contends that a technology can only be characterized as an intelligent assistant if it is AI-enabled, interactive, and assistive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper starts by presenting the argument that inclusive education for learners with disabilities is often not possible without their access to fit-for-purpose assistive technology (AT), as the barriers to their education are often environmental. The paper will argue that, if assistive technology is an enabler for learning, then the processes by which children with disabilities are identified as users of assistive technology must take place as early as possible in the lifecycle. Mechanisms associated with Early Identification and Early Intervention (EI/EI) must be outfitted with all necessary resources for identifying and addressing the unique assistive technology needs of each individual child, but also have a prospective view of the use of the assistive technology in order to ensure school-age children start benefiting from assistive technology as early as possible. A further argument will be made that, when adequate identification of the need for assistive technology has not taken place early, education systems must be prepared to – in collaboration with other ministries or departments – identify, assess and provide the necessary assistive technology not only as it relates to education use, but to all-inclusive and holistic use. The argument will be made for adequately resourcing "support services for inclusion" and creating transdisciplinary teams of professionals that can effectively ensure equitable access and participation of all children with disabilities in inclusive education. Throughout, some examples of good practices will support the narrative, and the paper will close with recommendations for stakeholders involved in developing policies and practices for inclusive education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development outcomes are inextricably linked to the health of the marketplace that delivers products and services to people in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Shortcomings in the market for assistive technology (AT) contribute to low access in LMIC. Market shaping is aimed at improving a market's specific outcomes, such as access to high quality, affordable AT, by targeting the root causes of these shortcomings. The paper summarizes the findings of market analyses conducted under the UK aid funded AT2030 programme in support of ATscale and aims to discuss how market shaping can help more people gain access to the AT that they need and what are the best mechanisms to unlock markets and commercial opportunity in LMICs. The paper also explores how market shaping for AT markets could be part of a mission-oriented approach AT policy. A mission-oriented approach can help accelerate progress toward a common objective among stakeholders, at country or global level. While market-shaping activities direct the outcomes of the market toward a specific end goal, such as access to quality, affordable products and services, missions are more comprehensive and include other policy interventions and stakeholder collaborations in order to create a robust and sustainable structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covid-induced lockdowns have increased the importance of technology in education. Though access to technology as well as availability of the internet remain a major concern for a lot of children in the global south, children with intellectual disabilities are disadvantaged even more as most of the e-content is developed keeping in mind the average learner. Unstructured interviews were conducted with children with intellectual disabilities studying in government schools in Haryana as well as their teachers and parents. Thematic analysis of the interviews was conducted to understand the use-patterns of mobile phones by children with intellectual disabilities. Findings suggest that these children are learning to use mobile phones on their own or with some support and are able to navigate the complexities of these smartphones quite well. They use these devices mostly for their entertainment. This paper then reflects on the need and strategies to develop these technologies in ways that they can be used as effective tools for teaching children with intellectual disabilities, especially in the inclusive education system in developing countries. The paper reflects on the need to develop technology and tools using flexible and exploratory designs to enhance the learning processes for children with intellectual disabilities from the lower income strata. This study highlights the importance of being able to use mobile phones by children with intellectual disabilities belonging to low income families. Following this, the article argues for designing of mobile phones suitable for use by children with intellectual disabilities using playfulness and explorations, and Building e-content keeping the elements of playfulness and exploration which can enhance the learnings of this group of students which is often ignored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to develop targeted and complete policy structure of China's assistive products, and to provide recommendations for boosting the matching rate of assistive products and driving the benign development of China's assistive product market. This paper establishes a theoretical framework of the development logic of assistive product policies. Then it adopts the text quantification method to review 81 relevant documents on these policies issued from 1988 to 2019 systematically. We found that environmental policy tools account for the largest proportion with regard to policy tool, and can provide a good policy environment; the role of demand-based policy tools in creating market activity and stimulating industrial development needs to be elevated. The policies concerning assistive products industry in China show a rising trend. This paper is centred on the relatively stable theme of policy issuing. Coordination with various ministries can maximize the benefits. In the early period, the targeted policy objectives are put forward for assistive products industry; in the later period, the focus is on the combination with the policies concerning the elderly. Division of labour and proper coordination are required to coordinate type of policies. The key to the industrial development lies in promoting the change of consumption concepts, and the difficulty lies in how to coordinate the contradiction interests between product suppliers and demanders through policy intervention. The relatively disadvantaged position of users of assistive products determines certain public goods attributes of the products, which mean that the operation of the market cannot rely entirely on the price mechanism. That is, non-market mechanisms (especially the administrative mechanism) need to play their roles in the case of a market failure. After more than 30 years of development, assistive product policies in China covered various policy tools such as supply-based, demand-based and environment-based ones, and the assistive product industry has developed significantly. However, the recipients of assistive products are mainly among disadvantaged groups such as persons with disabilities and the elderly. The products have social welfare attributes. The policies involve profound changes