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This document is a summary of a special issue titled "Macroscopic and Microscopic Thermodynamics: From Fundamentals to Present Applications, 2nd Edition." It explores the broad field of thermodynamics and its applications in various scientific disciplines. The article discusses the historical development of thermodynamics and its expansion into fields such as cosmology, information science, and social sciences. It also highlights the importance of molecular thermodynamics in chemical engineering and the use of computational methods in solving thermodynamic problems. The document provides a list of the contributions included in the special issue, which cover topics such as vapor-liquid equilibrium, clathrate hydrates, binary mixtures, and surface tension. The authors emphasize the importance of thermodynamics in addressing theoretical and practical problems and highlight its potential for further research in fields like process engineering, human health, and environmental preservation. [Extracted from the article]

The ordinary 3D wave equation for nondissipative, homogeneous, isotropic media admits solutions where the point sources are permitted to move, but as shown in this paper, it does not admit solutions where the receiver is allowed to move. To overcome this limitation, a new wave equation that permits both the receiver and the source to move is derived in this paper. This new wave equation is a generalization of the standard wave equation, and it reduces to the standard wave equation when the receiver is at rest. To derive this new wave equation, we first mathematically define a diverging spherical wave caused by a stationary point source. From this purely mathematical definition, the wave equation for a stationary source and a moving receiver is derived, together with a corresponding free-space Green function. Utilizing the derived Green function, it is shown that unlike the standard wave equation this new wave equation also permits solutions where both the receiver and the source are permitted to move. In conclusion, this paper demonstrates that, instead of an ordinary wave equation, the wave equation for a moving source and a moving receiver governs the waves emitted by moving point sources and received by moving receivers. This new wave equation has possible applications in acoustics, electrodynamics, and other physical sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humanity's strive to understand why and how life appeared on planet Earth dates back to prehistoric times. At the beginning of the 19th century, empirical biology started to tackle this question yielding both Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution and the paradigm that the crucial trigger putting life on its tracks was the appearance of organic molecules. In parallel to these developments in the biological sciences, physics and physical chemistry saw the fundamental laws of thermodynamics being unraveled. Towards the end of the 19th century and during the first half of the 20th century, the tensions between thermodynamics and the "organic-molecules-paradigm" became increasingly difficult to ignore, culminating in Erwin Schrödinger's 1944 formulation of a thermodynamics-compliant vision of life and, consequently, the prerequisites for its appearance. We will first review the major milestones over the last 200 years in the biological and the physical sciences, relevant to making sense of life and its origins and then discuss the more recent reappraisal of the relative importance of metal ions vs. organic molecules in performing the essential processes of a living cell. Based on this reassessment and the modern understanding of biological free energy conversion (aka bioenergetics), we consider that scenarios wherein life emerges from an abiotic chemiosmotic process are both thermodynamics-compliant and the most parsimonious proposed so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding of dusty fluids for different Brinkman numbers in porous media is limited. This study examines the Darcy–Brinkman model for two-dimensional magneto-hydrodynamic fluid flow across permeable stretching/shrinking surfaces with heat transfer. Water was considered as a conventional base fluid in which the copper (Cu), silver (Ag), and titanium dioxide ( T i O 2 ) nanoparticles were submerged in a preparation of a ternary dusty nanofluid. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations are converted to ordinary differential equations through suitable similarity conversions. Under radiation and mass transpiration, analytical solutions for stretching sheets/shrinking sheets are obtained. Several parameters are investigated, including the magnetic field, Darcy–Brinkman model, solution domain, and inverse Darcy number. The outcomes of the present article reveal that increasing the Brinkman number and inverse Darcy number decreases the velocity of the fluid and dusty phase. Increasing the magnetic field decreases the momentum of the boundary layer. Ternary dusty nanofluids have significantly improved the heat transmission process for manufacturing with applications in engineering, and biological and physical sciences. The findings of this study demonstrate that the ternary nanofluid phase's heat and mass transpiration performance is better than the dusty phase's performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical laws manifest themselves through the amalgamation of mathematical symbols, numbers, functions, geometries, and relationships. These intricate combinations unfold within a mathematical model devised to capture and represent the "objective reality" of the system