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The study aims to find the quality of research papers published in the domain of entrepreneurship in India. This study covers 100 research papers. A standardized measurement tool developed by the earlier researchers was used to evaluate the research quality. The data compiled using the measurement tool were analyzed with the support of the SPSS. The statistical tools such as descriptive statistics, Friedman's test, factor analysis, two-sample 't' test, and ANOVA are applied to analyze the data. The study findings reported that the quality of research papers published in the field of entrepreneurship is not up to the quality standards. The quality of multiple-author papers is better than single-author papers. Similarly, the quality of papers published by foreign authors is comparatively better than Indian authors. Further, the quality of papers published with the combination of foreign and Indian authors is substantially good. The quality of papers published in foreign journals is higher as compared with Indian journals. Further, the standard of papers published under the qualitative approach was comparatively better than the quantitative approach. The authors developed a Conceptual Model of Process and Product of Research (YOVA model). This model clearly shows that the whole research process yields six levels of research products. The study recommended that the researchers need to go for international collaborations to improve the quality of the publication. The funding agencies, higher learning institutions and research institutions should focus on enhancing research infrastructure. The study examined the validity of research articles searched by novice researchers in India in Google by using keywords related to entrepreneurship and, as such this non-focused approach is a big impediment to quality research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Research and policy on sustainable development (SD) and entrepreneurial ecosystems (EE), the most prevalent policy to enhance entrepreneurship, has increased dramatically in the last 20 years; in particular. Yet, as this paper shows, their relationship is unknown to date. We aim to answer if and how entrepreneurial ecosystems foster sustainable development. To this purpose, we develop a framework linking EE and SD integrating existing models and suggestions for further research and policymaking. Theoretically, we draw on three different disciplines and four distinct theories to propose how and why EE impact SD. Methodologically, we suggest system dynamics as the most appropriate method for theoretical modeling and empirical analysis. Policywise, we suggest how and why policy needs a new approach to leverage EE to enhance SD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper merges the literature on green and high-quality entrepreneurship by introducing environmental orientation as an unrecognised characteristic of start-up quality and the three quality dimensions innovativeness, growth orientation, and international orientation. Entrepreneurship literature argues that only high-quality start-ups contribute to sustainable development and that a better understanding of what determines the quality of start-ups is required. Empirical research has recently shown that the environmental orientation of start-ups is one such determinant, as it significantly predicts their innovativeness. This paper pursues this novel research avenue on the importance of environmental orientation for start-up quality in two ways. First, this paper evaluates and extends this initial evidence on environmental orientation and innovativeness by examining a three times larger sample, covering additional countries and entrepreneurial stages. Second, this paper also analyses the impact of environmental orientation on the quality dimensions of growth orientation and international orientation. Investigation using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data on 9650 entrepreneurs from 51 countries revealed that start-ups with a higher environmental orientation are of superior quality regarding their innovativeness, growth expectations, and exports. These results remain robust for start-ups at different entrepreneurial stages, and tests employing different methodological approaches and variable definitions. However, the categorisation into factor-driven, efficiency-driven, and innovation-driven countries showed that greener start-ups are more innovative in countries at all three levels of development, while the relationships with growth orientation and international orientation remained significant for only two of the three categories. The findings of this paper provide a new approach for practitioners to identify the small number of high-quality start-ups and an economic reason warranting intensified efforts to support green start-ups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship is one of the business forces with the greatest power to transform today's society, due to its ability to discover and take advantage of new opportunities to satisfy customer new and changing needs and expectations. Customer relationship management (CRM) has proved to be both a highly influential business management strategy and a powerful business management technology solution, with a particularly relevant impact in the area of entrepreneurship. CRM has helped drive growth and future expectations and has had excellent results in terms of return on investment wherever it has been implemented. An exhaustive review of previously published findings in a specific subject area can uncover new lines of research. This paper uses semi-systematic review to the study of the reality of the link between CRM and entrepreneurial marketing in business. This approach is used to comprehensively describe the state of the art of the impact that CRM can have in the modern business environment, through the empowerment of entrepreneurial marketing. In a structured manner, the present paper reviews the 86 most relevant studies of how CRM affects entrepreneurial marketing policy development through its alignment with relationship marketing and customer-centric business models. The growing use of CRM in companies is one of the pillars of technological and social change in entrepreneurship, being a clear example of how big data can benefit society. The study focuses on the period from 2015 to 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plain English Summary: Publishing entrepreneurship research is not just important but challenging. Longstanding experts in the field can provide helpful advice. As borders between academic fields blur, research fields are increasingly global in their perspective, knowledge, and findings, thus enabling robust participation in research fields at a scale previously unimaginable. Drawing on the experience, insights, and perspectives of three seasoned editors, we try to reconcile the seemingly incoherent and inherent frustration experienced by researchers, on the one hand, with the very purposeful and self-aware process of at least one scholarly journal, Small Business Economics: An Entrepreneurship Journal, on the other, to provide guidelines and insights to aspiring authors in what they should consider in crafting their research for submission with the goal of publication. In providing this sage council, the paper provides guidance to researchers on the process of publishing their results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper documents the increase in the number of global billionaires from mainland China between 2004 and 2018. One of the key findings is that under conditions of an open economy, grassroots billionaire entrepreneurs (e.g., Jack Ma) could mitigate political economy as well as financial frictions via capital injections from foreign venture capitalists. By building a unique database, I report that (i) the politically unconnected billionaire entrepreneurs financed by foreign venture capitalists are more likely to go public their companies outside mainland China (mainly in Hong Kong and the USA), use offshore financing vehicles, and enter the innovation sector and (ii) the politically connected global billionaire entrepreneurs, however, are closely associated with a record of state-owned enterprise (SOE) restructuring. Plain English Summary: The increase in the number of billionaire entrepreneurs (e.g., Jack Ma) from mainland China between 2004 and 2018 is a new phenomenon, which necessitates a reassessment of the crony capitalism arguments, the types of entrepreneurs, and the sources of innovation. This paper has important implications for future research on entrepreneurship in a global economy and the design of relevant policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial firms are central actors in the process of the generation and diffusion of digital innovation which, on the other hand, provides a wide range of opportunities for entrepreneurs. Although existing research has produced several contributions on both topics, the knowledge generated in the field appears fragmented and the findings are sometimes ambiguous. The reason for this fragmentation can be traced back to the lack of reference frameworks that clarify the most used concepts, thus providing a shared language. This study aims to consolidate the state-of-art of scholarly research published over the past 20 years at the intersection of the innovation and entrepreneurship fields of study. To this aim, we carried out a systematic literature review by analyzing a set of 185 papers in order to find what are the relevant topics in the investigated research domain. This activity was performed using MySLR software. Besides a descriptive picture of the scientific activity, a map of the literature published to date that simultaneously addresses the two themes, is provided. In particular, we characterized the six relevant topics in the investigated research domain: start-ups' collaboration networks, business-model innovation, digital platforms, digital ventures, the digital entrepreneur's profile, and digital-innovation ecosystems. Based on these results the article proposes three main research directions for future research: