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The current status and annotated checklist of fresh- and brackish-water amphipod species inhabiting the inland waters (streams, lakes, ponds, lagoons, subterranean waters, etc.) of Turkey is presented. Totally, 171 papers, 3 books, 3 book chapters, 5 conference papers, 2 projects, 3 PhD and 3 MSc thesis were examined in the present study. As the result of the previous records, 201 taxa comprising 121 amphipods (16 families, 31 genera), 27 isopods (9 families, 13 genera), 9 mysids (1 family, 5 genera), 4 tanaids (3 families, 4 genera) and 40 decapods (16 families, 18 genera) were compiled. All the previously recorded localities of each taxon were listed in detail. The endemic taxa and the doubtful records were indicated and discussed. Twenty maps showing the distribution of reported species were also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of carbon capture and storage techniques has become essential to reduce and mitigating CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. CarbFix1 and CarbFix2 projects carried out in Iceland demonstrated that the emissions of waste CO2 gas from geothermal power plants can be captured and mixed with the effluent geofluid and subsequently injected back into the geothermal reservoir. This experience gained in the CarbFix projects expanded into other geothermal fields around Europe, and one of the demonstration sites is the geothermal field in Turkey, Kızıldere. This paper focuses on the results of an updated study on early field evaluations with reactive transport simulations. In the new three-dimensional numerical model, the geological formations and fault zones were updated according to the well-logs data. Based on the tracer tests performed in the field, the anisotropic permeabilities between the wells were evaluated and imposed into the model. Geofluid chemistry, mineral components, and the volume fractions used as input in the simulations are modified depending on the performed laboratory experiments on the metamorphic schists taken from the geothermal site (i.e. X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning-electron microscope (SEM), and batch reactor tests). Different thermodynamic databases such as Lawrance Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and Thermoddem databases were tested using PHREEQC and TOUGHREACT programs for consistency with experiments. The thermodynamic conditions and the geofluid-rock-CO2 interactions prevent the mineralization of CO2 in the reservoir. This outcome differs from CarbFix projects in terms of the carbonization process, but the CO2 injection is still reliable with solubility-trapping in a geothermal reservoir to partially mitigate the emission. Roughly, 200 kt of CO2 in 10 years can be safely injected into the geothermal reservoir. According to the new analysis, the ratio of magnesium, sodium, and potassium varies in solid solution series of feldspars and clay minerals as albite end-member and montmorillonite/illite end-members, respectively. The evaluations of solid solution reactions are relatively limited in the law of mass action approach used by PHREEQC and TOUGHREACT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Turkish Cousinia species were examined in point of chromosome number and morphology. To our knowledge, this work is the first comprehensive chromosomal study regarding Turkish Cousinia as a whole, especially for endemics. As consistent with previous reports, the chromosome numbers are mostly 2n = 26 and have been determined also as 2n = 24 for only the members of Cynaroideae and Sphaerocephalae sections. An interesting result of this paper is that there is not any polyploid species in this taxonomic group and all of them are diploids. Concerning the chromosome evolution of the Cousinia species, we concluded that merely dysploidy is effective within the genus and evolutionally a unipolar reduction goes on in the basic chromosome number in speciation (from 13 to 12). In terms of general chromosomal information, the chromosomes of the genus consist of metacentric and submetacentric types and they could be categorized in small category according to Lima De Faria classification (0.67-3.43). According to chromosomal indices used in this paper, while most species have symmetrical chromosomes, fewer have asymmetrical ones. From this point, it could be said that Cousinia stapfiana could be assessed as the most evolved taxa in karyomorphology according to the average of all indexes used in here. Besides, Cousinia bicolor, Cousinia birandiana, and Cousinia sintenisii are species having the most primitive chromosome within the genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epilobium and Chamaenerion included 165 and 8 species over the world, respectively. The members of the genera are distributed particularly in moist habitats from subpolar to tropical regions. This paper aims to provide improvements in the phylogeny of the genera Epilobium and Chamaenerion using Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) of nuclear DNA and matK gene sequence data evaluation with maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference criterations. A total of 188 individual accessions belonging to 28 taxa were newly generated and 110 sequences imported from GenBank (NCBI) were analysed. The nrDNA and plastid DNA gene trees supported to treat Epilobium and Chamaenerion as separate genera in two well-supported clades. The matK analyses revealed a