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AbstractIvermectin (IVM) is a semi-synthetic antiparasitic derived from abamectin, one of the natural avermectins. The liver promotes metabolism and excretion of IVM, representing a risk of toxicity to this organ. The use of antioxidants to alleviate damage caused by chemicals has been increasingly studied. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of IVM on HepG2 cells to elucidate the mechanisms related to its toxicity and the possible protection provided by tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) and vitamin C. HepG2 cells were treated with IVM (1–25 μM) for 24 and 48 h. IVM was cytotoxic to HepG2 cells, denoted by a dose-dependent decrease in cell proliferation and metabolic activity. In addition, IVM induced damage to the cell membrane at all tested concentrations and for both incubation times. IVM significantly decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential from concentrations of 5 μM (24 h) and 1 μM (48 h). Additionally, IVM showed a time- and dose-dependent decrease in cellular adenosine triphosphate levels. The levels of reduced glutathione were decreased in a time- and dose-dependent manner, while IVM stimulated the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) at all tested doses, reaching rates above 50% following treatment at 7.5 μM (24 h) or 5 μM (48 h). Treatment with THC (50 μM) and vitamin C (50 μM) protected against IVM-induced cytotoxicity and RONS production. These results suggest that oxidative damage is involved in IVM-induced toxicity in HepG2 cells, and that THC and vitamin C can mitigate the toxic effects caused by the compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three sweet potato genotypes NSP-2, NSP-6 (white flesh) and NSP-12 (orange flesh), were subjected under different processing techniques (boiling, steaming, and roasting) to check the nutritional status. Sugars like glucose, fructose, sucrose, and maltose was increased under roasting treatment for all of the genotypes. Crude fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose and ash content were significantly deferred within different genotypes but different treatments remained at par with various processing techniques. Steaming was proved to be the best treatment to decrease loss of vitamin C and phenol content where as roasting was the best performing treatmant to decrease the antinutrients like phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor activity. Comparatively, higher antioxidant activity was observed in steaming treatmet. NSP-12 revealed comparatively lower Glycemic index (GI) indicating high amylase: amylopectin ratio may become a good source of good carbohydrate for diabetic friendly food for near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scoping review aimed to investigate whether sodium ascorbate can recover the bond strength of resin composite restorations to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)-treated dentin. The protocol of this study, available online (), followed the Joana Briggs Institute guidelines. The PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews was used to reporting. In vitro studies evaluating the effect of sodium ascorbate on NaOCl-treated dentin and resin composite restorations, regardless of the adhesive material used, were included without time restriction. The search and study screening were conducted in Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science by two independent researchers. A descriptive analysis was performed and the PRILE 2021 guidelines were used to assess the risk bias of the included studies. The initial search yielded 941 studies, of which only 7 studies were included. The findings revealed that extracted third molars were the most used samples, and there was a significant variation in the NaOCl concentration employed. In general, sodium ascorbate effectively restored the compromised bond strength in dentin treated with different NaOCl concentrations. Furthermore, regarding the failure mode, the most prevalent observed was mixed failure. This scoping review showed that sodium ascorbate appears to effectively recover the bond strength of resin composite restorations to dentin treated with NaOCl. However, it is important to note the limited number of studies and the heterogeneity observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2-cyano-3-(indol-3-yl)acryloyl chloride, a building block synthon prepared in good yield, was utilized for the synthesis of various indolylacrylamide and indole-based heterocycles. Thus, the aforementioned acid chloride was allowed to react with various oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen nucleophiles, in addition to mono- and bidentate nucleophiles. The pyrazolidine derivatives were produced on interactions with phenylhydrazine and 2-cyanoethanohydrazide. The antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds was assessed using the phosphomolybdenum technique and ascorbic acid as a standard. The findings displayed that indolyl-based azine, pyrazolidine, cyanoacetamide, and benzodiazepine derivatives were the most active antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid and inexpensive one-pot multicomponent synthesis of 1H-pyrazolo[1,2-b]phthalazine-5,10-dione through a condensation reaction of aryl aldehyde, malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate and phthalhydrazide catalyzed by water extract of papaya bark ash (WEPBA) solvent medium under microwave irradiation is described. The catalytic medium is used environmentally friendly, and provides several benefits of being simple, inexpensive, high yield, simple work-up and not required hazardous solvent for the reaction. Some of the selected derivatives were characterized by FT-IR, 1H-, and 13C-NMR, and mass spectrometry techniques. The oxidation-reduction properties of the synthesized compounds (4b, 4e, 4f, 4i, and 4k and 6f, 6g, 6h, 6i, and 6j) were studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The voltammetry peak current