multi-level analysis of Digital Innovation in Entrepreneurial Ventures; interdisciplinary approaches; development of specific theories for igital Innovation. Overall, the value of research is to provide a framework for analyzing the phenomenon of innovation in and with entrepreneurial firms that can be used as a reference model for both entrepreneurship and innovation management researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deploying systems-theoretical conceptuality, this paper improves understanding of the organisational consequences of the intensified societal engagement of a research university. Aligning its work with Luhmannian organisational analysis, it addresses the dynamic interplay between two modes of administrative decision-making communication, namely, the traditional professional administration and the New-Public-Management-oriented (NPM) managerial techniques. Our research observes how the politico-economic conditions of the society translate into the university's decisions concerning an initiative to engage in start-up entrepreneurship. The article contributes to higher education literature by showing that the university's professional administration is a discrete organisational function internally differentiated into specialised administrative branches, each of which operates according to a sense-making regime associated with its primary societal system reference, such as education, science and the economy. The article also demonstrates the structurally conditioned differences in branch-specific temporalisations of the entrepreneurial initiative during decision-making. Inspired by the Luhmannian view on temporality, we demonstrate how administrative decisions synchronise the varied structural time horizons within the university's professional administration. Focus on temporality in decision-making thus allows us to see how the NPM-inspired managerial techniques are operationalised in administrative communication at universities. Consequently, the paper argues that university administration is a complex dynamic entity, which varyingly aligns itself to national policy scripts, and only selectively enacts features of a global trend known as NPM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Making the university and its teachers and students alike as sustainable entrepreneurs are central endeavours in this age of sustainable development today. This paper presents an in-depth case study to examine the development of sustainable entrepreneurship of Tsinghua University of China at institutional and curricular levels. The paper first proposes an analytical model of the sustainable university as the alignment of six elements based on three interrelated propositions. The paper then applies the model to study Tsinghua's culture of sustainability and entrepreneurship and its strategies from green university to sustainable university. Next the paper discusses five cases courses in sustainability education from diverse disciplines with shared goal to foster sustainability competence as global competence and shared pedagogies for experiential learning. The paper concludes with theoretical discussions of institutional-level sustainable entrepreneurship and also practical discussions of shared characteristics and challenges of curricular-level sustainable entrepreneurship with special references of pedagogical and digital opportunities and challenges. The paper presents findings from a self-reflective practitioner-as-researcher action research jointly conducted by the instructors of case courses. The paper used a mixed-method approach with participatory observation, interview, focus-group, survey, and curricular development experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characterization of how entrepreneurial a region or country is, has generally been shaped by a narrow view of what actually constitutes entrepreneurship. In the case of Germany, this has led to a characterization of Germany as not being particularly entrepreneurial. Such a view is at odds with the remarkable, high-performing family business, widely held to be the backbone of the economy. The purpose of this paper is to suggest that the interpretation prevalent in entrepreneurship literature is problematic due to a too narrow operationalization of the entrepreneurship concept. As Zahra (2007; 2014) emphasized, context matters for entrepreneurship, especially on a local or spatial level. One particular organizational manifestation of entrepreneurship, family business, may be congruent in specific spatial and institutional contexts but not in others. Other geographic and institutional contexts may be congruent with the contrasting startups. Thus, an important and novel contribution of this paper is to analyze the geography of family business as distinct from startups: two ends of the entrepreneurship continuum, embedded in different kinds of entrepreneurial ecosystems. We generate innovative maps working with official data, showing the distinct distribution of both kinds of entrepreneurship in different ecosystems. These findings are connected with spatial effects, living conditions and lead to recommendations for policy measures. The paper focuses on Germany, because startups as well as family business are prevalent and can be found in all regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper aims to investigate the impediments faced by innovation-driven enterprises in Thailand and to explore the current measures, policies, and mechanisms related to innovation-driven enterprises (IDEs)' development both domestically and internationally. The study encompasses a comprehensive approach, including an analysis of an innovation entrepreneur database comprising 320 investors and 883 IDEs. Moreover, semi-structure in-depth interviews were conducted with three investors, twenty-two IDEs' founders, eight executives, and experts from various sectors, including government, university incubators, and the private sector in Thailand. Through this multifaceted investigation, this paper sheds light on the key factors that hinder the success of IDEs in Thailand, which primarily revolve around the quality of entrepreneurs (Team), Product and Market Fit, and Support. These factors collectively impact the depth of knowledge, business incubation, acceleration programs, and the effectiveness of laws, measures, and policies in supporting innovation capability development within IDEs. In addition, this paper presents a framework for Thailand's IDEs hub, facilitating the connection between the university's innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem with public and private stakeholders. This framework serves as a mechanism to address the identified hindrances and foster a conducive environment for IDEs development. To address the obstacles, this paper proposes three crucial strategies, namely, (1) talent management, (2) ease of doing scaleup, and (3) availability of funding. These strategies are envisioned to counteract the identified challenges and can be effectively implemented through an operating model and practical working procedures tailored to suit the specific context of Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dominant 'sand in the wheels' view holds that entrepreneurship is strongly inhibited by corruption. Challenging this, the 'grease the wheels' view maintains that corruption might increase entrepreneurship in highly regulated economies. We extend the basic predictions of these theories by examining entrepreneurs' start-up decisions, as well as their location choices, in a seemingly low-corruption environment: Swedish municipalities. Combining a validated index of corruption perceptions in local government with population data on new entrepreneurs, nested logit models reveal that even in a low-corruption setting such as Sweden, perceptions of corruption can deter latent entrepreneurs. We also find that a minority of entrepreneurs relocate from their home municipalities to establish their start-ups elsewhere. Surprisingly and contrary to expectations, these relocating entrepreneurs often relocate from relatively low-corruption municipalities to others that are more corrupt. Implications for future research and public policy are discussed. Plain English Summary: The effect of corruption in local government is often overlooked in entrepreneurship research. This paper finds that even in one of the world's least corrupt countries—Sweden—local government corruption discourages the will to start new firms. Most scholars agree that corruption discourages people from starting new firms. However, a few studies have lately suggested that corruption—under specific circumstances—may actually increase entrepreneurship when bureaucracies are highly regulated and inflexible. This paper delves deeper into the salience of these contradictory views by studying municipalities in Sweden. This low-corruption country is highly regulated with an efficient but, at times, rigid bureaucracy. Using a combination of survey and business register data, we find that even in this low-corruption environment, corruption decreases the rate of entrepreneurship. Surprisingly, though, a minority of entrepreneurs relocate from their relatively low-corruption home municipalities to establish their start-ups in others that are more corrupt. An important implication of our findings is that even in the world's least corrupt countries, active anti-corruption strategies need to be upheld, and this is particularly pertinent at the local level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, sustainable entrepreneurship, urban entrepreneurship, and sustainable cities have separately gained lots of attention from scholars in different fields. In this article, we emphasize the importance of studying the interaction of entrepreneurship and sustainability in the context of cities. We discuss three promising areas along this line of research: sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems, entrepreneurial smart cities, and entrepreneurial solutions to sustainable urban growth. We then summarize the papers included in this special issue. These papers make important contributions to the transdisciplinary research at the intersection of