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We analyzed the contribution of genetic factors on the association between puberty timing and body mass index (BMI) using longitudinal data and two approaches: (i) genetic twin design and (ii) polygenic scores (PGS) of obesity indices. Our data were derived from Finnish cohorts: 9080 twins had information on puberty timing and BMI and 2468 twins also had genetic data. Early puberty timing was moderately associated with higher BMI in childhood in both boys and girls; in adulthood these correlations were weaker and largely disappeared after adjusting for childhood BMI. The largest proportion of these correlations was attributable to genetic factors. The higher PGSs of BMI and waist circumference were associated with earlier timing of puberty in girls, whereas weaker associations were found in boys. Early puberty is not an independent risk factor for adult obesity but rather reflects the association between puberty timing and childhood BMI contributed by genetic predisposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]