under examination. In this symbiotic relationship between physics and mathematics, the language of mathematics becomes a powerful tool for describing and predicting the behavior of the physical world. The language used and the associated concepts are in a perpetual state of evolution, mirroring the ongoing expansion of the phenomena accessible to our scientific understanding. In this contribution, written in honor of Richard Kerner, we delve into fundamental, at times seemingly elementary, elements of the mathematical language inherent to the physical sciences, guided by the overarching principles of symmetry and group theory. Our focus turns to the captivating realm of spheres, those strikingly symmetric entities that manifest prominently within our geometric landscape. By exploring the interplay between mathematical abstraction and the tangible beauty of symmetry, we seek to deepen our understanding of the underlying structures that govern our interpretation of the physical world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, I argue that modern science can function as a source of "sacred reminders" for aspects of Christian theology, like the doctrine of the Trinity, that are not normally engaged with in the empirical world. This approach is an alternative to the usual ways of relating scientific and theological endeavors in terms of conflict, separation, or consonance. I demonstrate this by beginning with the thoughts of two representative physicists (John Archibald Wheeler and Steven Hawking), particularly focusing on a fundamental distinction they make about the underlying ideal of the physical sciences. Noting a striking similarity of this distinction with some of the biblical imagery of God's Word and Spirit, I review biblical texts along these lines to show partial continuity with the groundbreaking ideas of our physicists, and to show how they can be generalized to include (a) levels of organization beyond those of physics; (b) intensive, localized agencies of Word and Spirit as well as the more extensive agencies suggested their ideas; and (c) the commissioning agency of God the Father. A review of the theology of Irenaeus shows that these distinctions in biblical imagery were developed in the early Church and played an important role in early Trinitarian theology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides a summary of a special issue on smart sensors for structural health monitoring (SHM) and nondestructive evaluation (NDE). It discusses the importance of developing defect detection and monitoring techniques for structures to ensure their integrity and prevent failure. The document highlights the challenges faced in implementing SHM and NDE, as well as the various techniques and smart sensors used in these fields. It also provides an overview of 33 papers published in the special issue, covering topics such as sensor technology, signal processing, and field applications. The authors hope that these papers will inspire future research in these rapidly developing areas. [Extracted from the article]

This document is an editorial for a special issue of the journal "Technologies" focused on data science and big data in various fields such as biology, physical science, and engineering. The editorial highlights the importance of analyzing large amounts of data generated by digital technologies and the need for data scientists to use artificial intelligence and machine learning to extract valuable knowledge. The special issue includes 12 papers covering topics such as machine learning techniques for customer churn prediction, agile program management in the U.S. Navy, deep learning for cybersecurity in Industry 5.0, self-directed learning during the COVID-19 era, decision tree-based neural networks for data classification, data-driven governance in technology companies, and more. The papers explore different approaches, models, and tools in the context of data science and big data. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses the field of aquatic viral ecology and the role of viruses in planktonic food webs. It highlights the significant impact of viruses on mortality and disease in aquatic ecosystems, particularly in plankton populations. The article also explores the interactions between viruses and zooplankton, as well as the role of viruses in biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem recovery. Additionally, it discusses the influence of global climate change on virus-host interactions and the need for further research in this area. Overall, the article emphasizes the importance of understanding virus-plankton interactions for ecosystem stability and carbon flow. [Extracted from the article]

The Scopus journal classification method, known as All Science Journal Classification (ASJC), follows a hierarchical organization of subject categories: minor, major, and supergroups. At the minor level, journals are assigned to one or more subject categories. We refer to this classification scheme as a multiple-category hierarchical scheme. The objective of this study is to investigate the dominant characteristics of subject categories within the Scopus database and quantify their dominance using various subject indices. To conduct the study, we formulated a set of subject category indices, including the Number of Journals (J), Total Instances of Subject Categories (SC), Number of Unique Subject Categories (USC), and Dominance Index (DOMI). The results showed that high DOMI values in subject categories indicate specialization and limited associations with other fields. There were minimal correlations between DOMI and other subject category indices like J, SC, and USC, demonstrating