entrepreneurship, sustainability, and urban development. Plain English Summary: In this article, we emphasize the importance of studying the interaction of entrepreneurship and sustainability in the context of cities. We discuss three promising areas along this line of research: sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems, entrepreneurial smart cities, and entrepreneurial solutions to sustainable urban growth. More specifically, sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems focus on actors and factors to facilitate the creation and growth of sustainable or green ventures in communities. Entrepreneurial smart cities are cities that grow their digital capability in infrastructure and other public services through corporate and startup entrepreneurship. And entrepreneurial solutions to sustainable urban growth highlight the transformative roles of entrepreneurs in sustainability-oriented urban development in both developing and developed countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the effects of drastic institutional changes on the reduction of zombie enterprises in China and the underlying mechanisms of this relationship. We employed data from the ASIF from 1998 to 2007 and adapted the difference-in-difference approach to analyze the effects based on China's investment approval system reform. We find that the reform can reduce the proportion of zombie enterprises by 13.3%. This result is driven by competition and scale effects. The former reduces institutional transaction costs by 12.8% and increases innovation capacity by 6.1%. The latter significantly improves the total factor productivity of enterprises; the reform promoted the expansion of enterprise size by 7.1% and the enhancement of market accommodation capacity by 13.2%. The reform had a weak effect on state-owned and non-competitive industrial zombie enterprises. This paper contributes to debates concerning the effect of institutions on entrepreneurship and the disposal of small zombie enterprises. Plain English Summary: As the "entrepreneurial economy" shifts to an "ossified economy," the rate of zombie enterprises is increasing, while entrepreneurship is decreasing. This study finds that lowering barriers to entry by reducing government intervention and breaking administrative monopolies can facilitate the disposal of zombie enterprises and stimulate entrepreneurship. The competition effects originating from the entry of new firms promote a shift in the business strategy of zombie enterprises from rent-seeking to innovation-driven. The scale effect shows that the improved business environment breaks restrictive growth barriers, expands market boundaries, and improves total factor productivity. Eventually, zombie enterprises recover and survive in a healthier, more dynamic, and sustainable way. Economic vitality and resource allocation efficiency increase significantly. Our findings inform best practices for a policy designed to stimulate the "entrepreneurial economy." Moving forward, the government needs to reduce barriers to entry and strengthen market mechanisms to promote disruptive entrepreneurship and dynamic capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While previous entrepreneurship research has only seldom drawn on organizational ambidexterity, the analysis of the important contemporary tensions among entrepreneurship, innovation management and strategic management issues may be facilitated by more closely analysing organizational ambidexterity in entrepreneurial settings. In this paper, we follow this thinking and more closely analyse an often applied form of corporate entrepreneurship: automation. Such automation is transferring work that was formerly conducted by humans to machines and may thus result in new tensions between corporate entrepreneurship, innovation management and the management of organizational stakeholders such as employees. The present paper investigates whether increased automation lowers the stability of firms' relationships with their employees. In addition, we expect that this relationship is moderated by organizational ambidexterity, as employees may have perceived ambidexterity as a signal that their firm will not overly invest in exploitation only, but maintain a balance between exploitation and exploration. Drawing on stakeholder theory, previous insights into corporate entrepreneurship and a survey of German Mittelstand firms, our findings show that highly ambidextrous firms are indeed more vulnerable to automation, leading to lower employee relational stability. Our findings thus suggest that in highly ambidextrous firms, novel tensions around automation-related corporate entrepreneurship will be detrimental to the stability of the firm's relations with one of its key stakeholder groups: employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation and entrepreneurship play a key role in the development of a country's economy and society. In recent years, along with the comprehensive implementation of China's rural revitalization strategy, the government has issued many policies to support and benefit farmers, and the investment environment in villages has been greatly improved, attracting more and more migrant workers to return to their hometowns to start businesses. Improving the entrepreneurial ability of China's returning migrant workers is very important. A review of the previous literature showed that both internal personal factors and external environmental factors can affect the entrepreneurial ability of entrepreneurs. Combining the results of the questionnaire survey, this paper incorporates eight internal personal factors and eight external environmental factors into the index system for assessing entrepreneurial ability and uses a combination of SWOT analysis and AHP analysis to prioritize the factors influencing the entrepreneurial ability of returning migrant workers in China. The results are as follows: (1) The factors influencing the entrepreneurial ability of returnee entrepreneurs could be divided into two types: the individual factors of returnee entrepreneurs, and the external environmental factors. (2) Among the internal factors, technical experience and business management ability are the two main factors influencing entrepreneurial activity. (3) Among the external environmental factors, the opportunity for industrial structure adjustment and low technical content would have a higher influence on the entrepreneurial activity of returnee entrepreneurs. Accordingly, this study proposes some policy recommendations on how to improve the entrepreneurial ability of returnee entrepreneurs. Finally, the research methodology of this paper can be used as a reference for other scholars, and the research results can also be used for administrators to develop relevant policies to better improve the entrepreneurial ability of returnee entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1950s saw the emergence of the science-driven model of engineering education. In the following decades, the model has been continuously challenged to incorporate aspects such as liberal arts, information & communication technology, design, entrepreneurship, innovation, sustainability, industry 4.0, and more recently, online-learning. This has triggered several initiatives at institutional and national levels, and manifested in approaches and practices for transforming engineering education. One approach that appears to be gaining attention is design-centric engineering, with its emphasis on learning-by-doing, product design and entrepreneurial orientation. While literature points to several variants of design-centric engineering and challenges in implementation, it also calls for more empirical studies and deeper theoretical inquiry into the contradictions and paradoxes that this approach might present to the students at the micro-level, and guidance on how they might make sense and find pathways of action jointly with internal and external stakeholders. This paper throws light on the contradictions and paradoxes experienced by undergraduate engineering students while implementing a design-centric engineering program at a young public-funded institute in India, involving approximately 1500+ students over a period of six years. The paper also discusses the theoretical and pragmatic aspects of the approach adopted to encourage students to make sense of the contradictions and paradoxes, namely: (a) leveraging the affordance offered by one of the courses in the program—"Sociology of Design—to synthesize engineering, design and sociological perspectives; (b) turning the contradictions and paradoxes into sources of learning and change, informed by the theory of complex responsive processes; and (c) application of multiple methods such as rich pictures, reflective writing, self-organized interactions and data analysis to enable sense-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narrative entrepreneurship is the study of the spread and dynamics of popular narratives and stories focusing on the role and impact of entrepreneurs (stories of human interest and emotions), and how these change through time, to understand variation and heterogeneity in entrepreneurial activities across time and space. The term 'narrative' refers to a simple story or expressed explanation of events that many people want to bring up in conversation or on the news or social media because it can be used to stimulate the concerns or emotions of others and/or because it appears to advance self-interest. The field of entrepreneurship should be expanded to include serious quantitative study of changing popular narratives (theory development, experiments and econometric regressions). Narrative entrepreneurship is not only a product of reverse causality, from the outcomes to the narrative, but also from the narrative to the outcome (as we know from other fields such as marketing, philanthropy or education). The goal of this paper is to distil what we know, and should know, about narratives and stories to consider reasons to expect that stories and narratives might be thought of as important in the field of entrepreneurship and to stimulate future research to apply the concept of narrative into the