for the oxidation-reduction of the compounds examined at different scan rates. Further, some of the selected 1H-pyrazolo[1,2-b]phthalazine-5,10-dione derivatives were evaluated in vitro antioxidant activity using DPPH assay method. The result appears that, compounds 4b, 4e, 4i, 6f, 6g, and 6h possess significant antioxidant properties in comparison with the ascorbic acid reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Storage changes of antioxidants in previously developed beverage formulations from Hibiscus sabdarriffa extract, pineapple, oranges and carrots (26.3, 40, 17.2 and 16.5%), respectively was investigated. The blend was filled into bottles and part of it pasteurized at 90°C for 5 min and the other part left unpasteurized. The pasteurized and unpasteurized samples were stored at room and refrigeration temperature for 4 months and were analyzed each month. The pH, vitamin C, carotenoid, color parameters and antioxidants decreased significantly (p˂0.05), while the TTA and microbial loads increased with increase in storage period. Antioxidant activities in all the beverage samples decreased significantly (p˂0.05) after 4 months of storage; however, refrigerated storage temperature maintained higher antioxidants activities. The combination of pasteurization and refrigeration storage retained about 75% vitamin C, 53% carotenoid and 56–79% antioxidants, respectively. Lastly, the study confirmed that the degradation of vitamin C content in the beverages followed the first-order reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blackcurrants are nutrient-rich fruits with a significant amount of bioactive compounds including vitamin C and polyphenols, especially anthocyanins. The high phytochemical content of blackcurrants promotes this fruit to become a valuable functional food ingredient with varying health-promoting activities targeting different consumers including athletes. Athletes experience oxidative stress during intense exercise, which can result in inflammation and reduced exercise performance. Antioxidants such as vitamin C and polyphenols can restore the regular oxidative status of the body. Blackcurrant supplementation has shown potential ergogenic activity to improve athlete performance during high-intensity training. Clinical trials have evaluated the effectiveness of blackcurrant supplementation on exercise performance, fat oxidation, blood lactate levels, muscle fatigue, and cardiac output. Due to the rich nutritional value of blackcurrants, they can be a potential candidate for the development of functional foods targeted at the improved performance of athletes. Blackcurrants can be used as ingredients to develop functional beverages and snacks for athletes as well as gluten-free products for celiac athletes.Blackcurrant is rich in bioactive compounds that can help improve athletic performance. It can be considered a potential bioactive ingredient to develop functional foods for athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orange peel and its extract are good sources of phenols and vitamin C that can be used as powerful antioxidants and antibacterial. The effects of dietary ascorbic acid (AA), orange peel powder (OPP) and orange peel extract (OPE) supplementations on growth performance, blood biochemicals, gene expression and antioxidant status of growing rabbits under hot conditions were investigated. A total of 80 weaned Giant Flander male rabbits, five weeks old (606.25 ± 10.08 g), were randomly assigned to four groups. The first group received untreated diet (control group). The other groups received diets supplemented with 0.5 g AA/kg diet, 2% OPP and 500 mg OPE/kg diet. The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was recorded by rabbits consumed diet supplemented with AA. Supplementations of OPP and OPE reduced blood plasma total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and very-low density lipoprotein concentrations. The tested diets reduced triglycerides, total lipids, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde levels, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli of the rabbits cecum. Supplementation of OPE improved activities of superoxide dismutase gene (6.1475) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (9.2108). Conclusively, dietary supplementation of OPE improved rabbit performance through improving antioxidant enzyme activities as well as upregulation of insulin-like growth gene. Additionally, OPP and OPE (2% and 500 mg/kg diet, respectively) had antibacterial effects for growing rabbits under hot conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postharvest fruits are highly perishable and have a limited shelf life. The nitric oxide (NO) is a widely used option to preserve qualities and delay senescence. This meta-analysis adopted a random-effect model and used standard mean difference (SMD). The databases used to gather studies systematically include Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The study selected 81 articles and 16 indicator parameters as per inclusion criteria. The result showed, NO application reduced weight loss of fruits. Whereas the firmness of fruit improved by the NO applications. In the subgroup of titratable acidity (TA) and ascorbic acid (AsA), NO exposure substantially improved both TA and AsA contents in treated fruits. Moreover, ethylene level and respiration rate were suppressed by the NO applications. NO-treated fruits were remarkably observed with limited ion leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Concerning oxidation trends, NO application decreased superoxide anion (O2•–) and hydrogen peroxide (H202) contents. In addition, exogenous NO enhanced catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase activities (SOD). Similarly, peroxidase oxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were improved in NO-treated fruits. Lastly, phenols and flavonoids were enhanced by NO application. Therefore, we conclude that most studies proved NO could substantially improve qualities and delay rapid senescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying, and evaluating, the nutritional and toxic compounds in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is important for breeding. This study investigates the quality and health indices in leaves of radish cultivars: Cherry Belle, Champion, French Breakfast, Sparkler, and a local landrace (Isfahan). Difference were observed in contents of dry matter (7.84–11.23%) and ash (1.12–2.05%) in leaves of radish cultivars. Nitrate content in leaves 1780–5234 mg·kg−1 which was 71.2–209.3% of the permissible limit. "Cherry Belle" and the local cultivar had the highest nitrate content. With increased dry matter accumulation in leaves, nitrate content decreased. Cultivars that have a higher photosynthesis capacity, represent more capability in nitrate consumption. The IC50 in leaves was 33.1%. The local landrace had the highest antioxidant capacity and "Cherry Belle" the lowest. The phenolic content and vitamin C in leaves of radish cultivars was 99.9 mg GAE/100 g and 34.25 mg/100 g, respectively. Radish leaves were rich in vitamin C. It is apparently possible to develop cultivars that have higher content of bioactive compounds and lower nitrate accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible flowers represent rich sources of nutritional and phytochemical compounds. Violas (Viola × wittrockiana) have been confirmed to be non-toxic as food products. Based on the wide variety of flower colours, major differences may exist in antioxidant concentrations among flowers of different colours. This study examined the differences in concentrations of antioxidant components in viola flowers of eight different colours: white, red, dark red, orange, yellow, light blue, light purple, and dark purple. Flower fresh weight, petal length, petal colour (measured using a chroma metre), ascorbic acid concentration, total anthocyanin concentration, total polyphenol concentration, and DPPH radical-scavenging activity were analysed. The violas used in this study had a wide range of colours, with different lightness and chroma values. Ascorbic acid, total anthocyanin, and total polyphenol concentrations were higher in red, dark red, and dark purple flowers. In contrast, these concentrations were lower in white and light-coloured flowers. The DPPH radical-scavenging activity was also lower in white and light-coloured flowers. Therefore, red, dark red, and dark purple flowers rather than white and light-coloured flowers of violas represent rich sources of antioxidant components and their consumption may provide various health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil from the leaves and flowers of Baccharis odorata Kunth grown in Cuzco, Peru were studied. One hundred forty-one compounds were identified in the essential oil. Oxygenated sesquiterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the most represented classes of volatiles with 36.1% and 33.6%, respectively. The main constituents of the essential oil were δ-cadinene (9.1%), β-pinene (8.8%), α-cadinol (8.1%) and limonene (6.2%). Antioxidant properties were examined using the DPPH ferric-reducinging antioxidant power assays. For DPPH radical scavenging assay, the IC50 value was 10.2 ± 1.6 μg/mL, while the FRAP was between 301.3 ± 23.4 to 480.2 ± 21.2 μM of ascorbic acid equivalents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) widely exist in food, which potentially harm human health. This study compared the effect of apple polyphenol (AP) and three antioxidants – ascorbic acid, tert-butyl hydroquinone and butylated hydroxytoluene on barbecued pork. The inhibition pathway of PAHs in barbecued pork were investigated by measuring DPPH radical scavenging rate, peroxide value (POV), and thiobarbituric acid value (TBARs). The results indicated that AP and antioxidants showed positive effects in inhibiting of PAHs formation (20.03–37.36%), scavenging DPPH radical activity (48.56–64.37%), reducing POV value (45.08–64.89%), and TBARs value (13.74–32.72%). Based on strong correlation between the PAHs content and the POV (r = 0.844, p = 0.017) and TBARs values (r = 0.825, p = 0.022) analyzed by Pearson correlation, AP can be used to control the formation of PAHs. The inhibition effect of AP on PAHs showed concentration-dependent. OPLS-DA analysis revealed that 0.20% AP had the best inhibition on PAH in barbecued pork, and elasticity, cohesiveness, adhesion, chewiness, and recovery of barbecued pork were improved significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study on changes in physico-chemical parameters of fruit on eight ber cultivars viz. Chhuhara, Chinese, Kalagola, Nazuk, Sanaur-2, Sanaur-4, Umran and ZG-2 was conducted at Horticulture Research Centre, Patharchatta, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand, India during the season of 2017–18 and 2018–19. The experiment was laid out in two factors Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Sampling dates and cultivars were considered as the treatments. There were 11 sampling dates ranging from 28 to 168 days after full bloom (DAFB), with observations taken at biweekly interval. In pooled data at 168 DAFB, Sanaur-2 recorded the maximum (6.89) pH while the minimum (6.62) in Kalagola. Umran recorded the maximum (83.55) ascorbic acid while the minimum ascorbic acid content was found in Sanaur-4 (66.50). Chhuhara recorded the maximum (9.31) total sugars while the minimum (7.55) in Umran. Chhuhara recorded the maximum (4.45) reducing sugars while the minimum (3.19) in Kalagola. Chinese recorded the maximum (5.08) non-reducing sugars while the minimum (4.06) in Umran. Chhuhara recorded the maximum (138.38) TSS: acid ratio (Total soluble solids: acid ratio) and minimum (75.78) in Kalagola. The findings therefore imply that matured ber could be used for naturally occurring antioxidants and that the advanced ripening stage is the best time to collect fruit for fresh consumption or for commercial processing. Breeders will be helped by these kinds of studies to create new breeding programmes, find potential cultivars for breeding, and choose the best time to harvest for domestic and international markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