their uniqueness and independence. The study also revealed that subject categories within the Health Sciences exhibited higher DOMI values and greater specialization compared to those in the Physical Sciences, indicating a pronounced dominance in Health Sciences minor categories. Finally, minor subject categories exhibited more variation in subject category indices compared to their upper-level subject categories, highlighting the intricate variations within the hierarchical system of the Scopus classification. These findings have implications for researchers, emphasizing the need to consider a subject category's dominance and associations when selecting journals for their research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Middle Eastern and Arab countries have been experiencing significant advancements in scientific research and development over the past few decades. Understanding the trends, patterns, and impact of research within this region can provide valuable insights into its scientific landscape, identify areas of strength, and uncover potential areas for improvement. This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of research productivity in the Middle Eastern and Arab region over a 20-year period. The findings revealed a consistent increase in research productivity, yet mapped significant disparities between countries in scholarly output, excellence, and impact. Adjusting for population size and GDP, Iran displayed the highest publication activity, trailed by Egypt and Turkey. Delving into the distribution of research output across different journal quartiles, the results revealed that this region has a lower percentage of scholarly output published in high-impact journals (both the top 10% and the top 25% categories). Compared to North America and the European Union, the Middle Eastern and Arab region consistently exhibited lower performance in terms of top 10% citations, average citations per publication, and field-weighted citation impact. The field of physical sciences took the lead as the most prevalent subject area in the Middle Eastern and Arab region, comprising about 60.5% of the research emphasis. Conversely, social sciences garnered comparatively less research attention, making up approximately 8.9% of the focus. The region showed strong international collaboration levels (40.5%), yet relatively low national (24.4%) and academic–corporate collaborations (1.5%). The outcomes of this study can facilitate international comparisons and benchmarking, allowing Middle Eastern and Arab countries to position themselves within the global scientific community. There remains a need to prioritize quality over quantity by emphasizing rigorous research practices and collaboration. An ongoing evaluation of research performance using a combination of indicators can help track progress and adjust strategies as needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Once retracted, the citation count of a research paper might be intuitively expected to drop precipitously. Here, we assessed the post-retraction citation of life and medical sciences papers from two top-ranked, multidisciplinary journals Nature and Science, from 2010 to 2018. Post-retraction citations accounted for a staggering 47.7% and 40.9% of total citations (median values), respectively, of the papers included in our analysis. These numbers are comparable with those from two journals with lower impact factors, and with retracted papers from the physical sciences discipline. A more qualitative assessment of five papers from the two journals with a high percentage (>50%) of post-retraction citations, all of which are associated with misconduct, reveal different contributing reasons and factors. Retracted papers associated with highly publicized misconduct cases are more prone to being cited with the retraction status indicated, or projected negatively (such as in the context of research ethics and misconduct discussions), with the latter also indicated by cross-disciplinary citations by humanities and social sciences articles. Retracted papers that retained significant validity in their main findings/conclusions may receive a large number of neutral citations that are somewhat blind to the retraction. Retracted papers in popular subject areas with massive publication outputs, particularly secondary publications such as reviews, may also have a high background citation noise. Our findings add further insights to the nature of post-retraction citations beyond the plain notion that these are largely made through sheer ignorance or negligence by the citing authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current study is to examine how preschool children overcome their difficulties regarding thermal expansion and contraction and construct in their minds a precursor model; that is, an entity compatible with school knowledge. Having investigated these difficulties through a pretest, a teaching intervention was implemented based on both the telling of a fairy tale and the carrying out of experimental activities. Finally, the changes in children's thinking were studied with a posttest. The study involved 36 children aged 4–6 years who voluntarily participated in individual semistructured interviews conducted by three researchers in a special kindergarten setting. The results of the study revealed statistically significant progress in children's responses between pre- and posttests. Furthermore, the finding of almost 1/3 of children's responses being compatible with school knowledge indicates that (a) it is possible for children of that age to construct a precursor model for thermal expansion and contraction and (b) the