field of entrepreneurship for both theory building and empirical analysis. Plain English Summary: The main focus of this paper is to distil what we know, and should know, about narratives and stories to consider reasons to expect that stories and narratives might be thought of as important in the field of entrepreneurship and to stimulate future research to apply the concept of narrative into the field of entrepreneurship for both theory building and empirical analysis. In contrast to previous research, in this study we argue also for a 'reverse causality' view in that narrative and stories may help us to explain differences and variations in all kinds of entrepreneurial activities. The principal implication of this study is that narrative and stories should be included into the field of entrepreneurship, and provides directions on future research in this promising and upcoming field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we expand our understanding of how a design approach can enable and guide employees to break free from their incumbent mindset and ways of working and become intrapreneurs in public organisations. While previous studies have identified desired behaviour for intrapreneurs, there is a lack of understanding how new intrapreneurs adapt such behaviours, especially in public organisations. This paper shows how the readily available approaches of design practice can guide new intrapreneurs to break free from their routines, adopt entrepreneurial behaviours and provide the practical tools to help them to persuade others to collaborate with them on their innovative ideas. We draw from 19 interviews with nascent intrapreneurs, and documentation collected at the UN Refugee Agency to inductively develop a model for how design supports employees in their journey to become an intrapreneur. Our findings illustrate how adopting a design approach provided aspiring intrapreneurs to become ambidextrous in navigating between the creative and the calculative logics and heuristics in highly structured organisations. Both the design attitude and the tools associated with design practice helped new intrapreneurs to adopt an entrepreneurial mindset, position their new ideas and align them to the needs, priorities and constraints of colleagues and stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The special issue provides a stimulating set of results and theories on regional entrepreneurship and its fundamental role for growth and development. Although the spatial component is analyzed from different perspectives, all the papers highlight the importance of the regional differences in ensuring the appropriate design and implementation of policies aimed at unlocking the potential of regions through entrepreneurship and innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Stanford Biodesign program was first introduced in Japan in 2015 at three national universities to develop medical technology innovation and its talent. This study aimed to (1) show the outcomes of leadership talent development, (2) indicate the educational results of the program, and (3) objectively analyze the ways in which the program executed in Japan, effectively promoted entrepreneurship orientation and the origination of new businesses. The latter is especially relevant as Japan has low entrepreneurial awareness and new business entry rates compared to the United States and Europe. Herein, fellows were subjected to questionnaires, interviews, and a survey based on academic papers, extant literature, and treatises issued by the Nihon Biodesign Gakkai (Academic Society of Japan Biodesign). Overall program performance showed notable results, despite indicating a need to improve business-related programs and team learning which is greatly influenced by Japanese culture. An externship program, planned and developed in Japan, was most inspiring and served to expose participants to role models. Comparing Japan Biodesign education elements to factors of general entrepreneurship promotion in Japan, sampled and organized from relevant White Papers, proved its educational effectiveness in entrepreneurship promotion from an objective viewpoint. Within the 4-year timeframe, the results indicated that leadership talent was indeed developed. Medical device innovation should progress through the stages of establishing new ventures, followed by contriving medical devices with novel, impactful value. This study revealed that Japan Biodesign education provides a platform for achieving these goals, despite the challenging Japanese new business environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to introduce the special issue of Small Business Economics on "Radical Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and (Regional) Growth" and present a roadmap for future research in the area. This article argues that the link between the literature on radical innovation, entrepreneurship, and (regional) growth is still an underresearched topic. This paper also reviews the special issue's contributions that allow for a more nuanced understanding of this important link. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two important lines of research come together in this paper: entrepreneurship and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Both stand out for their ability to contribute to sustainable development and generate competitive and social advantages. This study combined both approaches under the concept of CSR entrepreneurship (CSRE). A scale was developed to assess corporate socially responsible entrepreneurs' traits in corporate contexts (i.e., CSRE-s). This quantitative measurement instrument was initially composed of 84 items, which were subjected to various validity and reliability tests. Exploratory factor and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to identify the most significant determinant variables of individuals engaging in CSRE. The validated CSRE-s indicates that the corporate socially responsible entrepreneurship construct involves 6 entrepreneurship factors and 3 CSR dimensions—environmental, social, and economic—with 2 factors each (i.e., 6 factors), assessed by a total of 76 items. This research's main contribution is the identification of CSRE features in entrepreneurs that together constitute an original, unique, and innovative framework for a sustainable development approach to entrepreneurship. The proposed conceptual model can be used to ensure the CSR values validated for the CSRE-s are incorporated into entrepreneurial training programs (i.e., universities), the public sector's policies promoting entrepreneurship, and strategic business plans for expansion via entrepreneurship. The CSRE-s can be used to strengthen these three areas simultaneously, which should provide social advantages to all stakeholders via the sustainable management of entrepreneurial projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we question the implicit assumption that more entrepreneurship drives more innovation and growth, asserting that specific typologies of entrepreneurship are responsible for these phenomena. A growing number of studies has analyzed this relationship while focusing on the overall level of entrepreneurship. This paper exploits recent advancements in measuring the sophistication and connectedness of economic systems, brought by the notions of economic complexity and relatedness, to study the nexus of industrial structure and high-potential forms of entrepreneurship. The present study uses a panel dataset for Italy for the period 2015–2019. The results show a differentiated pattern among the high-potential startups considered, with relatedness and complexity having a positive effect for innovative startups, a negative one for high-growth startups, and no effect for pioneers. These results inform potential entrepreneurs of the importance of analyzing how external conditions can have distinctive effects on the process of opportunity identification among different typologies of high-potential startups. Plain English Summary: In this paper, we question the implicit assumption that more entrepreneurship drives more innovation and growth, arguing that only specific typologies of entrepreneurship are responsible for these phenomena. In recent years, researchers have highlighted the importance of the factors external to the startups to explain the entrepreneurial dynamics. In particular, specialized and sophisticated economic systems have often been associated with a high level of entrepreneurship. Accordingly, we investigated the differentiated effects that industrial systems have on the high-potential typology of startups, namely, innovative startups, high-growth startups, and pioneers. Upon analyzing the case of Italy across a 5-year period (2015–2019), we found that certain compositions of industrial structure may either favor or hinder the typologies of the aforementioned startups. These results inform potential entrepreneurs of the importance to analyze how external conditions can distinctively affect the process of opportunity identification among different forms of high-potential startups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main concerns of entrepreneurs is obtaining finance to launch their projects. In this sense, this study aims to analyse the relationship between entrepreneurship and different sources of finance, considering the type of entrepreneurship, gender, and the country. To achieve this purpose, entrepreneurship has been distinguished by gender and type of entrepreneurship (necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship), using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) as a reference. Sources of finance were divided into conventional (bank) financing and alternative financing (microfinance and cooperatives). Countries were divided into developed and developing countries according to the classification proposed by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We worked with 66 countries (17 developed and 49 developing) for which information was obtained for 2007–2019. Using fixed effect panel data models, the results show how microfinance and cooperativism have a positive impact, especially on female entrepreneurship by