in economic conditions, industrial models and institutional mechanisms. The key to the industrial development lies in promoting the change of consumption concepts, and the difficulty lies in how to coordinate the contradiction in interests between product suppliers and demanders through policy intervention at this stage. This paper systematically analyzes the development logic and practice of China's industry policies of assistive products and put forward suggestions that more attention of policies can be paid to the demand side and develop a demand-pull model, the consumption of universal products can be encouraged and guided by policies, and attempts in policies can be made to guide the consumption concept of assistive products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyse and critically reflect on access to Assistive Technology (AT) for persons with disabilities (PWD) in Nepal, India and Bangladesh. This analysis aims to guide the development of a contextualised generic AT service delivery model suitable for these countries, based on the best practices identified. This paper is based on a comprehensive study conducted in Nepal, India and Bangladesh, observing mobility and hearing-related AT service delivery centres run by the government, as well as private and nongovernmental organisations, and interviews with key informants: policymakers (5), AT service providers (20) and AT service users (20) between December 2019 to February 2020. A descriptive, qualitative exploratory study design was followed. A quality assessment framework was used to structure the analysis and interpret the findings. AT service provisions are poorly developed in all three countries. On all quality indicators assessed, the systems show major weaknesses. AT users have very limited awareness about their rights to these services and the availability of AT services, the range of services available is very limited, and eligibility is dependent on medical criteria related to visible and severe disabilities. Lack of accessibility, eligibility, reachability and affordability are the main barriers to access AT services for PWD in Nepal, India and Bangladesh. Increased community level awareness, increased Government funding and a community based, medically informed flexible social model of AT services is a way forward to ensure access to AT services for PWD in these countries. Increased community awareness is necessary to increase access to Assistive Technology Services for Persons with Disabilities. Increased and flexible funding from the Government and philanthropists will improve rehabilitation. Establishment of community based Assistive Technology Services centres will increase access and improve rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Eye-gaze technology offers professionals a range of feedback tools, but it is not well understood how these are used to support decision-making or how professionals understand their purpose and function. This paper explores how professionals use a variety of feedback tools and provides commentary on their current use and ideas for future tool development.Methods and Materials: The study adopted a focus group methodology with two groups of professional participants: those involved in the assessment and provision of eye-gaze technology (n = 6) and those who interact with individuals using eye-gaze technology on an ongoing basis (n = 5). Template analysis was used to provide qualitative insight into the research questions.Results: Professionals highlighted several issues with existing tools and gave suggestions on how these could be made better. It is generally felt that existing tools highlight the existence of problems but offer little in the way of solutions or suggestions. Some differences of opinion related to professional perspective were highlighted. Questions about automating certain processes were raised by both groups.Conclusions: Discussion highlighted the need for different levels of feedback for users and professionals. Professionals agreed that current tools are useful to identify problems but do not offer insight into potential solutions. Some tools are being used to draw inferences about vision and cognition which are not supported by existing literature. New tools may be needed to better meet the needs of professionals and an increased understanding of how existing tools function may support such development. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: Professionals sometimes make use of feedback tools to infer the cognitive and/or visual abilities of users, although the tools are not designed or validated for these purposes, and the existing literature does not support this. Some eye-gaze feedback tools are perceived as a "black box", leaving professionals uncertain as to how to usefully interpret and apply the outputs. There is an opportunity to improve tools that provide feedback on how well an eye-gaze system is working or how effectively a user can interact with this technology. Professionals identified that tools could be better at offering potential solutions, rather than simply identifying the existence of problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the review was to explore current factors affecting the use of a powered wheelchair for an adult person a with a disability. Materials and Methods: This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement. Information about the characteristics of the studies (type, setting) and perceived barriers and facilitators to powered wheelchair use were extracted using a data extraction sheet. Data synthesis was achieved using narrative synthesis. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Standard Quality Assessment Criteria for Evaluating Primary Research Papers from a Variety of Fields (SQAC) and the CASP checklist (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme), Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, SIGN (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network). Results: Fifteen studies qualified for inclusion in the review. The narrative synthesis produced a conceptual map of reported factors affecting the usability of a powered wheelchair. Conclusions: This review demonstrates that powered wheelchair use is a multifaceted and multidisciplinary phenomenon that is dependent on numerous interconnected factors including individual adjustment, stakeholder cooperation, societal attitudes, functional performance, and environmental features. Based on the review findings, there are several applied learning outcomes and practical applications to the powered wheelchair prescription and provision. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: The rejection, misuse or damage of a powered wheelchair can result in condition deterioration and loss of independence for the user. Adult powered wheelchair prescription, maintenance, and use is a multi-faceted process spanning social, individual, environmental, technical and functional, and organisational factors. Individuals in this stakeholder network should aim to account for these interdisciplinary factors when engaging with people who use powered wheelchairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Little is known about how children learn to control eye-gaze technology, and clinicians lack information to guide decision-making. This paper examines whether typically developing 2–3 year olds can infer for themselves the causal mechanisms by which eye-gaze technology is controlled, whether a teaching intervention based on causal language improves performance and how their performance compares to the same task accessed via a touchscreen. Methods and materials: Typically developing children's (n = 9, Mean Age 28.7 months) performance on a cause and effect game presented on eye-gaze and touchscreen devices was compared. The game was presented first with no specific instruction on how to control the devices. This was followed by a subsequent presentation with explicit instruction about how the access methods worked, using a causal language approach. A final presentation examined whether children had retained any learning. Results: Performance in the eye-gaze condition without instruction (42.5% successful trials) was significantly below performance in the corresponding touchscreen condition (75%). However, when causal language instruction was added, performance with both access methods rose to comparable levels (90.7% eye-gaze and 94.6% touchscreen success). Performance gains were not retained post-intervention. Conclusions: Although 2–3 years in the study could make use of eye-gaze technology with support, this study found no evidence that these children could infer the causal mechanisms of control independently or intuitively. The lack of spatial contiguity and the comparative lack of feedback from eye-gaze devices are discussed as possible contributory factors. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: There are challenges in young children inferring for themselves the causal link between eye movements and control of an eye-gaze device. Explicit instruction may improve children's performance in a specific task, but it is debatable whether this translates to the establishment of causal mechanisms for control of the device. Clinicians should be cautious of making assumptions about what children are learning from activities claiming to teach cause and effect or other foundational eye-gaze control skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Approximately 20% to 40% of children with hearing loss encounter psychosocial difficulties. This prevalence may be outdated, given the advancements in hearing technology and rehabilitation efforts to enhance the psychosocial well-being of these children. A systematic review of up-to-date literature can help to identify factors that may contribute to the children's psychosocial well-being. Design/Study sample: A systematic review was conducted. Original articles were identified through systematic searches in Embase, Medline, PsychINFO, and Web of Science Core Collection. The quality of the papers was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale and custom Reviewers' Criteria. Results: A search was performed on 20 October 2022. A total of 1561 articles were identified, and 36 were included for review. Critical appraisal led to 24 good to fair quality articles, and 12 poor quality articles. Conclusion: Children with hearing loss have a twofold risk of experiencing psychosocial difficulties compared to normal hearing peers. Estimates for functioning in social interactions, like speech perception (in noise) or language proficiency, have proven to be more adequate predictors for psychosocial difficulties than the degree of hearing loss. Our findings can be useful for identifying children at risk for difficulties and offering them earlier and more elaborate psychological interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assistive technology (AT) with context-aware computing and artificial intelligence capabilities can be applied to address cognitive and communication impairments experienced by persons with dementia (PwD). This paper aims to provide an overview of current literature regarding some characteristics of intelligent assistive technology devices (IATDs) for cognitive and communicative impairments of PwD. It also aims to identify the areas of impairment addressed by these IATDs. A multi-faceted systematic search strategy yielded records. Predefined criteria were applied for inclusion and data extraction. Thereafter data was thematically analysed and synthesised. This review demonstrates that almost all of the research involving IATDs has focused on cognitive impairments of PwD and has not yet evolved past the conceptual or prototype stages of development. Summaries of commercially available IATDs for PwD and relevant prototypes are provided at the end of this review. This research concluded that IATDs for PwD targeting cognition and communication problems primarily focus on social robots, and that they address cognitive impairments of attention, affect, and social-pragmatic communicative impairments. Future research endeavours concerning AT for PwD should explore collaboration between computer engineering and health practitioners to address the identified gaps. This may contribute to the available information for evidence-based decision making for PwD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exoskeleton can assist individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) with simple movements and transform their lives by enhancing strength and mobility. Nonetheless, the current utilization outside of rehabilitation contexts is limited. To promote the widespread adoption of exoskeletons, it is crucial to consider the acceptance of these devices for both rehabilitation and functional purposes. This systematic review aims to identify the barriers or facilitators of the use of lower limbs exoskeletons, thereby providing strategies to improve interventions and increase the adoption of these devices. A comprehensive search was conducted in EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, and PubMed. Studies reporting barriers and facilitators of exoskeleton use were included. The studies' quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool and undertook a thematic content analysis for papers examining the barriers and facilitators. Fifteen articles met the inclusion criteria. These revealed various factors that impact the utilization of exoskeletons. Factors like age, engagement in an active lifestyle, and motivation were identified as facilitators, while fear of falling and unfulfilled expectations were recognized as barriers. Physical aspects such as fatigue, neuropathic discomfort, and specific health conditions were found to be barriers. This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the barriers and facilitators to the use of exoskeleton technology. There are therefore still challenges to be faced, efforts must be made to improve its design, functionality, and accessibility. By addressing these barriers, exoskeletons can significantly improve the quality of life of people with SCI. Optimize the use of this technology to adapt as much as possible to individual needs. Offer an in-depth understanding of the challenges that can arise when adopting exoskeletons. Highlight the critical issues with the device, that prevent me from using it outside of clinical contexts. Offer useful information to therapists to select the most suitable patients for the use of the exoskeleton and to customize rehabilitation programs more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the rapid proliferation and emphasis on technology, the use of assistive technology among individuals with varying disabilities and age is different. This situation