R-phycoerythrin (R-PE) is a red pigment present in algae with potential application in the biotechnology industry. This study aims the physical-chemical characterization and antioxidant activity of R-phycoerythrin from Gracilaria birdiae (CE-Gb). The spectroscopic stability of the pigment against different additives was also evaluated. The results showed antioxidant activity dependent on pigment concentration. Furthermore, the degradation of R-PE was maximum in CE-Gb without preservatives, and the addition of ascorbic acid (AA) reduced the color loss of the pigment during storage. G. birdiae proved to be a potential source of R-PE, which can be used as a dye in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of freeze-thaw pretreatments using slow (SFZ), fast (FFZ) and ultrafast (UFZ) freezing on the drying characteristics, physicochemical and phytochemical compositions of red dragon fruit slices were investigated during mid- (MIR) and near-infrared (NIR) drying. Results indicated that the pretreatments altered cellular structure, reduced drying time and increased drying rates and effective moisture diffusivity, and these effects were dependent on the freezing methods, showing that FFZ and UFZ could improve physicochemical quality, ascorbic acid, and hydroxyl scavenging ability, while SFZ could enhance total phenolics and flavonoid contents, betalains, and ABTS radical scavenging activity. Overall, freeze-thaw pretreatments prompted more efficient drying due to structural modification and improved heating uniformity, they also presented undesirable effects on color, shrinkage, betalains, phenolics and ABTS scavenging activity. The study provided a theoretical basis for applying freeze-thaw pretreatments during infrared drying and indicated the need for optimization studies for improving drying efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoking is a risk factor for gastric cancer (GC) and causes oxidative stress. Antioxidant vitamins may protect against oxidative stress. This study aimed to determine the association between dietary antioxidant vitamin intake and GC risk according to smoking status and the histological subtype. This case-control study included 286 pairs of patients with GC and controls aged 20–79 years enrolled at two hospitals from 2002 to 2006, matched by age (± 2 years), sex, hospital, and participation period (± 1 years). Dietary information was collected using a quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). When stratified by smoking status, increased intake of vitamin C (OR = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.17–0.84 for highest vs. lowest; P for trend = 0.033) and folate (OR = 0.28; 95% CI = 0.12–0.64 for highest vs. lowest; P for trend = 0.003) decreased GC risk in nonsmokers. Vitamin C (P for interaction = 0.043) and folate (P for interaction =0.015) levels were significantly associated with smoking status. Similar results were observed in nonsmokers with diffuse and mixed types of GC, but not in those with intestinal type of GC. Therefore, we found an inverse association between higher intake of dietary vitamin C and folate with the risk of GC among nonsmokers. These protective associations were strong in nonsmokers with diffuse and mixed types of GC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient method developed for the synthesis of asymmetric (S)-N-benzylidene-2-(benzyloxy)-1-(5-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)ethanamine derivatives with excellent yield in short reaction time. The antioxidant and antimitotic activities were estimated and strongly correlated with the potential of Ascorbic acid and Methotrexate respectively. All the synthesized molecules were characterized using various spectral techniques including FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and Mass spectrometry. The drug-likeness properties were studied using in silico ADME parameters. All the compounds have an acceptable range of values which indicated good drug-like characteristics based on Lipinski's rule of five and to be orally active. The present method is quite easy along with simple operation and offers many benefits including short reaction time, easy work-up, excellent yield, reduced waste production as well as cost effective. In addition structure-activity relationships of AP-1 to AP-10 derivatives have been described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, an experimental investigation and mathematical modeling of tomato waste hot air drying (HAD) were conducted for drying temperatures of 50 and 60°C, and air velocities of 1 and 2 m s−1. Kinetics, mathematical modeling, and optimization of biological properties using response surface methodology (RSM) were investigated. Increasing the drying temperature from 50 to 60°C shortened the drying time by 5 and 20 min, respectively, for 1 and 2 m s−1 air velocities. The proposed mathematical model with the highest correlation coefficient of 0.9997 well described the moisture variation of tomato waste. Significantly high diffusivity was observed with values of 1.24 × 10−6 and 1.67 × 10−6 m2 s−1. Obtained analysis showed an increase in polyphenol (PPT) and flavonoids (TFC) and a decrease in lycopene content (LYC) and ascorbic acid (AA). Phenomenological modeling and RSM methodology indicated that both drying temperature and air velocity affected the content of TFC, LYC, and AA, whereas, for PPT, the temperature has a positive effect in contrast with negative of air velocity. Optimum drying time, PPT, TFC, LYC, and AA are 44.6 min, 227 mg GAE/g, 32.2 mg GAE/g, 517.92 mg/100 g, and 1.91 mg AAE/100 g, respectively. Optimal drying temperature and velocity were, respectively, 56.7°C and 1 m s−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new series of 6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-5-carboxamides (4a–m) has been synthesized and reported with good