opportunity in developing countries. In the case of cooperativism, there is a direct and clear relationship between female entrepreneurship, regardless of whether driven by necessity or opportunity, and region. Conventional financing is generally unfavourable to female entrepreneurship but favours male opportunity entrepreneurship. This paper makes recommendations to authorities to create an appropriate framework to encourage these sources of finance for entrepreneurship, given their particular positive impact and benefit in developing regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovative women entrepreneurs undoubtedly represent an under investigated research area within entrepreneurship research to date. This paper fits into this scantly explored stream of research, enriching the academic discussion by analyzing how innovative women entrepreneurs deal with issues typically associated to "traditional" women entrepreneurs. In doing so, a literature review and an analysis of in-depth semi-structured interviews, conducted in the time period 2022–2023 on a sample of 10 Italian innovative women entrepreneurs who were selected using purposive sampling, have been carried out in order to provide an overview of the features that characterize such entrepreneurs. Results show some interesting aspects in which innovative women entrepreneurs differ, at least in part, from women entrepreneurs involved in traditional sectors. Firstly, all the interviewed women have been pulled, rather than pushed, into entrepreneurship; secondly, the interviewed entrepreneurs do not perceive the high workload as something that can interfere with family responsibilities, but as a means of satisfaction and personal fulfilment. Finally, the majority of the interviewed women entrepreneurs were able to raise money by means of public funds, business angels, or specific competitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth. To do so, we analyze whether entrepreneurial activity (based on data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, GEM) affect the economic activity in a given country (as measured by the Gross Domestic Product, GDP). A key methodological contribution of this paper is that the relationship between entrepreneurial activity and GDP growth considers that a relevant part of economic growth is explained by exogenous variables. For this reason, the empirical analysis is based on data on South American Countries, where external factors are more relevant to drive GDP. We found that for the countries analyzed there is a positive and significant relationship between intrapreneurial activity and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper draws on network theory to employ concepts of homophily and heterophily to investigate whether the presence of familiar, unfamiliar or a mix of actors in an entrepreneurial ecosystem is related to start-up rates. The empirical focus of this study is on 81 UK university entrepreneurial ecosystems and their outputs in terms of academic spinoff companies. The paper finds that university entrepreneurial ecosystems with access to actors of predominantly heterophilious character are associated with higher spinoff start-up rates. It is concluded that in stimulating the development of successful entrepreneurial ecosystems there is a clear need to focus on their openness to heterophilious actors, inclusive of other ecosystems. This is especially important in the context of network lock-in that may arise from dependence on homophilious ties. Plain English Summary: Entrepreneurial ecosystems characterised by openness to diverse actors generate more firms, as shown in a study focusing on 81 UK university entrepreneurial ecosystems. The paper studies network character of actors in entrepreneurial ecosystems and whether this character is associated with start-up rates. Specifically, it focuses on the familiarity of actors, inspecting whether it is related to greater venture formations. In so doing, the study examines 81 UK university entrepreneurial ecosystems. It finds that university entrepreneurial ecosystems that generate more ventures are associated with having a presence of actors of unfamiliar character, drawing attention to the openness of ecosystems' networks. The key implication of the study is in recognising the link between the ecosystem's openness to diverse actors and its entrepreneurial performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many entrepreneurs face challenges in hiring employees, in part because of information asymmetries between start-ups and jobseekers. This paper argues that the prestigious organizational affiliations of founders act as signals that can convey two distinct unobservable attributes: (1) founder-related attributes and (2) venture-related attributes. We perform a series of randomized controlled experiments with respondents who are searching for jobs or will do so in the near future. Our results show that a founder's affiliations with prestigious organizations make a start-up venture more attractive to jobseekers, and that they do so by signaling founder-related attributes rather than venture quality. Furthermore, we also find that the effects of prestigious founder affiliations are likely to be particularly strong when recruiting jobseekers straight out of universities. Plain English Summary: Having a founder who is affiliated with prestigious organizations makes a start-up venture more attractive to young jobseekers and allows start-ups to hire them at a lower cost. Attracting talented employees is critical but challenging for start-ups, since jobseekers often know little about them. This paper argues that having a founder who is affiliated with prestigious organizations can act as a valuable signal to jobseekers. Our results suggest that a founder's affiliations with prestigious organizations make a start-up venture more attractive to jobseekers, and that they do so by signaling attractive founder-related attributes, rather than venture-related attributes. One implication is that, despite the debate about the usefulness of obtaining prestigious credentials, there are benefits for entrepreneurs of doing so, and that those who lack such credentials may need to overcome this disadvantage by obtaining other forms of personal achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Big Five personality traits and their influence on entrepreneurial action have been repeatedly studied using a trait-based approach. The present paper partly deviates from this perspective by analysing the role of personality prototypes in relation to entrepreneurship. This person-centred approach suggests that combinations of Big Five traits form individual personalities. By using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), we show that at least three prototypes can be identified, one of which — the resilient type — can be hypothesized to significantly increase the likelihood of entrepreneurial action. Our regression results provide evidence of a positive impact of this prototype on the likelihood of and transitioning into self-employment but not the likelihood of exit. We also show that the prototyping approach explains individual self-employment decisions over and above what can already be explained by the profiling approach, another person-centred Big Five approach. The paper concludes with implications for policy and research. Plain English Summary: Identifying entrepreneurial personalities — an improved person-centred approach to the Big Five personality traits advances our understanding of self-employment decisions. Previous studies emphasize a positive influence of the personality traits extraversion and openness on entrepreneurship. The present paper shows that the interaction of personality traits is also important. A resilient personality type that combines high values in the aforementioned traits with higher levels of conscientiousness, agreeableness and emotional stability has a positive impact on the likelihood to become self-employed. We also show that a resilient personality type explains self-employment decisions beyond what can already be explained by profiling, another person-centred Big Five approach. As a practical implication, advice from career or start-up consultants should not be based on profiling alone. Otherwise, too many entrepreneurs may be discouraged from their entrepreneurial endeavours. Generally speaking, self-employment decisions should incorporate personality aspects only as one among many relevant factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that immigrants' dual embeddedness within their host and home countries in the context of transnational immigrant entrepreneurship (TIE) represents an engagement with dual (host and home country) entrepreneurial ecosystems (DEEs). There is increasing recognition among researchers and policymakers of TIEs' contribution to economic development in both their host and home country. This paper aims to contribute to the rapidly growing field of TIE by exploring the theoretical relationship between TIE and DEEs. The research proposes a TIE analytical framework and corresponding research agenda based on the integration of TIE and DEEs. It argues that the DEEs' embeddedness determines the TIE processes and success. This research makes a theoretical contribution to the TIE literature and has practical implications for policymakers and the immigrant community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The remarkable ascent of entrepreneurship witnessed as a scientific field over the last 4 decades has been made possible by entrepreneurship's ability to absorb theories, paradigms, and methods from other fields such as economics, psychology, sociology, geography, and even biology. The respectability of entrepreneurship as an academic discipline is now evidenced by many other fields starting to borrow from the entrepreneurship view. In the present paper, seven examples are given from this "pay back" development. These examples were first presented during a seminar at the Erasmus Entrepreneurship Event called what has the entrepreneurship view to offer to other academic fields? This article elaborates on the core ideas of these presentations and focuses on the