instigates the need for a systematic review to gain a realistic understanding of prominent issues, research trends and assistive technology applications with minimal bias. Identification of leading researchers and prominent publications in assistive technologies. Subsequently, semantic relation between qualitative and quantitative research literature on assistive technologies was explored to future research directions. A manual search across reputed research databases was done to find out relevant literature from January 2005 to April 2020. In this paper, latent semantic analysis (LSA) was done to develop an information model for achieving defined objectives. A corpus of 367 research papers published during 2005–2020 was processed using LSA. Term frequency, inverse document frequency of high loading terms provided five major topic solutions. Marcia Scherer, Rory Cooper and Stefano Federici are most noticed authors in assistive technology research. "Smart Assistive Technologies" and "Wearable Technologies for Rehabilitation" came out as contemporary research trends within assistive technologies. The manuscript concludes the fact that assistive technologies for rehabilitation are experiencing a transition from standalone mechanical devices towards smart, wearable and connected devices. Customized assistive devices could be programmed for multiple uses. User data privacy and internet dependency of smart assistive technologies must be taken care of while designing smart assistive devices for rehabilitation. Fog devices could eliminate the latency issues associated with cloud-based rehabilitation services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 80% of people living with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (plwALS) develop difficulties with their speech, affecting communication, self-identity and quality of life. Automatic speech recognition technology (ASR) is becoming a common way to interact with a broad range of devices, to find information and control the environment. ASR can be problematic for people with acquired neurogenic motor speech difficulties (dysarthria). Given that the field is rapidly developing, a scoping review is warranted. This study undertakes a scoping review on the use of ASR technology by plwALS and identifies research gaps in the existing literature. Electronic databases and relevant grey literature were searched from 1990 to 2020. Eleven research papers and articles were identified that included participants living with ALS using ASR technology. Relevant data were extracted from the included sources, and a narrative summary of the findings presented. Outcomes and Results: Eleven publications used recordings of plwALS to assess word recognition rate (WRR) word error rate (WER) or phoneme error rate (PER) and appropriacy of responses by ASR devices. All were found to be linked to severity of dysarthria and the ASR technology used. One article examined how speech modification may improve ASR accuracy. The final article completed thematic analysis of Amazon.com reviews for the Amazon Echo and plwALS were reported to use ASR devices to control the environment and summon assistance. There are gaps in the evidence base: understanding expectations of plwALS and how they use ASR technology; how WER/PER/WRR relates to usability; how ASR use changes as ALS progresses. Devices that people can interact with using speech are becoming ubiquitous. As movement and mobility are likely to be affected by ALS and progress over time, speech interaction could be very helpful for accessing information and environmental control. However, many people living with ALS (plwALS) also have impaired speech (dysarthria) and experience trouble using voice interaction technology because it may not understand them. Although advances in automated speech recognition (ASR) technology promise better understanding of dysarthric speech, future research needs to investigate how plwALS use ASR, how accurate it needs to be to be functionally useful, and how useful it may be over time as the disease progresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract \nPoints of interest Proper adaptation of banking mobile applications to the needs of people with disabilities can play a crucial role in minimising the financial exclusion. The article examines selected mobile banking applications of four Polish banks in the context of their adaptation to the needs of consumers with disabilities. The project used a descriptive case study method based on analytical induction, and observation was carried out for six months. The analysis of the application was conducted in two parts: the adaptation of interfaces and functionalities to the preferences of people with disabilities in terms of readability, the efficiency of the application, and comprehensibility of the form of information transfer, and other accessible functionalities within the analysed applications that meet the needs of people with disabilities. The study’s results indicate the strengths of the accessibility of the analysed mobile applications as well as their limitations in enhancing independent living for people with disabilities. Smartphones and mobile apps are becoming an inseparable part of the everyday life of consumers all over the world. The paper examines the design of modern banking apps in Poland in the context of their adaptation to the needs of consumers with disabilities. While the tested mobile applications meet many criteria of accessibility, there is room for improvement. The study indicates that further guidelines are needed to improve the usability and accessibility of banking apps and help conduct further consumer research in this area. Smartphones and mobile apps are becoming an inseparable part of the everyday life of consumers all over the world.The paper examines the design of modern banking apps in Poland in the context of their adaptation to the needs of consumers with disabilities.While the tested mobile applications meet many criteria of accessibility, there is room for improvement.The study indicates that further guidelines are needed to improve the usability and accessibility of banking apps and help conduct further consumer research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract \nPoints of Interest The retail payments market is developing, and the implementation of digital payments has been one of the trends in consumer finance worldwide. This is the first study to jointly examine the perception of digital payment methods and financial services’ role, for consumers with and without disabilities. First, based on a nationwide survey on Internet users in Poland, the authors compared the popularity of selected financial services among consumers, then the perception of characteristics of payment methods. The results revealed that consumers with disabilities use a wide range of payment services, and they are included in digital finance. Moreover, contactless payment cards are used by consumers with disabilities even more often than by consumers on average. The results suggest that the control over finances make digital payments an important empowering tool for consumers with disabilities. Finally, the paper provides recommendations for the banking sector, on strategies for offering digital financial services. This paper examines the potential of new cashless payment methods as an empowering and assistive technologies for consumers