combination of storytelling along with experimental activities is probably an appropriate teaching strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To illustrate the use of the facilities, summary results from two case study experiments are presented: (1) a salinity gradient experiment comprising 16 salinity levels (range: 0-50 g L SP -1 sp ); and (2) a heatwave experiment where two different temperature regimes (no heatwave and +6 °C for two weeks) were crossed with two salinity levels (4 and 40 g L SP -1 sp ). In [[7]], salinity-eutrophication interactive effects on the food web were studied in 20 lakes of different salinity (from freshwater to hypersaline) and nutrient status (from oligotrophic to eutrophic) located in southern Siberia. Each mesocosm received 30 cm sediment to simulate a realistic sediment biogeochemistry and redox gradient, and they were inoculated with biota from lakes and surface sediment from lakes with contrasting salinities (same at both places), leading to highly synchronized experiments at the two locations. Increased Water Abstraction and Climate Change Have Substantial Effect on Morphometry, Salinity, and Biotic Communities in Lakes: Examples from the Semi-Arid Burdur Basin (Turkey). [Extracted from the article]

The superior engineering properties and excellent biocompatibility of titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) stimulate applications in biomedical industries. Electric discharge machining, a widely used process in advanced applications, is an attractive option that simultaneously offers machining and surface modification. In this study, a comprehensive list of roughening levels of process variables such as pulse current, pulse ON time, pulse OFF time, and polarity, along with four tool electrodes of graphite, copper, brass, and aluminum are evaluated (against two experimentation phases) using a SiC powder-mixed dielectric. The process is modeled using the adaptive neural fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to produce surfaces with relatively low roughness. A thorough parametric, microscopical, and tribological analysis campaign is established to explore the physical science of the process. For the case of the surface generated through aluminum, a minimum friction force of ~25 N is observed compared with the other surfaces. The analysis of variance shows that the electrode material (32.65%) is found to be significant for the material removal rate, and the pulse ON time (32.15%) is found to be significant for arithmetic roughness. The increase in pulse current to 14 A shows that the roughness increased to ~4.6 µm with a 33% rise using the aluminum electrode. The increase in pulse ON time from 50 µs to 125 µs using the graphite tool resulted in a rise in roughness from ~4.5 µm to ~5.3 µm, showing a 17% rise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Definition: Humans have always wanted to know what the future holds in store for them. In earlier centuries, people often sought clues to the future from sacred texts. Today, more secular approaches are increasingly used, although the older approaches to the future persist. Modern methods for prediction include trend extrapolation, the Delphi method, mathematical modeling, and scenario analysis, including backcasting. Extrapolation was only possible when reliable past data became available. The Delphi method relies on the judgement of experts in the subject matter. Mathematical modeling has been very successful in the physical sciences, and, in the form of integrated assessment models (IAMs), has been applied to problems such as assessing future energy use. Scenario analysis looks at a number of possible futures and develops internally consistent story lines around each. It is often used in conjunction with IAMs. Each of the four methods, including both their strengths and weaknesses, are discussed in turn. Finally, this entry looks at the future of prediction, and concludes that despite progress in each of the four approaches treated, predicting the future, never easy, is now harder than ever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in hydrological sciences is constantly evolving to provide adequate answers to address various water-related issues. Methodological approaches inspired by mathematical and physical sciences have shaped hydrological sciences from its inceptions to the present day. Nowadays, as a better understanding of the social consequences of extreme meteorological events and of the population's ability to adapt to these becomes increasingly necessary, hydrological sciences have begun to integrate knowledge from social sciences. Such knowledge allows for the study of complex social-ecological realities surrounding hydrological phenomena, such as citizens' perception of water resources, as well as individual and collective behaviors related to water management. Using a mixed methods approach to combine quantitative and qualitative approaches has thus become necessary to understand the complexity of hydrological phenomena and propose adequate solutions for their management. In this paper, we detail how mixed methods can be used to research flood hydrology and low-flow conditions, as well as in the management of these hydrological extremes, through the analysis of case studies. We frame our analysis within the three paradigms (positivism, post-positivism, and constructivism) and four research designs (triangulation, complementary, explanatory, and exploratory) that guide research in hydrology. We show that mixed methods can notably contribute to the densification of data on extreme flood events to help reduce forecasting uncertainties, to the production of knowledge