better resolution than nrDNA ITS within the Chamaenerion clade and supported the inclusion of C. angustifolium in the sect. Chamaenerion. However, most of the examined species mostly fell into the polytomy in both trees excluding E. roseum subsp. consimile which should be considered a distinct species in the Epilobium contrary to morphological treatment in many national flora books. Both phylogenetic trees also support distinguishing E. prionophyllum from E. anatolicum previously treated as a subspecies of E. anatolicum. In conclusion, these preliminary phylogenetic analyses have contributed significantly to the determination of the limits of members belonging to Epilobium and Chamaenerion distributed in Türkiye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retail companies monitor inventory stock levels regularly and manage them based on forecasted sales to sustain their market position. Inventory accuracy, defined as the difference between the warehouse stock records and the actual inventory, is critical for preventing stockouts and shortages. The root causes of inventory inaccuracy are the employee or customer theft, product damage or spoilage, and wrong shipments. In this paper, we aim at detecting inaccurate stocks of one of Turkey's largest supermarket chain using the variational autoencoder (VAE), which is an unsupervised learning method. Based on the findings, we showed that VAE is able to model the underlying probability distribution of data, regenerate the pattern from time series data, and detect anomalies. Hence, it reduces time and effort to manually label the inaccuracy in data. Since the distribution of inventory data depends on selected product/product categories, we had to use a parametric approach to handle potential differences. For individual products, we built univariate time series, whereas for product categories we built multivariate time series. The experimental results show that the proposed approaches can detect anomalies both in the low and high inventory quantities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to determine the grey water footprint (GWF) of geothermal water resources and to investigate the effect of biochar adsorption on grey water footprint in Southeastern Turkey. In this paper, GWF has been calculated in terms of iron (Fe), arsenic (As), manganese (Mn), boron (B), and chrome (Cr) concentrations for fifteen observation geothermal resources located in Southeastern Anatolia Region. In this study, a new approach based on the GWF was developed in order to determine the geothermal water pollution. Grey water footprints related to fifteen geothermal resources were investigated. In the second stage of the study, the effect of biochar adsorption on GWF was estimated using Monte Carlo simulation. The results revealed that arsenic led to higher GWF than other pollutant parameters in geothermal water resources. Biochar application could reduce the GWF according to Monte Carlo simulation. The total average reduction of GWF would be approximately 95, 93.1, 87.5, 96, and 90% respectively for Fe, As, Mn, B and Cr pollution if biochar adsorption is applied for geothermal water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avena sterilis L. subsp ludoviciana (Durieu) Gillet and Magne (AVELU) is among the most common and economically important grass weed species, especially in wheat fields of Turkey; therefore, the herbicides with the same mode of action (ACCase and ALS/AHAS inhibitors) are used to control have been successively applied without incessant by farmers. A study was conducted to find out the extent of wild oat problems throughout Turkey including herbicide resistance. This paper includes results of determining the herbicide resistance status of AVELU populations to ACCase and ALS inhibitors that are fenoxaprop (Fen), pinoxaden (Pin), tralkoxydim (Tra), mesosulfuron+iodosulfuron (MeI), and proxycarbazone+mesosulfuron (PrM). AVELU seeds were collected from 213 wheat fields throughout Turkey in 2014-2015 and the response to selected five herbicides was tested under screen-house. Dose-response tests showed that only 42 populations were controlled by all five herbicides. The number of populations that were not controlled varied by herbicides, which were 150, 48, 25, 100, and 100 populations for Fen, Pin, Tra, MeI, and PrM, respectively. Nine populations were resistant to all herbicides and 72 to four of herbicides out of 155 multiple resistance populations. The high number of multiple resistances and higher resistance indexes show the seriousness of the problem. Although resistance to MeI and Tra herbicides are still developing, Fen resistance seems completed and reached moderate and high resistance levels. Integrated weed management is an inevitable challenge to sustain wheat production, a staple crop for Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achillea alimeana Semiz & Uysal sp. nov. of sect. Santolinoidea DC. (Asteraceae), was described, diagnosed and illustrated as a new species. It was collected from Akdağ Mountains in Denizli Province. In this paper, the diagnostic characters of A. alimeana and its similar species were discussed in the morphological, palynological and molecular findings. As regards the new species, some notes on the ecology, conservation status, and distribution were submitted. A diagnostic key was given for related taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vespertilio murinus Linnaeus, 1758, has a wide distribution from France to