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Herein, the link between rearing environmental condition and metabolism was explored. Metabolite fingerprint datasets of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) from three production sites were collected and studied using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and HPLC-MS/MS. Two compounds, benzisothiazolinone and hippuric acid, were identified to be potentially related to pollution in the rearing environment and showed different abundances in the analysed shrimp samples with different origins. Furthermore, metabolomic analysis on three shrimp species, black tiger shrimp, kuruma shrimp (Penaeus japonicus) and sword shrimp (Parapenaeopsis hardwickii), under an identical rearing environment was also conducted. Two compounds, diethanolamine and benzisothiazolinone, potentially linked with pollution in the rearing environment were identified. The present protocol holds promise to be extended to the studies of exploring the relationship between rearing environmental conditions and metabolism. Furthermore, the analysis of single-blind samples was conducted. The results show that specific metabolites can be utilized as markers for tracing the origins of shrimp samples. The present protocol holds potential for application in tracing the origin and species of certain seafoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the link between rearing environmental condition and metabolism was explored. Metabolite fingerprint datasets of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) from three production sites were collected and studied using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and HPLC-MS/MS. Two compounds, benzisothiazolinone and hippuric acid, were identified to be potentially related to pollution in the rearing environment and showed different abundances in the analysed shrimp samples with different origins. Furthermore, metabolomic analysis on three shrimp species, black tiger shrimp, kuruma shrimp (Penaeus japonicus) and sword shrimp (Parapenaeopsis hardwickii), under an identical rearing environment was also conducted. Two compounds, diethanolamine and benzisothiazolinone, potentially linked with pollution in the rearing environment were identified. The present protocol holds promise to be extended to the studies of exploring the relationship between rearing environmental conditions and metabolism. Furthermore, the analysis of single-blind samples was conducted. The results show that specific metabolites can be utilized as markers for tracing the origins of shrimp samples. The present protocol holds potential for application in tracing the origin and species of certain seafoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methanol, as an environmentally friendly renewable energy source, is considered an ideal C1 resource in biomanufacturing. However, due to its cytotoxicity, microorganisms can only grow in low methanol concentrations, resulting in less efficient metabolism and biochemical production from methanol. Therefore, it is essential to develop chassis strains that can be used in high methanol concentrations as the sole source of carbon. In this study, we aimed to industrialize high-methanol tolerant Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) chassis cells with stable traits using iterative adaptive laboratory evolution (microbial microdroplet culture (MMC) and shake flask culture (SFC)) and clarify the mechanism of tolerance. The results suggested that the evolved strain WS026-4 (MMC-SFC) exhibited the ability to survive in BMMY medium containing 10% methanol as well as BMMY agar medium with a methanol concentration of 13%. WS026-4 (MMC-SFC) exhibited good stress homeostasis at high methanol concentrations, which is largely dependent on regulating membrane lipid metabolism. The analysis of WS026-4 (MMC-SFC) demonstrated alterations in the composition of crucial phospholipids and the expression of associated genes. Notably, a substantial augmentation in the levels of phosphatidylcholine (PC) emerged as a prominent determinant in bolstering the resistance of the strain to methanol. In addition, the strain overexpressing the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase 2 (PET2) gene could grow on 8% methanol BMMY agar medium. This finding suggests that PET2 is a crucial target for enhancing methanol tolerance. This study sets the stage for expanding the potential of exploiting P. pastoris as an organic one-carbon platform for the production of biochemicals and biofuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nephrolithiasis is a multifactor disease that produces nephrolites in the kidneys. Calcium oxalate hydrate (dihydrated, COD, or monohydrated, COM) stones are the most common ones with more than sixty percent incidence worldwide. They are related to different pathologies, COD with hypercalciuria and COM with hyperoxaluria. COD is an unstable species and transforms into COM (herein named TRA to distinguish the origin of the monohydrated species). TRA and COM are chemically and crystallographically identical leading to misdiagnosis and recurrence increase. In the current study, the composition and crystalline structures of several calcium oxalate stones, classified by morpho-constitutional analysis, were examined by IR and synchrotron through-the-substrate micro-X-ray diffraction (tts-μXRD). Both IR and linear diffractogram studies were able to distinguish between the monohydrated and dihydrated phases but not between COM and TRA, as expected. The analysis of 2D diffraction patterns revealed that TRA showed a lower degree of crystallinity and less texture with respect to COM which can be used as a signature to distinguish between the two. This study confirms that despite the subtle differences between COM and TRA, the origin of the monohydrate oxalates can be unraveled using tts-μXRD. This valuable information should be taken into account in order to improve patients' diagnosis and reduce recurrence by considering and treating the origin of the formed stones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitin is a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine and provides structure and stability to the exoskeleton of crustaceans, insects and fungal cell walls. Intermolecular hydrogen bonds between polymer chains create a very tight crystalline fibre network with excellent mechanical properties. Chitins' antimicrobial properties and high biocompatibility make it an attractive polymer source for the production of nanomaterials such as hydrogels, films, or highly porous nano foams. To date, commercial utilization of native chitin has been limited due to its insolubility in aqueous solutions and most common solvents. Instead, chemical modifications such as deacetylation or depolymerization are used to make chitin soluble and easier to work with but as a consequence, chitin loses some of its mechanical stability. Other approaches for chitin dissolution employ toxic chemicals, potentially negating biomedical and food applications. This review summarizes pre-treatment methods for dissolution or fibrillation of native chitin fibre using non-toxic and mechanical approaches and how it relates to the macrostructure of the species of origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]