on low-flow hydrological states that are insufficiently documented, and to improving participatory decision making in water management and in handling extreme hydrological events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transfer of learning is arguably the most enduring goal of education. The history of science reveals that although numerous theories have been transferred from the natural sciences to the socio-political realm, educational practitioners have often deemed such transfers romantic and rhetorical. We conducted an experiment that randomly assigned a sample of 292 college freshmen in China to two groups to learn different thermodynamic theories: entropy or self-organization theory. We examined whether the two groups may arrive at different implications about social (and government) control without explicit instructions. We found that participants who learned the theory of entropy were more likely to believe the social system would become chaotic over time without external control; thus, they preferred tightened social control. Whereas participants who learned self-organisation theory were more likely to believe that order may form from within a social system; therefore, they downplay external control and prefer stronger individual agency. Follow-up interviews showed that the participants' narratives about social control were largely consistent with the thermodynamic concepts they had learned. Our findings have critical implications for the recent trend in STEM education that promotes the teaching of cross-cutting concepts—seeking patterns from interdisciplinary ideas—that may implicitly prime students to borrow physical science theories to formulate personal social hypotheses and engage in moral–civic–political discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful scientists need to think carefully about the particular aspect of the world around them they are investigating. They build on what is known in their area of science to identify how they might examine the issue or problem they are concerned with to offer further insights. Through investigating natural phenomena, they can solve problems and communicate new ways of looking at the world. Their work serves to address global and societal challenges and often offers improved ways of living. The ways that scientists' work can have implications for educational processes designed to prepare would-be scientists or scientifically aware citizens of the future. Eliciting reflections from experienced scientists recounting how they came to develop their scientific intellect, expertise and problem-solving know-how is useful to inform science education. This article reports on an aspect of a larger project involving 24 scientists specialising in biological or physical science research from Higher Education Institutions, located in either Manchester, Oxford or London. The study adopts a retrospective phenomenographical methodology and applies two fresh theoretical perspectives to eight in-depth interviews with professional scientists working in university departments involved in ground-breaking research. Conversations with the scientists were framed to explore the nature and extent of formal and informal learning influences affecting the development of their inventiveness and expertise in becoming scientists. The reified perspectives collated here show how a range of experiences have afforded expert scientists the opportunity to apply their intellectual capabilities. These kinds of demonstrable abilities have enabled them to scientifically contribute to being able to solve real-world problems. Additionally, a cross-case analysis of scientists' reported learning experiences could inform science education policy and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two-dimensional Maccari nonlinear system performs the energy and wave dynamical features in fiber communications and modern physical science as hydrodynamic and space plasma. Several new forms of solutions for the Maccari's model are constructed by a unified solver method that mainly depends on He's variations method. The obtained solutions identify new wave stochastic structures with important features in energy physics such as rational explosive, breather, dispersive, explosive dissipated, dark solitons and blow-up (shock structure). It was elucidated that the random effects amend the energy wave strength or the collapsing due to model medium turbulence. Finally, the produced stochastic structures may be vital in some of these relationships between dispersions, nonlinearity and dissipative effects. The predominant energy waves that are collapsing or being forced may be applied to electrostatic auroral Langmuir structures and energy-generating ocean waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal wetlands are valuable and sensitive environments that are among the most productive yet highly threatened systems in the world. The results showed that the organic carbon content of the vegetated saltmarsh sediment is higher than that of the bare tidal flat areas, with the tidal flat sediments nearer to the vegetated area (BF1) having a relatively higher organic carbon content than sediments further away (BF2). Following this line, Dang et al. (2021) [[8]] have developed the GHG Emissions Model for tidal flat areas based on the carbon mass balance to simulate the carbon dynamics. Halophytes are also important contributors to the carbon storage capacity of coastal wetlands, with the high rates of plant production and decomposition contributing to the accumulation of organic matter in the soil. [Extracted from the article]