yields. All these compounds were characterized using various spectral techniques such as IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS and then subjected to in-vitro anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial activities using DPPH and microdilution methods, respectively. Among the synthesized pyrimidine-5-carboxamides, compounds 4a–b, 4j, and 4i were found to exhibit promising antibacterial activity compared to the standard drug Neomycin. Similarly, compounds 4g–i and 4l displayed excellent anti-oxidant activities against the standard drug ascorbic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is one of the major causes of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) associated with a dietary pattern rich in saturated fat. The present study utilized roasted and germinated chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) flour (RCPF and GCPF) as a replacement for fat in biscuits, known to have nutraceutical properties. The fat content was modified using the following ratios: 10%, 20%, and 30% (w/w) of RCPF/GCPF. Based on the physicochemical analysis, increased concentrations of RCPF and GCPF in the flour blends resulted in higher levels of protein, ash, and crude fiber contents. GCPF was found to contain higher levels of protein (20.20%), ash (4.86%), and crude fiber (3.64%) compared to RCPF. Increased RCPF and GCPF levels resulted in reduction of gluten content, which indicated weak gluten network. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of biscuit samples further supported these observations. The farinograph properties showed significant increase (P<0.05) in water absorption and dough development time. Furthermore, when RCPF and GCPF were added to flour blends and biscuits samples, significant increase (P<0.05) in antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content was observed. These trends were observed to be more prominent with higher quantities of RCPF and GCPF. Notably, the antioxidant properties of chickpeas were found to be significantly improved (P<0.05) by the process of germination compared to roasting. Moreover, improvements in antioxidant activity might be caused by the increased levels of phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid due to the actions of endogenous hydrolytic enzymes during germination. The dimensional, textural, and sensory properties indicated that RCPF 20% and GCPF 10% can effectively serve as an organic fat substitute in bakery products with enhanced concentrations of proteins, fibers, antioxidants, and bioactive compounds with nutraceutical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin C is a compound that is widely used in food processing as a preservative and antioxidant. The weakness of vitamin C is that it is unstable and very reactive to environmental conditions. To maintain the stability of vitamin C during processing and storage, emulsification was carried out with a double emulsion Pickering water in oil in water (W/O/W) system. The research method used was descriptive analysis method which consists of two stages. The first stage was to determine the right amount of emulsifier in the manufacture of W/O emulsion and the second stage is the manufacture of W/O/W emulsion which consists of four different treatments with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as the Pickering component. The results showed that the use of 5% sorbitan tristearate produced a stable W/O vitamin C emulsion at 14 days of storage with a coalescence index of 3.2% and a droplet size of 0.698 μm. The combination of polysorbate 80 and MCC produced a W/O/W emulsion with a droplet size of 0.952 μm, creaming index 2.615%, serum index 2.899%, and a lowest increase in IC50 of 0.32 ppm/day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present work involves the green and environmentally benign synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines using iodine as a catalyst and PEG-400 as a green solvent at room temperature that gives an excellent yield of products. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activity. All the synthesized compounds showed excellent antioxidant activity against DPPH and H2O2 radicals as compared to standard ascorbic acid and even more than standard for SOR and NO radicals. Compound 5h showed the highest % anti-inflammatory activity i.e., 80.73% among the series that was comparable to standard diclofenac sodium whereas compound 5d showed the highest antidiabetic activity i.e., 60.46% which was found potent as compared to standard acarbose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new series of 1-(6-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-(substituted)pyridin-2-yl)-4-methylthiosemicarbazide derivatives 4(a–i) was achieved by the reaction of malononitrile and 4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazide with various aldehydes. All the newly designed compounds were structurally established by various analytical methods (IR, 1H, 13C NMR, and HRMS). Further, all the entitled derivatives were evaluated for their potential antioxidant activity by DPPH radical method in which standard, ascorbic acid, was used for comparison and results revealed that the derivatives, 4a and 4i exhibited the highest antioxidant effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deleterious effects of diabetes on seminal quality, serum metals and antioxidants have been confirmed. This study evaluated the effect of combined calcium, magnesium, vitamin C and E supplementation on seminal parameters, serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), nitric oxide (NO), malonyldialdehyde (MDA), calcium and magnesium in fructose-induced diabetic rats. Thirty rats were grouped into non-diabetic controls, diabetic controls, diabetic rats given vitamin E + C, calcium + magnesium and vitamin E + C + calcium + magnesium. The analytes were evaluated using standard methods. Statistical significance was set at p <.05. The diabetic controls had significantly higher MDA (p =.036) but lower (p =.0001) TAC, calcium, magnesium, sperm count, and %motility than the non-diabetic controls. The Vitamin C + E group showed the greatest improvement as they had the highest values of seminal parameters compared to other supplemented groups. Combined Vitamin C + E supplementation may provide better ameliorative benefits than a combination of Vitamin C, E, calcium and magnesium in diabetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new β-benzylselenated Schiff bases, (S)-L1H, (R)-L2H and (R)-L3H, were synthesized from three chiral β-benzylselenated amines, (S)-2a, (R)-2b and (R)-2c, respectively, on condensation with salicylaldehyde. The corresponding palladium complexes, (S)-1, (R)-2 and (R)-3, were synthesized by reactions of these ligands with Na2[PdCl4]. The ligands and their complexes were characterized by spectroscopic (1H, 13C{1H} NMR and FT-IR), polarimetric and elemental analysis. The crystal structure of (S)-1 was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The ligands bind palladium(II) as deprotonated ((S)-L1, (R)-L2 and (R)-L3) tridentate (Se,N,O-) chelates resulting in complexes of composition [Pd(L1-3)Cl]. All these compounds have been screened for in vitro DPPH radical scavenging activity using vitamin-C as a reference standard. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was assessed by varying the concentration of each of these compounds. The results of antioxidant activity studies demonstrated that these compounds are good-to-excellent radical scavenging agents. The antioxidant activity was quantitatively expressed as their IC50 values which revealed that the activity of palladium complexes were 50% higher than those of corresponding ligands and very close to that of the standard reference vitamin-C. New tridentate (Se,N,O-) type Schiff bases and their palladium complexes. The crystal structure of a palladium complex determined. Ligands and complexes explored for in-vitro DPPH radical scavenging activity. The antioxidant activity studies revealed that these compounds are promising antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare the dietary intake of carotenoids, tocopherols, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, and dietary total antioxidant capacity (dTAC) and to evaluate relationship of dTAC with serum inflammatory biomarkers in patients with gastrointestinal system (GIS) and non-GIS cancer. In total, 104 adult cancer survivors (52 GIS and 52 non-GIS cancer cases) were included. 24-hour dietary recalls were obtained and dTAC was calculated on the basis of oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP), ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), and vitamin C equivalents (VCE). Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were used as inflammatory biomarkers. Routinely analyzed serum CRP, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and platelet levels every day in hospital biochemistry laboratory were obtained from patients' file. There was no significant difference between patients with GIS and non-GIS cancer in terms of dietary intake of carotenoids, tocopherols, and flavonoids. While there was no significant difference between groups in terms of the mean dietary ORAC, TEAC, and FRAP, the mean TRAP of patients with GIS cancer was significantly higher than patients with non-GIS cancer. Serum inflammatory markers (CRP and NLR) were found to have an inverse relationship with dTAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two series of piperazine-based bis(thieno[2,3-b]pyridines) and bis(pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines) were prepared, in good yields, utilizing the appropriate bis(pyridinethione). The first series was obtained by reacting the previous synthon with different α-halogenated reagents, whereas the second series was produced by reacting the synthon with various hydrazonyl chlorides, and then cyclizing the resulting bis(hydrazonothioates). At 50 and 100 µM concentrations, the two series were screened as potential acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. The reference donepezil had inhibition percentages of 90.7 and 93.5 at the tested concentrations. Generally, bis(thieno[2,3-b]pyridine) series was found to be more effective than the other series of bis(pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine). Bis(thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carbonitrile) inhibited acetylcholinesterase the best, with inhibition percentages of 55.2 and 88.4 at 50 and 100 µM concentrations, respectively. Furthermore, when tested at a concentration of 25 µg/mL, the prior hybrid demonstrated the best DPPH antioxidant activity, with an inhibition percentage of 81.5 when compared to the reference ascorbic acid (inhibition percentage of 88.7). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new cyclic polyketide 7,9,11-trihydroxytetracos-2-eneoic acid d-lactone (1), together with other eleven known compounds, were isolated from Ononis spinosa, growing wildly in Jordan. All isolated compounds were identified by thorough investigation of their spectral data including NMR and HRESIMS. Antioxidant activity testing of puerol B, specionin and the new cyclic polyketide revealed that puerol B had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 0.09 ± 0.006mg/ml) as compared to α-tocopherol (IC50 0.039 ± 0.0006mg/ml), while specionin had the highest ABTS radical scavenging power (IC50 0.013 ± 0.0008mg/ml) as compared to α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid (IC50 0.042 ± 0.0004; 0.026 ± 0.0007mg/ml; respectively). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to developing production methods and increasing consumption levels, improvement of fruit quality has become a focus of research. Cytokinins are important hormones that affect fruit quality. In this study, exogenous KT (Kinetin) and BA (6-Benzylaminopurine) were applied 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 days after pollination to study the effect of cytokinins on the quality of strawberry (Fragaria vesca) fruit. The results showed that exogenous KT and BA significantly increased the weight and soluble sugar content of strawberry fruit at late stages of fruit development (27 and 31 DAP). KT and BA treatments up-regulated the expression levels of FvePAL6, FveCHS, FveMYB1, and FveMYB10 at 31 DAP, thus increasing the anthocyanin content. At the red fruit stage, the anthocyanin content of fruits treated with KT and BA were 1.59 and 1.45 times, respectively, higher than that of the control. KT and BA elevated the levels of antioxidants such as ascorbic acid and total phenolics. Also, KT and BA increased the content of myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol. In addition, KT and BA reduced the relative contents of several aromatic substances. Our results indicate that KT and BA treatments had a significant effect on the improvement of strawberry fruit quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gaseous signalling molecule, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. Since oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cataracts and lenticular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is elevated in some cataract patients, the present study investigated the ability of H2S-releasing compounds to prevent H2O2-induced cataract formation in cultured bovine lenses. Lenses were cultured in either Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM; control); H2O2 (50 mM); ascorbic acid (AA; 3 mM) (positive control); and the H2S-releasing compounds (diallyl trisulfide [DATS] or GYY4137) in the presence of H2O2 (50 mM). Lens opacity was determined using a plate reader to measure transmittance. Lens glutathione content (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity were assessed before and after treatment with the H2S-releasing compounds. Both DATS (10−7M – 10−4M) and GYY4137 (10−7M – 10−4M) significantly (p <.001) attenuated H2O2 (50 mM)-induced loss in transmittance, with DATS (10−4M) and GYY4137 (10−7M) achieving a maximal reversal of opacity by 56.86 ± 0.01% (n = 6) and 8.39 ± 0.11% (n = 6) after 120 hours, respectively. These observations were corroborated by photographic evaluation, where DATS (10−5M – 10−4M) and GYY4137 (10−7M – 10−5M)-treated lenses had relatively clear grids after 120 hours, compared to H2O2 (50 mM)-treated lenses. The H2O2 (50 mM)-induced decline in total GSH content and total SOD activity were significantly (p <.001; n = 5) reversed by DATS (10−4M) and GYY4137 (10−7M). After 24 hours, DATS (10−4M) and GYY4137 (10−7M) significantly (p <.001; n = 4) reduced cytotoxicity of primary bovine lens epithelial cells by 33.88 ± 4.59% and 36.19 ± 10.53%, respectively. Both H2S-releasing compounds protected cultured bovine lenses against oxidative stress-induced cataract formation. The slow-releasing H2S compound, GYY4137 was more potent than DATS in restoring lenticular total GSH content and total SOD activity along with reducing H2O2 (50 mM)-induced cytotoxicity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elaeagnus latifolia is an underutilized plant of the Elaeagnaceae family. The extraction of E. latifolia pulp was carried out from 30 to 120 min by different environmentally friendly extraction methods: agitation, percolation, Soxhlet, and ultrasound-assisted extraction with ethanol, and hydrodistillation. The extracts were analyzed for their total phenolic compounds, carotenoids and ascorbic acid contents, and antioxidant activity. The highest yield of extract, of 63.5 g/100 g of raw material (RM), in dry basis (db), total phenolic compounds, of 3.3 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract, and 2.042 mg GAE/g RM, and carotenoids, of 176.6 mg β-carotene equivalent/kg RM, were obtained by Soxhlet for 120 min. All the extracts presented similar antioxidant activity. Therefore, E. latifolia can be a source of compounds of interest to the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability has been an important issue in cosmetic industry, resulting in increasing concerns about environmental impacts, starting by the selection of raw materials. The aim of this work was the production of biopolymeric films based on a cassava starch and gelatin mixture (1:1) with the incorporation of natural antioxidants, such as vitamin C and catuaba extract aiming its future use as an eco-friendly cosmetic. Films were produced by casting (2.0 g polymer/100 g filmogenic solution) employing glycerol (20 g/100 g polymer) as plasticizer, and vitamin C (0−10.0 g/100 g polymer) and catuaba extract (0−1.5 g/100 g polymer) were added as bioactive compounds. All formulations resulted in films with good appearance and homogeneity. All films produced with vitamin C and catuaba extract had their antioxidant capacity demonstrated, the catuaba extract films presented an antioxidant capacity values between 6.65% and 57.56%, and the vitamin C films presented values between 75.62% and 100%, even in those produced with low concentrations. Films loaded with vitamin C (10 g/100 g polymer) presented the highest antioxidant capacity (93.33%). Films prepared with 1.5 g catuaba extract/100 g polymer and all vitamin C formulations are promising alternatives for use as sustainable cosmetic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A green and efficient one-pot has been developed for the synthesis of a series of new diethyl-(((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1, 4] dioxin-6yl)amino)(substituted phenyl)methyl) phosphonates (4a-k) by the Kabachinik-Fields reaction of 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b] [1, 4]dioxin-6-amine (1) with various substituted aldehydes (2a-k) and diethyl phosphite (3) using nano ferrite supported glutathione (nano FGT) as catalyst under microwave irradiation and solvent free conditions. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant (DPPH & FRAP) and anti-inflammatory activity studies. Compounds 4b (naphthyl) and 4k (9-anthracenyl) showed highest antioxidant activity than that of standard ascorbic acid in DPPH method. Whereas compounds 4f (3-nitrophenyl), 4h (3-phenoxyphenyl) and 4k (9-anthracenyl) exhibited low IC50 values than that of standard ascorbic acid in and in Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) studies. Compounds 4a, 4b, 4h, 4i, and 4k have shown strong anti-inflammatory activity against LPS induced cell death in RAW 264.7 cell lines. Molecular docking studies were also carried out against COX-2 showed high binding energies that are in support of their high anti-inflammatory activity. Being the most bioactive compound (4k) stands as promising next future anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to find out the effects of various postharvest treatments on the biochemical and bioactive compounds of custard apple cv. Balanagar fruits. In the present experiment, three chemicals viz. oxalic acid (OA) (2.5 mM, 5.0 mM, 7.5 mM, and 10 mM; salicylic acid (SA) (0.5 mM, 1.0 mM, 1.5 mM, and 2.0 mM) and Sodium Nitro Prusside (SNP) at 0.5 mM, 1.0 mM, 1.5 mM, and 2.0 mM along with control were applied. Fruits were stored at ambient condition (Temp. 25 ± 2°C and relative humidity (RH) 44 ± 2%). Results indicated that fruits treated with SNP (2.0 mM) had significantly (p≤ 0.05) higher total soluble solids (30.80°B), titratable acidity (TA) (0.33%) and retained higher total sugar content (TS) (25.09%) at the end of the 9th day of storage. At the end of storage, the least reduction in total phenol content (TPC) (492.52 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g (11.62%) was found in SNP (2.0 mM) treated fruits. Likewise, SNP (2.0 mM) significantly (p≤ 0.05) retained higher ascorbic acid (AA) (43.20 mg/100 g), antioxidant activity (AOX) (0.92 µmol Trolox Equivalent (TE)/g), total flavonoids (TF) (71.49 µg CE/100 g) and tannin content (TC) (1.28 mg/g) compared to control during 9 days of storage. Thus, in the present investigation, SNP treatment was most suited to preserve the nutritional quality and bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The white mulberry, Morus alba, is distributed worldwide and known for its antioxidant properties. Ethanol extract of six varieties of M. alba roots were studied (IZ 13/6, IZ 40, IZ 56/4, IZ 64, Indonesia and Tigreada). From variety IZ 40, two secondary metabolites were isolated and unambiguously identified by 2 D NMR experiments as morusin and mulberrofuran B. These were quantified in the varieties by liquid chromatography, recording 5.27–16.74% for the first, and 0.54–3.55% for the latter. Mulberrofuran B presented higher activity than morusin by phosphomolybdenum (1531.33 ± 20.28 mmol ascorbic acid/g) and ferrocyanide (14.39%) methods, ABTS (95.74 ± 4.21 µM) and DPPH (843.87 ± 10.65 µM) radical sequestration capacity, while morusin showed significant statistical correlation with antioxidant activity for some M. alba varieties. These results suggested that morusin influences antioxidant activity of M. alba in synergism with other compounds and can be a good chemical marker in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a simple, low cost, and portable spectrophotometer based on a digital microscope as a detector for the determination of the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (TPC). The antioxidant activity was expressed as ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE) using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) assay. The TPC value was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The color of the products was captured using a digital microscope powered through the USB output of a laptop. A digital microscope, held in a 3D printing device was used to take photos of the reaction product that was illuminated with the stable light source of the digital microscope. The pictures were analyzed for quantitation. For the DPPH assay, the developed method provided a working range from 0.6 to 6 mg L−1 of ascorbic acid with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.2 mg L−1 and a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.2%. The TPC method provided a working range from 4.6 to 100 mg L−1 for gallic acid, with a LOD of 1.4 mg L−1 and a RSD of 1.3%. Results of the proposed system agree well with a conventional spectrophotometric method and have been successfully applied to measure the antioxidant activity and TPC of local Thai tea samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, new morpholine-linked thiazoles were prepared by the reaction of salicylaldehyde derivative, thiosemicarbazide, and α-bromoketones. To mediate the previous three-component reaction, the reaction was conducted using two equiv. of piperazine in dioxane at reflux for 5 h. Using the prior protocol, two series of thiazoles, linked to arene or chromene units, were prepared in good to excellent yields. The new thiazoles were examined as potential inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase at a concentration of 50 µM. When compared to donepezil (inhibition percentage of 92.8%), hybrids 11b and 11c, linked to 6-chloro or 6-bromochromen-3-yl units, gave the best inhibition percentages of 72.3 and 71.5%, respectively. Furthermore, when tested at a concentration of 25 µg/mL, the same hybrids demonstrated the highest DPPH antioxidant activity, with inhibition percentages of 84.1 and 83.2%, respectively, when compared to ascorbic acid (inhibition percentage of 89.5%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant potential (% RSA and EC50) of solvent extracts of leaves and roots of Lobelia nicotianifolia Roth. was assessed using five in vitro assays. The EC50 values of methanolic extract were comparable to that of ascorbic acid for nitric oxide (30.67 µg mL−1) and hydrogen peroxide (81.01 µg mL−1) radical assays. The % RSA and EC50 correlated with the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. The characterization by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry showed the presence of five flavonoids, six phenolics, three carotenoids, one anthraquinone, coumarin, hydroxyquinone, and isoflavonoid. Embelin, gallic acid, and quercetin were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]