overarching question of how entrepreneurship research impacts the development of other academic fields. We found that entrepreneurship research questions the core assumptions of other academic fields and provides new insights into the antecedents, mechanisms, and consequences of their respective core phenomena. Moreover, entrepreneurship research helps to legitimize other academic fields both practically and academically. Plain English Summary: Entrepreneurship research questions the core assumptions of other academic fields and legitimizes them both practically and academically. Since the 1980s, entrepreneurship research has seen tremendous growth and development, establishing itself as an academic field. Entrepreneurship is also taught extensively in leading business schools around the world. Indeed, few business schools do not address entrepreneurship in their curriculum. This represents a sea change: although entrepreneurs and new ventures had a remarkable impact on society, academia barely noticed it in the 1980s. Simply put: economics and business students rarely, if ever, encountered any mention of entrepreneurship during their studies. While entrepreneurship research has now developed its own methodological toolbox, it has extensively borrowed perspectives, theories, and methods from other fields. In the 2020s, we now find that entrepreneurship scholars are sharing its toolbox with other academic fields, questioning the core assumptions of other academic fields and providing new insights into the antecedents, mechanisms, and consequences of their respective core phenomena. Moreover, entrepreneurship research helps to legitimize other academic fields both practically and academically. Hence, entrepreneurship research now plays not just an important role in entrepreneurship education, practice, and policy but also throughout many other research fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops an anthropological perspective on contextualizing entrepreneurship. We argue that interconnectedness is the quintessence of such a perspective and takes the form of (1) sociocultural ties between people; (2) interrelationships between micro, meso, and macro levels; and (3) connections between the past and the present. We illustrate this perspective through our research among ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs in Southeast Asia, identifying three kinds of sociocultural ties among the ethnic Chinese (kinship, spiritual, and patron-client ties) and positioning these ties in the historical and contemporary experiences of Chinese migration, settlement, and business venturing. In doing so, we show that an anthropological perspective broadens the empirical scope (including developing countries, minority groups, and "everyday" entrepreneurship), the methodological scope (employing ethnographic methods), and the conceptual scope (considering sociocultural ties at the interpersonal level) of entrepreneurship research. The contribution lies in operationalizing and theorizing context: we operationalize context through interconnectedness – comprising our three forms as well as ethnographic methodology to examine these – and theorize interconnectedness by elaborating how entrepreneurs "do" context through enacting the sociocultural ties that "embody" this context, while considering the micro-meso-macro and past-present connections that have engendered these ties. Our anthropological perspective presents a fine-grained and holistic analytical framework for contextualizing entrepreneurship. Plain English Summary: Anthropology can broaden current understandings of how context is perceived in entrepreneurship research. As the study of how people live and experience the world around them, anthropology explores social relationships and their cultural meanings – sociocultural ties – to provide insights into the everyday of the people and communities studied. Such sociocultural ties can also illuminate how entrepreneurs enact context, a missing link in entrepreneurship research. Based on research among ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs in Cambodia and Indonesia, three kinds of sociocultural ties are presented that play a key role in their entrepreneurship: kinship ties (shared family and ethnic background), patronage ties (interdependence of politicians and entrepreneurs), and spiritual ties (membership of religious communities). It is through these ties that context is enacted at the micro level and entwines with the entrepreneurial process. To debunk the idea that context equals external setting, we invite entrepreneurship researchers to include sociocultural ties to reveal how entrepreneurs enact context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Envy and jealousy arising out of human emotions have received limited attention in the entrepreneurship literature. This paper explored the nature and existence of envy and jealousy, as well as their causes, effects and management in entrepreneurship. A qualitative case study design and convenience sampling were used to select four CEOs of entrepreneurial firms in Ghana. Interviews were conducted to understand the phenomenon from the respondents' viewpoints. Thematic analysis was done to guide the Ghanaian narrative of envy and jealousy and their nexus with firms' success or otherwise. The paper found that envy and jealousy are different phenomena that exist in entrepreneurial activities, their nature is suggestive and manifest changes in demeanour where a normal characteristic of frowning deepens into a scowl, gossip, apathy and "eye service". Envy and jealousy were caused by perceived favoritism arising out of lack of transparency, selfishness, greed and nepotism. Envy and jealousy lead to increased labour turnover, loss of revenue and sometimes sabotage but positively make the envied person resilient and hardworking. It, therefore, requires skillful strategies to attenuate the negative effects of envy and jealousy through education, transparent communication, discipline, friendliness and firm and fair management strategies. This paper provides better insights to help keep businesses alive by way of awareness creation to encourage entrepreneurs to consider envy and jealousy as possible factors that can destroy companies. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to provide insight into the phenomenon of envy and jealousy in the field of entrepreneurship using Ghanaian narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The post-pandemic era has transformed work-life boundaries, driven by factors such as working hours, an increased number of working women and single parents, the implementation of various ICTs, and the rise of flexible work arrangements. This study examines the role of female workers and entrepreneurs in establishing and managing coworking spaces (CSs) designed to improve work-life balance through flexible scheduling and location options. The challenges faced by female entrepreneurs in promoting an inclusive society and economic system are also explored, as well as the benefits experienced by independent workers and teleworkers in terms of networking, social interaction, knowledge exchange, and community building. The "She Economy" is analyzed in three stages: germination, growth, and maturity, considering challenges from both family and workplaces. This paper investigates the background of female identity and the ideological transformation of female identity in the consumption process after the pandemic, using mass media, especially female-focused media, as a lens. Finally, the paper proposes recommendations for the future development of the "She Economy" from the perspectives of communicators, women, and the social environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent approaches to entrepreneurship seek to explain regional heterogeneity by exploring the link between knowledge endowment and new firm creation. There are two main gaps in this stream of research. First, entrepreneurship tends to be considered in terms of entry rates rather than in terms of job creation. Second, most empirical studies focus on relatively large geographical areas and overlook the distance at which knowledge externalities dissipate. The present paper exploits data on firms based in the Emilia-Romagna region (Italy) to show that private R&D spillovers are positively associated with the size at entry of innovative firms only for those located close to the R&D activities and that these spillovers dissipate at a few kilometres from the R&D source. Non-linearities are detected only for low-tech sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a systematic empirical study of covariates associated with the success of NIH Phase I SBIR-funded research projects, where success is defined in terms of the small, entrepreneurial firm conducting the Phase I research subsequently receiving a follow-on Phase II research award. We find that women-owned firms are especially disadvantaged in this regard. Our findings suggest that SBIR program managers consider recommendations to overcome these disadvantages. Our recommendations could enhance the rate at which follow-on Phase II research projects are funded and possibly the rate at which the developed technologies are commercialized. Plain English Summary: Women entrepreneurs who are awarded Small Business Innovation Research Phase I Awards are less likely than male entrepreneurs to receive follow-on Phase II Awards. We investigate whether women-owned small, entrepreneurial firms, funded through Phase I Small Business Innovation Research awards, are more or less successful than male-owned firms in obtaining follow-on Phase II funding. From an empirical examination of 2059 National Institutes of Health (NIH) funded Phase I research projects, of which 12% are in woman-owned firms, woman-owned firms are less likely to receive follow-on Phase II research funding. In response, we suggest that woman-owned firms increase the diversity of their research base through a research partnership with a university. Thus, the principal finding of this study is our policy recommendations for how NIH can improve the Phase I to Phase II success rate of its funded research to small firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, researchers from MIT and Harvard University have developed a complexity approach to economic development. This perspective implicitly follows some characteristic elements of the complexity scientific paradigm emerged in the second half of the twentieth century but focuses on a practical application to economic development. As in the more general theory of complexity economics, this Harvard-MIT approach has many points in common with Austrian economics. This paper highlights these similarities, concerning capital theory, entrepreneurship, a knowledge-based view of the economy, organizational capabilities, and economic growth. As a result of these similarities, we also present the policy implications derived from the shared elements of the two currents, which materializes in the idea that the Harvard-MIT approach can adopt the Market Policy Pogramme (MPP), conceived by David Harper as a practical application of the fundamental theoretical principles of Austrian economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around the world today, universities are expected to play a unique role as creators of regional growth and innovation. While there appears to be a consensus that the role of universities has been expanded, critiques show that the contribution of universities to their regions is still not well defined. There have been some developments in the literature on the concept of modern universities such as the triple helix, entrepreneurial university and engaged university. However, those concepts focus on enforcing universities' roles in a single domain such as entrepreneurship, innovation, or civic engagement. Little is known about how universities can facilitate regional growth that goes beyond knowledge transfer activities such as spin-off creation, licensing, and patenting. This paper contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of universities' role in regional growth through the theoretical lens of ambidexterity. Using ambidexterity, universities with a regional focus were distinguished from those engaged in research commercialization and traditional third-mission roles. Through two case studies, this study found that teaching, research, and engagement should not be separated, since they can serve both economic and social missions. As a result, a new model of multidextrous universities is proposed where universities meet both economic and social missions through teaching, research, and engagement. Contrary to previous contributions which presented universities as ambidextrous organizations where tension appears only between research commercialization and research publication or between teaching and research, this study suggests that universities need to overcome tensions and incorporate a sense of place in all activities to successfully contribute to regional growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between natural resource rents and new business formation (a critical measure of entrepreneurship) using a panel dataset of 28 African countries covering the period 2002–2014. The paper finds robust evidence that nations with high resource rents (i.e., resource rents exceeding 30% of GDP) significantly exhibit less entrepreneurial activity. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that high resource rents significantly promote rent-seeking behavior at the expense of entrepreneurship. Policies that reward productive entrepreneurship and reduce incentives for rent-seeking behavior are therefore important for reversing this negative relationship in African countries with high natural resource-derived income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper explores the ability of the state-level economic institutions, i.e., economic freedom and its components, to explain the movements of entrepreneurship rate after the Great Recession. We use panel date from 50 U.S. states during the period (2008–2017). This paper employs three estimators, fixed effect, panel-corrected standard errors method with states dummy variables, and generalized method of moments (GMM) to extract robust results. The results show that the effect of economic factors on the entrepreneurship rate persists more than that of the institutional and profit opportunity factors. Economic freedom, economic development, and firms' death rate have a statistically positive effect on entrepreneurship activities. However, the unemployment rate and tax regulations have a statistically significant negative effect. This finding implies that in the state of a recession such as the Great Recession, the entrepreneurship activities will deteriorate sharply. In such a case, the economy needs a genuine government intervention to support economic growth, reduce the unemployment rate, and thus enhance the entrepreneurial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper empirically explores the nexus between the intensity of outsourcing by an entrepreneur and its ability to scale up in size. Intensity is measured as a continuous index to proxy for the share of jobs being contracted out. Using a non-parametric Cox proportional hazard model, the paper estimates the odds that a firm grows into a medium or large firm as a function of outsourcing intensity. Two strategies stand out. In one case, the firm contracts about 10 per cent of its workforce and doubles its chance of scaling up. In the second case, the firm contracts more than 90 per cent of its workforce and the odds go up by 2.5 times. A priori, firms in both groups are indistinct in many ways, except that firms choosing to grow with minimal outsourcing show early signs of growth. The latter firms grow to larger sizes, create more jobs, pay higher wages, and are more likely to export and conduct research. Firms growing by extreme outsourcing are only apter at surviving. Resource-based view of firms and management capability seem to be part of the explanation for the observed behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decade, different values, tools and practices promoted by maker culture have been adopted in formal educational settings with the aim of reinvigorating Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education. Higher education institutions (HEIs) have also engaged with maker culture to explore its potentialities regarding education, entrepreneurship and innovation. However, these collaborations with various stakeholders are not always smooth and educators need to deal with significant challenges that arise in these engagements, despite the problem-solving learning opportunities that they can offer their students. This paper presents the results of a case study that dealt with these issues through the establishment of an open and collaborative learning ecosystem (OCLE) between different educators, students and external stakeholders. The empirical work was based on thirty-three semi-structured interviews across four countries, eight focus groups and a final participatory workshop. The study argues that maker culture can offer several potentialities for pushing forward an integrative vision of STEM education as well as other disciplines from social sciences and humanities. An emphasis is placed on how tertiary education can benefit greatly from the adoption of OCLEs and how these communities of practices can encourage an education oriented to meeting societal challenges. The paper also warns that these kinds of interventions face significant organisational challenges in HEIs that demand significant institutional recognition and support to overcome this organisational resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes a seminal contribution to the ethnic entrepreneurship literature by analyzing the journeys of a single migrant community across three ethnic enclaves in three host-nation contexts. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 52 immigrant Punjabi-Pakistani entrepreneurs who started businesses in immigrant enclaves in the UK, Denmark, and Norway. "Three waves" of migrant entrepreneurs were identified based on their demographics, periods of migration, levels of education, access to social and financial resources, and the impact of the host country's social and institutional structures. The typology presented distinguishes the first wave, the older generation, as "pushed-displaced," the second wave of the mid-aged generation as "pulled-transnational," and the third wave of recent graduates and mid-career professionals as "pushed-frustraters." The findings revealed the raison d'être for cross-national embeddedness variation in the host country's economic, social, and institutional contexts, and individuals' experiences of racial discrimination and exclusion. The results highlight that adopting an ethnic enclave strategy by lending the social capital and access to an "acquainted mentor," usually from the first-wave entrepreneurs, has been the key success factor for the start-up, survival, and growth of the second- and third-wave immigrant businesses. The paper provide guidelines to make the appropriate social and regulatory interventions needed to eradicate racial discrimination and institutional barriers to stimulate immigrant entrepreneurship in these countries. Plain English Summary: Understanding the importance of immigrant entrepreneurship in today's globalised world is crucial for economic, political, and social development. This study is one of the first in the field to explore one immigrant community's entrepreneurship experiences across three different countries. A typology of three different types of immigrant entrepreneurs is identified based on time and space: namely, the displaced, the transnational, and the frustrated. The results show that the UK presents more adverse and racialised experiences for immigrant business start-up in comparison to Denmark and especially., Norway. This paper contributes to discourse of intra-ethnic variation, transnationalism, and mixed embeddedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existential threat to small businesses, based on their crucial role in the economy, is behind the plethora of scholarly studies in 2020, the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Examining the 15 contributions of