In this paper, we suggest an iterative method for solving nonlinear equations that can be used in the physical sciences. This response is broken down into three parts. Our methodology is inspired by both the standard Taylor's method and an earlier Halley's method. Three evaluations of the given function and two evaluations of its first derivative are all that are needed for each iteration with this method. Because of this, the unique methodology can complete its goal far more quickly than many of the other methods currently in use. We looked at several additional practical research models, including population growth, blood rheology, and neurophysiology. Polynomiographs can be used to show the convergence zones of certain polynomials with complex values. Polynomiographs are produced as a byproduct, and these end up having an appealing look and being artistically engaging. The twisting of polynomiographs is symmetric when the parameters are all real and asymmetric when some of the parameters are imaginary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of reasons are advanced for which atoms stand at the heart of research in the physical sciences. There are issues in physics which are both fundamental and only partly resolved or, at least, imperfectly understood. Rather than chase them towards higher and higher energies, which mainly results in greater complexity, it makes sense to restrict oneself to the simplest systems known, held together by the best understood force in nature, viz. those governed by the inverse square law. Our line of argument complements the adage of Richard Feynman, who asked: should Armageddon occur, is there a simple, most important idea to preserve as a testament to human knowledge? The answer he suggested is: the atomic hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural components in the aeronautical industry require CFRP/Ti6Al4V stacks to be processed together, which results in poor hole integrity due to the thermal properties of the materials and challenges related to processability. These challenges include quality variation of the machined holes because of the limitations in process properties. Therefore, a novel solution through helical milling is investigated in the study using nano fluid based minimum quantity lubrication (NF-MQL). The analysis of variance shows, for Ti6Al4V, eccentricity (PCR = 28.56%), spindle speed (Ti) (PCR = 42.84%), and tangential feed (PCR = 8.61%), and for CFRP, tangential feed (PCR = 40.16%), spindle speed (PCR = 28.75%), and eccentricity (PCR = 8.41%) are the most significant parameters for diametric error. Further on, the rise in the circularity error is observed because of prolonged tool engagement at a higher value of tangential feed. Moreover, the surface roughness of Ti was reduced with an increasing percentage of MoS2 in the lubricant. The spindle speed (37.37%) and lubricant (45.76%) have a potential influence on the processing temperature, as evident in the analysis of variance. Similarly, spindle speed Ti (61.16%), tangential feed (23.37%), and lubrication (11.32%) controlled flank wear, which is critical to tool life. Moreover, the concentration of MoS2 decreased edge wear from ~105 µm (0.5% concentration) to ~70 µm (1% concentration). Thorough analyses on process performance in terms of hole accuracy, surface roughness, processing temperature, and tool wear are carried out based on the physical science of the process for cleaner production. The NF-MQL has significantly improved process performance and hole integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis; AR6, WG1, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. 2021 6 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). They conclude that a future powered by RE may be possible but caution that future global population growth [[23]] will make such a future progressively more difficult to attain - or sustain - into the future. The first report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was produced in 1990 and warned of the dangers of global climate change. The situation is bad but could worsen if the drivers of climate change (CC), greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), and land-use changes, including net deforestation, are not rapidly reduced. [Extracted from the article]

In the modern era, mathematical modeling consisting of graph theoretic parameters or invariants applied to solve the problems existing in various disciplines of physical sciences like computer sciences, physics, and chemistry. Topological indices (TIs) are one of the graph invariants which are frequently used to identify the different physicochemical and structural properties of molecular graphs. Wiener index is the first distance-based TI that is used to compute the boiling points of the paraffine. For a graph F, the recently developed Gutman Connection (GC) index is defined on all the unordered pairs of vertices as the sum of the multiplications of the connection numbers and the distance between them. In this note, the G C index of the operation-based symmetric networks called by first derived graph D 1 (F) (subdivision graph), second derived graph D 2 (F) (vertex-semitotal graph), third derived graph D 3 (F) (edge-semitotal graph) and fourth derived graph D 4 (F) (total graph) are computed in their general expressions consisting of various TIs of the parent graph F, where these operation-based symmetric graphs are obtained by applying the operations of subdivision, vertex semitotal, edge semitotal and the total on the graph F respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition, both Wang et al. [[14]] and Yang et al. [[15]] concluded that soil moisture plays a more dominant role in precipitation-use efficiency and