with disabilities. The research found that consumers with disabilities use a wide range of payment services, and contactless payment cards are used by them even more often than by non-disabled people. People with disabilities also perceive payment cards as giving great control over their personal finance. This suggest that new payment methods might be their assistive and empowering tool of everyday life. Consequently, the research recommends that entities designing new payment methods should meet the needs of people with disabilities, because they could be improving their shopping and banking experience with appropriate adjustments. This paper examines the potential of new cashless payment methods as an empowering and assistive technologies for consumers with disabilities.The research found that consumers with disabilities use a wide range of payment services, and contactless payment cards are used by them even more often than by non-disabled people.People with disabilities also perceive payment cards as giving great control over their personal finance. This suggest that new payment methods might be their assistive and empowering tool of everyday life.Consequently, the research recommends that entities designing new payment methods should meet the needs of people with disabilities, because they could be improving their shopping and banking experience with appropriate adjustments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is estimated that approximately 97 million people in the world have complex communication needs and may benefit from alternative and augmentative communication (AAC). Although AAC is considered an evidenced-based intervention, device abandonment remains common, and researchers have attempted to analyze the causes of people abandoning devices. These devices have been prescribed following extensive assessment and often a protracted period of negotiation with a funding body. In this paper, we present the process of AAC prescription using a new model called the Communication Capability Approach by adding the Capability Approach from Amartya Sen to the widely used Participation Model. This allows clinicians to see individual daily decision-making as a valid choice of the individual. We propose reframing the concept of device abandonment as the person and their family making a choice to use a full range of multimodal communication to meet their own needs. This changes the tone of the narrative to viewing the person using AAC as competent and able to exercise self-determination and agency in this decision rather than as abandoning the device. AAC choices can be made on a day-to-day basis, according to the context of use so that people do not abandon devices but rather use whichever mode of communication is appropriate to the context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimisation-based predictive models are widely-used to explore the lifting strategies. Existing models incorporated empirical subject-specific posture constraints to improve the prediction accuracy. However, over-reliance on these constraints limits the application of predictive models. This paper proposed a multi-phase optimisation method (MPOM) for two-dimensional sagittally symmetric semi-squat lifting prediction, which decomposes the complete lifting task into three phases—the initial posture, the final posture, and the dynamic lifting phase. The first two phases are predicted with force- and stability-related strategies, and the last phase is predicted with a smoothing-related objective. Box-lifting motions of different box initial heights were collected for validation. The results show that MPOM has better or similar accuracy than the traditional single-phase optimisation (SPOM) of minimum muscular utilisation ratio, and MPOM reduces the reliance on experimental data. MPOM offers the opportunity to improve accuracy at the expense of efforts to determine appropriate weightings in the posture prediction phases. Practitioner summary: Lifting optimisation models are useful to predict and explore the human motion strategies. Existing models rely on empirical subject-specific posture constraints, which limit their applications. A multi-phase model for lifting motion prediction was constructed. This model could accurately predict 2D lifting motions with less reliance on these constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assistive technologies have allowed people with disabilities to perform daily tasks with greater independence and autonomy, especially for visually impaired people. Using smart home solutions allows these users to control their homes with less cognitive and physical demand. However, making such applications accessible to meet the needs of visually impaired users, especially in developing countries, remains a challenge. This paper investigates the perceptions of these users about home automation technologies through semi-structured interviews. A total of 20 visually impaired people participated in the interviews. A thematic analysis revealed results concerning the following themes: (1) how people go about their lives at home and around, how people interact with current appliances, objects and environments, (3) how people perceive their attitude to technologies, (4) the Brazilian context of smart homes, (5) what people think smart homes should do and (6) envisaging ways of interacting with smart home systems. The results obtained provide significant insight into the needs of visually-impaired people in Brazil, with analysis of issues that are common with previous studies in more developed countries and specific issues that have important particularities and implications in Brazil and other developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents key aspects that designers and Human–Computer Interaction practitioners might encounter when designing multimodal interaction for older adults, focusing on the trade-offs that might occur as part of the design process. The paper gathers literature on multimodal interaction and assistive technology, and describes a set of design challenges specific for older users. Building on these main design challenges, four trade-offs in the design of multimodal technology for this target group are presented and discussed. To highlight the relevance of the trade-offs in the design process of multimodal technology for older adults, two of the four reported trade-offs are illustrated with two user studies that investigate mid-air and speech-based interaction with a tablet device. The first study explores the design trade-offs related to redundant multimodal commands in older, middle-aged and younger adults, whereas the second one investigates the design choices related to the definition of a set of mid-air one-hand gestures and voice input commands for older adults. Further reflections highlight the design trade-offs that such considerations bring in the process, providing an overview of the design choices involved and of their potential consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nIMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONAssistive technology (AT) provides persons with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS) ability to engage in daily activities, however acquiring AT can be challenging. Understanding current state of knowledge about perspectives and use of AT by PwMS may support critical thinking about AT acquisition process. The