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The flow field in the original duct was simulated using Reynolds-average Navier–Stokes methods. Grid independence test was carried out and the air velocity at four outlets was consistent with experimental data, so the accuracy of the numerical model can be guaranteed. Vortex at the inner wall of the curved duct was identified from the simulation result, and two 75° guide plates with the thickness of 1 mm were used to reduce it. The vortex was well improved and the flow path of air became more regular than the original scheme. Guide plates with gradual increasing height along the airflow direction at the straight duct were proposed to improve the uniformity. The height of the last guide plate was set to 50 mm, the same as original scheme; then, the smallest standard deviation of velocity at four outlets is achieved with the increasing ratio of 1.4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air injection is an effective method to eliminate flow separation and improve blade loading in compressors. In existing studies on unsteady air injection, achieving a better control effect than steady injection with lower injection consumption is a major difficulty and challenge. In this work, pulsed endwall air injection (PEAI) was carried out numerically in a highly loaded compressor cascade under different injection frequencies and injection amplitudes. The mechanism through which PEAI influences corner separation and vortical flow, especially the effect of initial injection phase on the flow field of compressor cascade, was revealed. The results showed that PEAI effectively suppressed the corner separation with lower injection mass flow rate compared with steady endwall air injection (SEAI). The time-averaged overall loss coefficient and endwall loss coefficient were reduced by 10.5% and 28.7%, respectively, under the optimal PEAI scheme. Higher injection amplitude exhibited a more effectively controlled range in the suction corner, which led to a decrease in corner separation and deterioration of the mid-span flow field. The interaction between trailing edge separation and low-momentum fluid at mid-span led to the formation of an injection vortex. When conducting PEAI, the effect of inertia was observed for flow in the injection hole, which was derived from the interactions between injection fluid at different velocities and will increase with the improvement of injection frequency. The effects of injection location and diameter of the injection hole were also investigated. The injection location of PEAI affected the flow field by changing the effect region of the injection and low-momentum fluid near the endwall. The injection hole diameter had a significant impact on the intensity of the passage vortex and mid-span flow field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of adding trapezoidal ribs to microchannel on functionalized multi-walled nano-tubes/water nanofluid heat transfer are examined. The dimensionless slip coefficient (0–0.1), Reynolds number (50–400) and Hartmann number (0–20) are considered as independent variables and the heat transfer along with the entropy generation are considered as the output parameters. The simulation outcomes confirm that the addition of trapezoidal ribs, on the one hand, increases the heat transfer area and, on the other hand, intensifies the possibility of vortex formation. The presence of a vortex decreases the heat transfer potential and thus reduces the performance of the trapezoidal-wall microchannel compared to the base one. With increasing Reynolds number (Re), the probability of vortex formation intensifies, which in turn diminishes the positive effects of using trapezoidal ribs. However, it is found that, with increasing Hartmann number (Ha) and dimensionless slip coefficient ( β ∗ ) , the vortex strength is weakened, and consequently heat transfer is improved. Based on numerical computations, it is found that at Re = 400, Ha = 0 and β ∗ = 0 and adding trapezoidal ribs to the base microchannel increases heat transfer by 11.12%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of using the compact device with higher heat transfer potential has encouraged researchers to use microchannels. Creating sinusoidal walls is a technique leading to better effectiveness and smaller size. In this study, the effects of discrete heat sources location on heat transfer and pressure drop are investigated, using graphene nanoplatelets/water inside a sinusoidal microchannel. For this, discrete heat sources are installed in a smooth microchannel (layout A) and compared with two sinusoidal-wall microchannels. In layouts B and C, the heating sources are installed above the convergent/diverging sections, respectively. Since the velocity and temperature gradients are higher in the converging region, the heat exchange and pressure drop for layout B are greater than other ones. In other words, installing heating sources in these regions with high-temperature gradient has a more obvious positive efficacy on heat exchange. For the best layout (B), although the heat exchange compared to the base layout (A) is 37.5% higher, the pressure drop and entropy generation are higher by 79% and 35.2%, respectively. By introducing a new figure of merit (FOM), it is found that layout B is in the desirable zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The propeller wake can cause vibrations on the rudder surface, which worsen the noise and reliability. The vibration monitoring of the rudder operating in the propeller wake with fluid-structure interaction (FSI) method is still challenging. In the present study, the structural response during propeller-rudder interaction is investigated using detached eddy simulation. Three-dimensional distributions of loads, stresses, and deformations are discussed. The leading and trailing edges exhibit the strongest deformations in opposite directions, which are S-shaped. The strongest lateral deformation occurs between the tip vortex and hub vortex regions. In the tip vortex region, the dominant lateral vibrations fluctuate at the blade passing frequency (BPF) and shaft frequency (SF). However, the 75 Hz-fluctuation becomes significant at the trailing edge of the rudder. In the hub vortex region, the lateral deformation fluctuates mainly at 75 Hz except the area near the leading edge. There are weak vibrations occurring at the natural frequencies of the rudder when the natural frequencies of the rudder are much higher than the SF and BPF. However, the plate in the propeller suffers intense vibrations at the frequencies near the natural frequencies, where the natural frequencies of the plate are close to SF and BPF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Magneto-ionics refers to the non-volatile control of the magnetic properties of materials by voltage-driven ion migration. This phenomenon constitutes one of the most important magnetoelectric mechanisms and, so far, it has been employed to modify the magnetic easy axis of thin films, their coercivity or their net magnetization. Herein, a novel magneto-ionic effect is demonstrated: the transition from vortex to coherent rotation states, caused by voltage-induced ion motion, in arrays of patterned nanopillars. Electrolyte-gated Co/GdO x bilayered nanopillars are chosen as a model system. Electron microscopy observations reveal that, upon voltage application, oxygen ions diffuse from GdO x to Co, resulting in the development of paramagnetic oxide phases (CoO x ) along sporadic diffusion channels. This breaks up the initial magnetization configuration of the ferromagnetic pillars (i.e., vortex states) and leads to the formation of small ferromagnetic nanoclusters, embedded in the CoO x matrix, which behave as single-domain nanoparticles. As a result, a decrease of the net magnetic moment is observed, together with a drastic change in the shape of the hysteresis loop. Micromagnetic simulations are used to interpret these findings. These results pave the way towards a new potential application of magnetoelectricity: the magneto-ionic control of magnetic vortex states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]