evapotranspiration-precipitation coupling. Often referred to as "the Third Pole" and "the Roof of the World", the Tibetan Plateau (TP) conserves vast areas of mountain glaciers, permafrost, and seasonally frozen soil and is the largest high-elevation portion of the cryosphere sensitive to global climate change [[2]]. Conclusions This Special Issue compiles the up-to-date progress on the following: land surface energy budget, glacier/snow phenology, the spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation, properties of land surface characteristic parameters, evaluations of current models and products, and high-altitude lake processes over the TP and its surrounding regions. The highest (lowest) concentration of small raindrops was observed in monsoon (winter) precipitation, while large raindrops dominated the premonsoon precipitation [[12]]. [Extracted from the article]

Quaternionic Hilbert spaces play an important role in applied physical sciences especially in quantum physics. In this paper, the operator valued frames on quaternionic Hilbert spaces are introduced and studied. In terms of a class of partial isometries in the quaternionic Hilbert spaces, a parametrization of Parseval operator valued frames is obtained. We extend to operator valued frames many of the properties of vector frames on quaternionic Hilbert spaces in the process. Moreover, we show that all the operator valued frames can be obtained from a single operator valued frame. Finally, several results for operator valued frames concerning duality, similarity of such frames on quaternionic Hilbert spaces are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaborne movement underpins frontier research in prehistoric archaeology, including water-crossings in the context of human dispersals, and island colonisation. Yet, it also controls the degree of interaction between locations, which in turn is essential for investigating the properties of maritime networks. The onset of the Holocene (circa 12,000 years ago) is a critical period for understanding the origins of early visitors/inhabitants to the island of Cyprus in the Eastern Mediterranean in connection with the spread of Neolithic cultures in the region. The research undertaken in this work exemplifies the synergies between archaeology, physical sciences and geomatics, towards providing novel insights on the feasibility of drift-induced seaborne movement and the corresponding trip duration between Cyprus and coastal regions on the surrounding mainland. The overarching objective is to support archaeological inquiry regarding the possible origins of these visitors/inhabitants—Anatolia and/or the Levant being two suggested origins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the pedagogical actions of Physical Sciences teachers when enacting simulations in 5E inquiry-based science teaching for current electricity. Three grade 10 teachers from three high schools who were teaching at schools where ICT resources are available participated in this study. Data was collected by means of lesson observations and interviews. The lesson observation and interview transcripts were coded to generate themes. The results of this study showed that the simulations enable teachers to afford learners with opportunities to engage in hands-on inquiry based on the 5E model. The hands-on activities that students engage in on the simulation help them to explain phenomena from evidence and also allow them to acquire autonomy from the teacher. When students are hands-on, they get the chance to test their hypothesis and also to develop their understanding of the phenomenon that is investigated. Through the use of the simulated activity, teachers were able to support leaners to reflect on activities to reconcile their new knowledge with previous ideas. While it is acknowledged that PhET simulated activity is not a substitute for hands-on practical work in a laboratory, the findings show it can be a powerful tool for supporting inquiry learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated the effectiveness of the conceptual change model (CCM) in addressing pre-service elementary teachers' misconceptions and promoting their conceptual understanding of electrostatics. The participants were 55 pre-service elementary teachers enrolled in an elementary physical science course, 44 females and 11 males. An embedded mixed-methods approach was employed to help answer the two research questions put forward in this research. The results showed that the CCM moderately correlated with participants' conceptual understanding of electrostatics. The data from the three open-ended questions showed that the CCM positively affected participants' conceptions of the topic of electrostatics. The results of this research contribute to the literature on the effect of the conceptual change model in building conceptual understanding and minimizing pre-service teachers' misconceptions about electrostatics. The results also showed that the phases of the CCM did not have the same effect on participants' conceptual understanding of electrostatics. This information brings to the fore a discussion about the optimal approach to using the conceptual change instructional model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromyography (EMG) is a multidisciplinary field that brings together allied health (kinesiology and physical therapy) and the engineering sciences (biomedical and electrical). Since the physical sciences are used in the measurement of a biological process, the presentation of the theoretical foundations of EMG is most conveniently conducted using math and physics. However, given the multidisciplinary nature of EMG, a