Japan, and from Iran in the south to Scandinavia and Russia in the north. The only records of the parti-coloured bat, Vespertilio murinus known from Turkey so far were based on subfossils, remains from owl pellets, and ultrasound recordings. We present the first records of live individuals from two Turkish provinces, Ardahan and Bayburt. Additionally, based on echolocation call records, its known distribution in the Anatolian Peninsula was proved to be wider. The global distribution of the species has been mapped by using ecological niche modelling. The results revealed that its distribution is highly influenced by precipitation dynamics. Although no cases of domestic cat predation on bats have previously been documented in Turkey, this paper also provides the first case study of V. murinus predated by a domestic cat in Ardahan, in November 2003. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modal analysis of sandstones for conglomerate rich marine basins is useful for investigating the provenance types surrounded by plate tectonics. Different kinds of siliciclastic rocks are important indicators for defining the paleogeography and geotectonic conditions of the sedimentary basin by provenance analysis. This paper, which focuses on the petrography and provenance of conglomerate rich turbidite systems, is one of the rarest studies on the sedimentary characteristics in the scientific literature. In this context, the study was carried out in the western part of the Elazığ Basin. The Middle Eocene-Oligocene basin infill called the Kırkgeçit Formation is characterised by the conglomerate rich submarine channel deposits and coarse-grained turbidite sandstones. Petrographically, the coarse-grained sandstones of the Kırkgeçit Formation are composed of litharenite and rarely feldspathic litharenite, lithic arkose and rock fragments. Mostly the components are derived from volcanic and plutonic rocks of the Elazığ Magmatites. Fossils and fossil fragments are transported from the shallow part of the western Elazığ Basin. The components transported from metamorphic rock fragments, which are rarely observed in the sandstone samples, are composed of recrystallized limestones and derived from Keban Metamorphites in the northern part of the basin. The provenance studies and petrographic analyses indicated that the conglomerate rich channels and coarse-grained sediments of turbidite sandstones in the Kırkgeçit Formation were plotted mostly to the recycled orogenic and undissected arc type source rocks. Therefore, this type of source rocks has been reflected as a back-arc basin deposit during Middle-Upper Eocene. The geotectonic evolution of the western Elazığ Basin has also supported this remark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Turkey, Turkish Personal Data Protection Rule (PDPR) No. 6698, in force since 2016, provides protection to citizens for the legal existence of their personal data. Although the law provides excellent guidance, companies currently face challenges in complying with its regulations in terms of storing, sharing, or monitoring personal data. Since any specially designed software with wide industrial usage is not on the market, almost all of the companies have no other choice but to take expensive and error-prone operations manually to ensure their compliance. In this paper, we present an automated solution to facilitate and accelerate PDPR compliance. In a structured or unstructured document, words or phrases that could include personal data entities are tagged with the help of a Bi-LSTM based named entity recognition model and a rule-based matching component that employs contextual analysis. To find associations in personal data and obtain individual personal profiles, these entities are divided into categories according to their confidence levels. Personal profiles are constructed using an approach similar to clustering. It treats the personal data categories with high identification levels as separate clusters and finds related personal data entities at the left and/or right of its contexts. We evaluated the system on a data set formed of 70 documents of different types and personal data entities. We obtained 91.76 % micro-averaged F1-measure for personal data entity classification and 72.46 % accuracy for profile extraction. We also performed experiments related to the performance of the named entity recognition and to the time complexity of the overall system on a data set formed of 33K documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The noncondensable gases in most geothermal resources include CO2 and smaller amounts of other gases. Currently, the worldwide geothermal power is a small sector within the energy industry, and CO2 emissions related to the utilisation of geothermal resources are consequently small. In some countries, however, such as Turkey and Iceland, geothermal energy production contributes significantly to their energy budget, and their CO2 emissions are relatively significant. SUCCEED is a targeted innovation and research project, which aims to investigate the reinjection of CO2 produced at geothermal power production sites and develop, test, and demonstrate at field scale innovative measurement, monitoring and verification (MMV) technologies that can be used in most CO2 geological storage projects. The project is carried out at two operating geothermal energy production sites, the Kızıldere geothermal field in Turkey and the CarbFix project site at the Hellisheiði geothermal