aim of this scoping review was to map what is known about AT use by PwMS, to identify gaps in knowledge to guide future research and practice for AT matching. A scoping review of qualitative research on perspectives and use of AT by PwMS searched four databases (Medline, CINAHL, PsychNet, and Engineering Village). Papers included focused on non-institutional settings, addressed participant’s feelings/perceptions/experiences, and were in English. Initial search October 2021, updated 2022 and 2023. Two reviewers conducted screening, review, and extraction, with a third resolving disagreements. Data extraction guided by the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement, categorised AT use by productivity, self-care, and/or leisure occupations. Covidence® was used for extraction. Findings were exported into a spreadsheet to facilitate thematic analysis. Search identified 22 peer-reviewed journals and 11 consumer publications (n = 33). Most common AT was mobility devices. Primary purposes were self-care and leisure. Common use included functional mobility, transportation, personal care, household management, recreation, and socialisation. Perceptions focused on AT need, adjusting to AT, influencing factors, performance and engagement improvements, and seeking acquisition advice. Lack of research on experiences and use of AT beyond mobility equipment, and for engagement of daily activities. Evidence provides some insights for future directions and implications to support AT acquisition for PwMS.Persons with Multiple Sclerosis use a range of assistive technologies to enable them to engage in daily life activities categorised by leisure, self-care, and productivity.Perceptions focused on their need for assistive technologies, adjusting or change experienced due to assistive technologies, experience with influential factors (funding, environment), and seeking advice.Lack of current qualitative evidence on assistive technology use by persons with Multiple Sclerosis, specifically on devices such as dictus band, raised toilet, walking poles, reminder systems and calendars, grabber, adjustable bed, virtual and voice activated assistants, tub transfer board, and home modifications for use by persons with Multiple Sclerosis.Persons with Multiple Sclerosis use a range of assistive technologies to enable them to engage in daily life activities categorised by leisure, self-care, and productivity.Perceptions focused on their need for assistive technologies, adjusting or change experienced due to assistive technologies, experience with influential factors (funding, environment), and seeking advice.Lack of current qualitative evidence on assistive technology use by persons with Multiple Sclerosis, specifically on devices such as dictus band, raised toilet, walking poles, reminder systems and calendars, grabber, adjustable bed, virtual and voice activated assistants, tub transfer board, and home modifications for use by persons with Multiple Sclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nIMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONIndividuals with disabilities face psychological, environmental, and resource-related barriers to participating in exercise and sports. The lack of participation in exercise observed in the disability community poses great concern to this population’s health. This review discusses commercially available adaptive equipment and technology for exercise and sports that help people with disabilities circumvent barriers to exercise. The methods section highlights various categories of adaptive tools and their cost, accessibility, ease of learning, and progress level to help people with disabilities determine points of entry to fitness that align with their needs. Additionally, fitness-related businesses, fitness device developers, and researchers can leverage the discussed findings to understand gaps in this field to further advance adaptive equipment and technology and help facilitate widespread use. The paper serves as a comprehensive resource to researchers, entrepreneurs, and consumers to guide developing, accessing, and marketing adaptive exercise technology.A majority of people with disabilities experience barriers to participating in exercise and sports which can drastically affect their physical and mental well-being.Although there are commercially available adaptive equipment and technologies for exercise and sports, limited accessibility, cost, and lack of options for various disabilities can hinder participation in physical activities.There are many developments needed in terms of technology and programs that can address issues faced by the disability community regarding exercise and sports participation.A majority of people with disabilities experience barriers to participating in exercise and sports which can drastically affect their physical and mental well-being.Although there are commercially available adaptive equipment and technologies for exercise and sports, limited accessibility, cost, and lack of options for various disabilities can hinder participation in physical activities.There are many developments needed in terms of technology and programs that can address issues faced by the disability community regarding exercise and sports participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to explore 10-year trends in the use of Assistive Technology (AT). Using 2006 and 2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data, univariate analysis were performed, and the rate of change was calculated. In both 2006 and 2015 data, a higher per cent of Blacks were using AT compared to Whites and Hispanics (p <.001); however, the rate of increase indicate that Blacks had the lowest per cent change (23.9%) compared to Whites (26.8%) and Hispanics (27.3%). Results indicated that AT use is statistically more prevalent in women, individuals who are not married (e.g. divorce, widowed, separated), the veteran population, lower educational attainment levels (e.g. some high school or less), lower income levels, the ageing population, unemployed (e.g. out of work, retired, unable to work) and individuals with limited functioning because of a disability. Similarly, individuals who have healthcare coverage, and individuals with concerns with medical costs used AT more. Even though most factors yielded higher utilisation rates when comparing 2006 to 2015 data, the rate of change had varying 'speeds' of improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is aiming to present two studies investigating attitudes of older people towards different technologies to break their social isolation and investigating the impacts of Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) on physical and mental dimensions. The first study, based on focus groups conducted with 23 older people (aged from 65 to 93 years-old) allowed to collect attitudes and opinions of older people about different technologies to help them to break social isolation. The second study, based on an experiment conducted with 42 older people (aged from 63 to 85 years-old) allowed to investigate the impact of a specific Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) on physical and mental dimensions. The first study confirm that Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) can be a relevant digital tool for elderly people according to them, i.e. a digital tool perceived as useful, usable and acceptable. The