the special issue on the "Economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on entrepreneurship and small businesses," the paper comprises four parts: a systematic review of the literature on the effect on entrepreneurship and small businesses; a discussion of four literature strands based on this review; an overview of the contributions in this special issue; and some ideas for post-pandemic economic research. Plain English Summary: Responding to COVID-19 involves not just shielding small business jobs, supporting entrepreneurship, and raising government debt but also creating productive entrepreneurship and resilient location-specific entrepreneurial ecosystems. The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented challenge for small businesses that also brings new market opportunities. The papers in this special issue of Small Business Economics Journal aim to shed light on the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic by looking at the macro- and microeconomic effects on entrepreneurship and small businesses as well as the role of financial support policies and well-being in both developed and developing countries. Future research should focus on the role of digitization and financial mechanisms supporting small businesses during crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RIS3 is a policy initiative aiming to achieve structural change. Structural change needs to consider the processes and means through which (innovation) policies can facilitate a radical transformation by substantially changing a regional economy's competitive bases. In this paper, we are interested in studying how certain policy instruments are actually implemented, and how the capabilities required for their effective rollout are built in practice. In particular, we focus on public procurement as a policy instrument that can foster regional innovation, entrepreneurship, and growth, while also transforming the industrial structure of a territory. The rationale for focusing on public procurement is threefold: (i) despite being identified as one of the relevant policy instruments to implement RIS3, little is yet known about how public procurement can be used for higher-order political purposes such as innovation-based diversification and transformation; (ii) public procurement remains an underexplored policy tool in sub-national innovation strategies; and (iii) public procurement links to the two key concerns of RIS3, namely, policy prioritization and the entrepreneurial discovery process. The paper provides evidence on two public procurement initiatives in Galicia (Spain), one in health and the other in unmanned aerial vehicles. We adopt a mixed-method approach, relying on a qualitative exploration of the factors leading to the institutionalization of public procurement in policy-making. Our results evidence that innovation-oriented public procurement has the potential to develop local priorities and strategies while also creating the necessary capabilities on both supply and demand. As a result, it can lead to the territorial transformation and to the emergence and further development of entrepreneurial firms. Plain English Summary: Public procurement can foster innovation, entrepreneurship, and growth while transforming the industrial structure, but... how to roll it out for its effectively? The paper provides the following implications for the practice of innovation policy. For an effective implementation, governments need to adopt a mission orientation that addresses grand challenges and provides directionality to the policy. It is also necessary to mobilize financial resources from supranational, national, and regional funds, what requires coordination and multi-level governance. When governments lack previous experience in innovation policy, they can conduct trial-and-error experiments that facilitate policy learning and lead to the development of capabilities, both on the demand and supply side. This experimentation should follow open innovation approaches by incorporating end-users, to open up policy definition to societal actors. At the same time, this facilitates the development of early market conversations that help to better frame the policy, institutionalize the policy definition process, and gain internal legitimacy. Policies also should seek for creating positive spillovers and knowledge transfer between large and small firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although economies of scale are relatively well studied in the arts, economies of scope have received less attention. Yet recent trends toward freelancing and technological connectivity make scope economies especially timely in addressing structural challenges to artist-led incubators. This paper offers a conceptual framework for cooperative strategies that employ economies of scope both in the economic sense of joint production and in the financial sense of risk pooling. This framework distinguishes franchise, federation, and resource-sharing organizational structures as developed through case studies of two US-based organizations: ArtBuilt and REC (Resources for Every Creator), placed in a larger context of cooperative organizational strategy in the USA and Europe. The proposed strategies of cooperative networks (quasi-franchises, federations, or resource-sharing networks) also draw on a literature of spatial agglomeration in creative industries. The framework leads to more speculative ideas of "balance-sheet philanthropy" through credit backstopping by foundations, and of novel investment trusts that can be piloted across a range organizations including foundations, grant-makers, artist residency programs, and even for-profit companies engaged in reinsurance. The paper contributes managerial tools and strategies for the creative engagement of capacity building in arts organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To foresee global economic trends, one needs to understand the present startup companies that soon may become new market leaders. In this paper, we explore textual descriptions of more than 250 thousand startups in the Crunchbase database. We analyze the 2009–2019 period by using topic modeling. We propose a novel classification of startup companies free from expert bias that contains 38 topics and quantifies the weight of each of these topics for all the startups. Taking the year of establishment and geographical location of the startups into account, we measure which topics were increasing or decreasing their share over time, and which of them were predominantly present in Europe, North America, or other regions. We find that the share of startups focused on data analytics, social platforms, and financial transfers, and time management has risen, while an opposite trend is observed for mobile gaming, online news, and online social networks as well as legal and professional services. We also identify strong regional differences in topic distribution, suggesting certain concentration of the startups. For example, sustainable agriculture is presented stronger in South America and Africa, while pharmaceutics, in North America and Europe. Furthermore, we explore which pairs of topics tend to co-occur more often together, quantify how multisectoral the startups are, and which startup classes attract more investments. Finally, we compare our classification to the one existing in the Crunchbase database, demonstrating how we improve it. Plain English Summary: We propose a novel classification of more than 250 thousand startups registered in the Crunchbase database based on machine learning algorithms and free from expert bias. We find that the share of startups focused on data analytics, social platforms, and financial transfers, and time management has risen, while an opposite trend is observed for mobile gaming, online news, and online social networks as well as legal and professional services. We also identify strong regional differences in class distribution, suggesting, for example, sustainable agriculture being present stronger in South America and Africa, while pharmaceutics, in North America and Europe. Our classification can improve analysis of the Crunchbase data further promoting the popularity of the platform, while the trends identified will be useful for investors and policy makers. Last not least, this paper presents the first application of topic modeling to startup companies, providing thus a new direction for academic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that an entrepreneurial state can inadvertently crowd out entrepreneurship. Using the context provided by Singapore, the paper finds that coordinated policies that prioritize and target capital, knowledge, and human capital accumulation in particular industries, sectors, technologies, and firms have created a formidable societal knowledge filter, which in turn can impede endogenous entrepreneurial activity. By serving as the entrepreneur, Singapore's entrepreneurial state imposes its vision by assuming the core entrepreneurial values and traits of opportunity recognition, discovery, and action. The entrepreneurial state, at least in the case of Singapore, retards the transition to an entrepreneurial society, which, paradoxically, is the vision of Singapore's entrepreneurial state. Plain English Summary: States increasingly engage in entrepreneurial activities. This paper explains how the policies and activities of such entrepreneurial states may inadvertently create barriers to a more inclusive entrepreneurial society where entrepreneurship is embraced by diverse citizens. Drawing on the case of Singapore, this paper shows that it is not the individual state activities in the entrepreneurial sphere, but the mix of activities, which starves entrepreneurship. The article focuses on state activities in the areas of capital, knowledge, and human capital, and shows how such activities jointly have reduced the scope of private entrepreneurial endeavor. In doing so, the article provides knowledge on the relationship between entrepreneurial states and an inclusive entrepreneurial society. It draws attention to the effects of policy configurations and action on entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]