field in Iceland. Together with a brief description of the project, this paper presents the details of the two field sites and the progress made in seismic velocity characterisation and modelling relevant to the Kızıldere geothermal field in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the correlation of two different marble units from an approximately 3,900 m deep geothermal exploration well (GP-1) in western Turkey by petrographical and geochemical data. Future geothermal exploration drilling in that area will benefit from a better (tectono) stratigraphic correlation and a better definition of the reservoir geometry in the basin. It is an innovative approximation in many settings to correctly correlate marble units without clear stratigraphic markers or fossil record, in particular, when sample material is restricted to cuttings. The most distinctive petrographical and geochemical properties in this study are colour, light transmission along with rare-earth element + yttrium (REY) geochemistry, and stable carbon and oxygen isotope data. Two stratigraphic correlations can be maintained for two different marble horizons of the GP-1 well to different stratigraphic horizons outcropping in the study area. Additional Rb-Sr geochronology yields an age of the last metamorphic overprint of the marbles of approximately 30 Ma. This study shows that a multiproxy approach is required to yield a reliable stratigraphic correlation as an important component of geothermal exploration, which supports the conceptual geological model prior to further geothermal drilling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a study which utilizes deep learning for automated detection of the symptoms of diseases on vine leaves. Vine fruits or grapes are very important and have existed in Syria and surrounding areas (e.g., Turkey) for many years. Quality of vine fruits is also very important in grape production as it is consumed in these areas every day. The aim of this study is to improve diseasedetection accuracy in vine leaves and to develop a system to help Syrian and Turkish farmers and agricultural engineers to maintain the quality of grape production. In this study, over 1000 images of vine leaves have been collected from vine yards in Syria and the internet. These images are processed using MATLAB 2018B, Deep Learning Toolbox including convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with AlexNet, GoogleNet and ResNet-18. A standard transfer learning (TL) algorithm is also used with CNNs, whereas a multiclass support vector machine (SVM) is used with AlexNet, whilst GPU and CUDA are used for accelerating the process of the disease detection for vine leaves. A software system has been created that enables the automatic and efficient detection of nine types of leaf diseases and the identification of healthy leaves. Experimental studies showed that the total detection accuracy of this system reaches 92.5%, 87.4% and 85.0%, 85.1% when AlexNet+TL, ResNet-18+TL, GoogleNet+TL and AlexNet+SVM are used respectively. This smart agricultural application can provide early identification of the symptoms of grape diseases on leaves and thus help maintain the quality of vine fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper includes the result of the first study of the chemical composition, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antidiabetic activities of the essential oils of Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach and Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourr. from Turkey. In the current study, nine and twenty-eight constituents were determined in the essential oils of aerial parts of G. coronaria (GCE) (92.1%) and G. segetum (GSE) (90.0%), respectively. The main components were capillin (65.9%) in GCE, capillene (53.4%) in GSE. The essential oil compositions were evaluated and compared with previous researches. In the current study, the plants are classified as chemotypes of Glebionis species. GCE and GSE showed poor and very poor DPPH radical scavenging activity, respectively. GCE and GSE exhibited significant and strong antiinflammatory activity against the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme, respectively. Also, GCE and GSE displayed moderate and weak antidiabetic activity against the α-glucosidase enzyme, respectively. Polyacetylenes were determined as the main class of compounds in GCE and GSE and had a notable antiinflammatory activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal studies have become increasingly recognised as a valuable source of information on the use and possible pharmacological activity of many plant species. There is no study presenting traditional herbal remedies used for kidney diseases in Turkey. The purpose of the paper is to compile herbal remedies used in kidney diseases in Turkey with detailed usage information and chemical constituents. The botanical names, families, and local names; used parts; preparation methods; administration/dosage; kidney problems and chemical constituents were presented by screening ethnobotanical, ethnomedicinaland phytochemical studies. The most cited plant families, the most cited genera, and the most frequently used plant parts were determined and presented in graphics. In total, 300 taxa belonging to 70 families were determined as being traditional herbal remedies used in kidney diseases. Asteraceae (57), Lamiaceae (33), Rosaceae (30), Fabaceae (16), Malvaceae (15), Apiaceae (13) and Poaceae (10) were