second study demonstrates that use of a specific Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) system can reduce the perception of social isolation and can have positive impacts on physical dimensions such as the weight and the waist circumference. Theoretical and applied implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractExosuits for the lower limb have developed rapidly as an affordable, light, and more cost-effective alternative to the bulkier, traditional exoskeletons. The synergy-based approach aims at further emphasizing such advantages, providing even lighter and cheaper solutions, thanks to its reduction in actuators and the subsequent simplification of the actuation unit. In this paper, a design approach based on dynamic synergies is proposed to reduce the number of required actuators, thus decreasing the price and weight of walking-assistance exosuits. Also, in this work, we propose a methodology to calculate motor torque output and cable forces during assisted gait. Mechanical designs for the actuation unit are proposed along with experimental and computer-based testing and simulation. Lastly, actuation units with one and two motors are studied and compared, regarding control, mechanical complexity, and metabolic cost reduction. The results show that dynamic synergies can indeed contribute to the design of these assistive devices, with its own set of advantages and disadvantages when compared to the previously proposed postural synergies: while the latter led to a higher cumulative variance of the first principal component and the transmission system is simpler, control may be more unpredictable and forces upon the system, harder to estimate. With dynamic synergies, more related to muscle synergies, metabolic benefit on users may be more significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an emerging body of research that focuses on the experiences of tourists with visual impairment. This has established that such tourists face many barriers, difficulties and challenges, predominantly relating to the design of the physical environments of tourism or the attitudes of employees. However, the issue of positive and high-quality experiences among visually-impaired tourists has been neglected. To advance the debate, this paper examines such positive experiences. It adopts a qualitative, interpretivist approach and makes use of semi-structured interviews with (predominantly young) British people with a visual impairment. Five factors were identified that contribute to positive holiday experiences: excellent customer service; the kindness of strangers (both local people and other tourists); provision of audio and tactile interpretation at visitor attractions that allowed a sense of inclusion; the transformative potential of new navigational technologies; and the support provided by specialist companies which understand the particular requirements of tourists with a visual impairment. Therefore holidays for people with a visual impairment are not solely defined by challenges and barriers, and such tourists can have rich, rewarding and inclusive experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractContextMethodResultsDiscussion\nIMPLICATION FOR REHABILITATIONAssistive technologies have been identified by researchers and public policies of the Western world to be promising tools to face the challenge of maintaining quality of life of older people, and especially for nursing home habitants. Independence, autonomy, and participation are major determinants of quality of life of nursing homes habitants. Maintaining quality of life is nowadays a priority for public health policies and institutions of the where the population is growing older every year.This PRISMA-ScR review aims to determine which assistive technologies are used to promote autonomy, independence, and social participation of nursing home habitants. An electronic search was conducted for English, French articles to identify research studies using CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and Googlescholar.12 papers published between 2009 and 2023 described 6 assistive technologies: technologies integrated into the environment, monitoring technologies, surveillance technologies, information and communication technology, social assistance robots, virtual reality. Six types of AT are currently used worldwide to maintain autonomy, independence and participation of people living in nursing homes. Their use is mainly perceived as positive by habitants, care and non-care staff, next of kin, and experts despite some concerns regarding ethical, financial, consideration.Nevertheless, their impact on habitant’s autonomy, independence and participation still needs to be measured using suitable tools to understand their real impact on the quality of life of the elderly. Autonomy is a determinant of Quality of life of nursing home habitants that is well identified by habitants, professionals, relatives and public health policies as a major challenge that can be supported by assistive technology (AT).Various technologies are used for which it is assumed that they have an impact on the user autonomy in the context of nursing home. Nevertheless, their impact on habitant’s autonomy, independence and participation is not clear yet because the concepts are not precisely defined leading to a difficulty to assess the phenomenon. It is still needed to define and measure AT impact on autonomy, independence, and participation by using suitable tools that will help to understand their real impact on the elderly’s’ quality of life.There is a lack of knowledge regarding AT effectiveness is lacking in the context of nursing home but in the context of aging in general. Strong methodologies with mixed-method approaches might be relevant to address this gap of knowledge, particularly on elderly level of autonomy, independence of participation.Determinants of AT acceptability by all users (habitants themselves, relatives, care and non-care staff) are largely explored, revealing 3 categories: 1-General principles that can be considered by developers and institution while developing, choosing and deploying AT (affordability, ethical consideration, social Justice); 2-Characteristics that has to be considered during AT conception regarding suitable design and technical reliability (no bugs, failure); 3- Individual anticipated implementation principles taking in account 4 main elements: Considering individual relationship with AT; A space for exchange on representations and fears around AT; Support to learn how to use AT; and Perceived effectiveness of AT.Regarding the complexity of AT acceptation in the context of nursing homes, it seems essential to use collaborative approaches to design and develop AT, bringing diverse stakeholders together who have the same goal: maintaining quality of life of nursing home habitants.Autonomy is a determinant of Quality of life of nursing home habitants that is well identified by habitants, professionals, relatives and public health policies as a major challenge that can be supported by assistive technology (AT).Various technologies are used for which it is assumed that they have an impact on the user autonomy in the context of nursing home. Nevertheless, their impact on habitant’s autonomy, independence and participation is not clear yet because the concepts are not precisely defined leading to a difficulty to