found as the most cited plant families. The most cited genera were Helichrysum (44), Equisetum (27), Tribulus (23), Urtica (23), Rosa (17), Alcea (14), Hypericum (14) and Paliurus (14), respectively. It was found that the aerial parts were the most frequently used part of theplant, accounting for 28%. Following in this category are leaves (19%), flowers (14%), fruits (14%), underground parts (13%), seeds (5%), stem (3%), and other parts (4%). The pharmacological studies of the most cited genera were also reviewed to confirm the efficacy of these plants inthe treatment of kidney diseases. It is concluded that a number of pharmacological and phytochemical research support the traditional usage of plants, but further studies are needed. Our findings are expected to be the basis for candidate pharmaceutical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: The aim of this paper was to determine the general tendencies of urology patients and effect of COVID-19 pandemic on daily urological practice at tertiary centers located in the most affected area in Turkey. Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 39,677 patients (group 1) that applied to 6 different large-volume tertiary centers in İstanbul for outpatient consultation, surgery, or other procedures in the 3-month period between March 16 and June 14, 2020. The distribution of the number of patients who applied to subspecialty sections of urology outpatient clinics and inpatient services were recorded by weeks. That data was compared to data obtained from 145,247 patients that applied to the same centers in the same period of the previous year (group 2). The reflection of worldwide and Turkish COVID-19 case distribution on the daily urological practice was analyzed. Results: There was a decrease in the number of patients in all subspecialty sections the in group 1 compared to group 2; however, there was a significant proportional increase in urooncology and general urology admissions. A decrease of approximately 75% was observed in the total number of surgeries (p < 0.001). We detected a negative correlation between the numbers of admission to all outpatient clinics and COVID-19 cases or deaths in Turkey (p < 0.05). The same negative correlation was present for all surgical procedures and consultations (p < 0.05). The multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that the number of cases in Turkey, and the number of deaths worldwide affect the number of outpatient clinic admissions (R2 = 0.38, p = 0.028) and urological surgery (R2 = 0.33, p = 0.020) in Turkey negatively. Conclusion: This novel pandemic has implications even for urology practice. Urological surgical procedures were more affected by COVID-19-related deaths in Turkey and worldwide. Outpatient admissions and urological surgeries decreased significantly by increasing COVID-19 case numbers in Turkey and worldwide deaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: The aim of this descriptive article is to share the experience in Ege University, Turkey with favipiravir in the treatment of severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Materials and methods: This retrospective descriptive study included patients diagnosed with COVID-19 who presented with or developed severe pneumonia. Results: Forty patients who completed a full course (at least 5 days) of favipiravir were included in the study. At baseline, 30 (75%) patients required treatment for respiratory distress. Thirty-three patients (82.5%) were discharged from the hospital with full recovery, 6 patients (15%) died and 1 case (2.5%) was still at the intensive care unit (ICU) when this paper was written. Conclusion: This study provides relevant information for the treatment of COVID-19, suggesting that favipiravir was associated with significant clinical and laboratory improvements in the majority of the patients, is a safe drug with no serious side effects and would merit further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak poses a major global threat to the public health worldwide. The infectious disease caused by the virus that affected the entire world was named as the Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The knowledge regarding the wide clinico-biological aspects of the COVID-19 continues to evolve very rapidly, given the growing data from all over the world. During this complicated process, healthcare professionals have benefited from each other's experiences in combatting against the COVID-19 syndrome. COVID-19 related studies have been performed by a wide variety of research groups in Turkey as well as the rest of the world. The aim of this paper is to outline Turkish COVID-19 research indexed in the LitCovid system. LitCovid is a curated literature hub for tracking up-to-date scientific data about the SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19's first case was detected in Turkey, on March 11th, 2020. Six months after the first case was observed, the total number of COVID-19 patients was reported to be as 286,455, and the total number of deaths due to SARS-CoV-2 was 6895. The genetic sequence of the novel coronavirus showed significant identity to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Numerous drugs including lopinavir/ritonavir, favipiravir, neuraminidase inhibitors, remdesivir, umifenovir, azithromycin, and chloroquine have been suggested for the management of COVID-19 although the exact treatment is yet to be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]