assess the phenomenon. It is still needed to define and measure AT impact on autonomy, independence, and participation by using suitable tools that will help to understand their real impact on the elderly’s’ quality of life.There is a lack of knowledge regarding AT effectiveness is lacking in the context of nursing home but in the context of aging in general. Strong methodologies with mixed-method approaches might be relevant to address this gap of knowledge, particularly on elderly level of autonomy, independence of participation.Determinants of AT acceptability by all users (habitants themselves, relatives, care and non-care staff) are largely explored, revealing 3 categories: 1-General principles that can be considered by developers and institution while developing, choosing and deploying AT (affordability, ethical consideration, social Justice); 2-Characteristics that has to be considered during AT conception regarding suitable design and technical reliability (no bugs, failure); 3- Individual anticipated implementation principles taking in account 4 main elements: Considering individual relationship with AT; A space for exchange on representations and fears around AT; Support to learn how to use AT; and Perceived effectiveness of AT.Regarding the complexity of AT acceptation in the context of nursing homes, it seems essential to use collaborative approaches to design and develop AT, bringing diverse stakeholders together who have the same goal: maintaining quality of life of nursing home habitants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AI-driven commercial innovations and the digital disruptions they create, tend to accelerate faster than assistive technologies, and are rarely designed with inclusion and diversity in mind. We explore the joint value of research through design and co-design to give a voice to users with intellectual disability to set new directions for inclusive innovation. To do this, we present an account of, and a reflection on, the reframing that took place throughout a research program that has evolved over the last 8 years, presented through the lens of 3 case studies. These illustrate turning points in the frames of the research and its journey through the disciplinary traditions of Information Retrieval and Human Computer Interaction (HCI). The contributions of this paper are threefold. First, we contribute knowledge on the value of research through design to identify new frames for inclusive intelligent systems. Second, we extend inclusive co-design approaches to employing working prototypes that can support participant's voice about the design of the algorithms that underpin intelligent systems. We highlight how these working prototypes nurture the importance of participation and observation. Third, we contribute new frames for inclusive information retrieval, with new perspectives on intent, particularly in the context of image search. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is prepared by the Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics Undergraduate Medical Education Committee and provides educators recommendations for optimizing inclusive education for our students with disabilities. Medical educators are increasingly encountering students with disabilities and have the responsibility of ensuring requirements are met. Medical education committee members from the US and Canada reviewed the literature on disabilities in medical student education to identify best practices and key discussion points. An iterative review process was used to determine the contents of an informative paper. Medical schools are required to develop technical standards for admission, retention, and graduation of their students to practice medicine safely and effectively with reasonable accommodation. A review of the literature and obstetrics and gynecology expert opinion formed a practical list of accommodation strategies and administrative steps to assist educators and students. Medical schools must support the inclusion of students with disabilities. We recommend a collaborative approach to the interactive process of determining reasonable and effective accommodations that includes the students, a disability resource professional and faculty as needed. Recruiting and supporting medical students with a disability strengthens the diversity commitment and creates a more inclusive workforce. Medical School Education Medical schools have the responsibility to train a diverse physician workforce including those with disabilities. The integration of students with disabilities is important and should be done in a structured and timely manner that maximizes the individual's abilities and incorporates reasonable accommodations in the clinical learning environment. Though the definition of disability traverses a wide variety of diagnoses, this review highlights sensory and physical disabilities and the various accommodations to facilitate access and successful completion of required objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, typing is considered as one of the highly important aspects of accessibility that the visually impaired and blinds struggle with the most as existing virtual keyboards are complex and slow. This paper proposes a new text entry method named SwingBoard for visually impaired and blind smartphone users to solve their accessibility problem. It supports a–z, 0–9, 7 punctuations, 12 symbols, and eight keyboard functionalities that are arranged in 8 zones (specific range of angles), four segments, two modes, and different gestures. The proposed keyboard is suitable for the either single-handed or both-handed operation that tracks swipe angle and length to trigger any of the 66 key events. The key triggering process is based on only swiping the finger at different angles with different lengths. Typing speed of SwingBoard is increased by including some effective features such as the quick alphabet and number mode shifting, haptic feedback feature, talkback on swipe to learn the map quickly, and customizable swipe length feature. At the end of 150 one-minute tests, seven blind participants reached an average of 19.89 words per minute (WPM) with an 88% accuracy rate which is one of the fastest-ever recorded average typing speeds for the blind. Almost all users found SwingBoard effective, easy to learn and want to keep using it. SwingBoard is a handy virtual keyboard for visually impaired people with amazing typing speed and accuracy. Rehabilitation would be easier for a visually impaired/disabled person who can adapt the current technology-oriented world and use communication tools easily. As visually impaired and blind people faced a lot of problems in their regular life because of their inability to see things, coping with the evolving world's demands from a person to do a certain task using smart devices would be easier for them with the proposed virtual keyboard topology. As the number of visually impaired and blind users of smartphones rises, faster typing becomes a vital aspect of the smartphone experience. Deaf-blind communities are expanding but solutions for them are not increasing at the same pace because of the limitation of implication. Research on a virtual keyboard with the proposed eyes-free swipe-based typing operation and ears-free reliability on haptic feedback would enable others to create new solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]