course will most likely include students from diverse backgrounds, with varying levels of math and physics. This is a pedagogical paper that outlines an approach for teaching foundational concepts in EMG to kinesiologists and physical therapists that uses a combination of analogies, visual descriptions, and qualitative analysis of biophysical concepts to develop an intuitive understanding for those who are new to surface EMG. The approach focuses on muscle fiber action potentials (MFAPs), motor unit action potentials (MUAPs), and compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) because changes in these waveforms are much easier to identify and describe in comparison to the surface EMG interference pattern (IP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The symmetry breaking (SB) of B 2 N (− , 0 , +) not only exhibits an energy barrier for ionic or neutral forms dependent on various basis sets but it also exhibits a few SBs due to the asymmetry stretching and bending mode interactions. SB obeys the mechanical quantum theorem among discrete symmetries and their connection to the spin statistics in physical sciences. In this investigation, the unusual amount of energy barrier of SBs appeared upon the orbit–orbit coupling of BNB (both radical and ions) between transition states and the ground state. Our goal in this study is to understand the difference among the electromagnetic structures of the (B2N(∓,0)) variants due to effects of various basis sets and methods and also the quantum symmetry breaking phenomenon. In the D∞h point group of (B2N(∓,0)) variants, the unpaired electron is delocalized, while in the asymmetric C∞v point group, it is localized on either one of the B atoms. Structures with broken symmetry, C∞v, can be stable by interacting with the D∞h point group. In viewpoints of quantum chemistry, the second-order Jahn–Teller effect permits the unpaired electron to localize on boron atom, rather than being delocalized. In this study, we observed that the energy barrier of SB for BNB increases by post HF methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remarkably, only two and four genes were modified in common by CAP and H SB 2 sb O SB 2 sb , the genes were equally inhibited by both CAP and H SB 2 sb O SB 2 sb , suggesting that non-ROS components were responsible for the control of the greater part of the CAP-controlled genes. In contrast, only CAP and CAP/solid-structured MNs did not modify tumor growth, most likely due to the small penetration of CAP. CAP and Cancer Plasma can successfully provoke cell death in several varieties of tumor cells, including glioma, cervical cancer, and colon cancer cells [[36], [38], [40]]. Of more relevance, the study established that CD95 is more significantly expressed in MM cells than in healthy cells, which suggested that CD95 could be a useful target for CAP treatment, as it could specifically destroy MM cells [[87]] (Table 3). The main CAP-stimulated tumor cells' death is that of the caspase-dependent apoptosis mechanism, although a minority of studies stated the possibility of a caspase-independent death in the CAP-exposed tumor cells [[45]]. [Extracted from the article]

In our study, we identified 288 vascular endothelial cells (VECs) in lung tissue samples, and the abundance of VECs was similar between the RP (184 cells, 1.36%) and control (104 cells, 0.014%) groups. We found that macrophages, mixed lymphocytes, NK cells, and neutrophils are dominant in the cell-cell communication network, which indicates the important roles of those cells in RP development. The severity of pneumonia was scored double-blinded with optical microscopy based on Acute Lung Injury in Animals Study Group [[16]], which scored from 0 to 8: 0, normal; 1-2, alveolar walls slightly broadening, and less than 10 inflammatory cells in high power field of vision; 3-4, alveolar walls significantly broadening, 10-20 inflammatory cells under high power field of vision; 5-6, alveolar walls significantly broadening, inflammatory cells infiltration full of alveolar walls; 7-8, in addition to inflammatory cell infiltration full of alveolar walls, obvious alveolar infiltration. The damaged alveolar cells secrete cytokines, recruit inflammatory cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes to the alveoli and lung interstitium, and induce acute pneumonia, indicating that the development of RP involves an interaction network among multiple types of cells within the microenvironment. A Fabp4 SP high sp macrophage cluster that likely played a fundamental role in normal lung functions enriched in the control lung tissue but largely decreased in the RP lungs, which may be associated with lung injuries caused by irradiation. [Extracted from the article]

To understand the response of marine ecosystems to environmental and anthropogenic pressures, integration of long-term and large-scale monitoring of marine communities with mapping of habitats and ecosystem services was previously recommended [[2]]. As a consequence of climate change and increased human pressure, aquatic ecosystems are experiencing natural and anthropogenic stressors and events such as temperature warming, acidification, biodiversity loss, and degraded water quality [[1]]. These findings suggest that marine snow that forms during the later stages of phytoplankton blooms in surface waters may be less dense and sink slower compared to those formed during initial growth phases with consequences for the efficiency of carbon export and cycling during algal blooms. Compared to the first growth phase, later phytoplankton growth phases were found to have higher relative TEP concentrations and aggregates with lower excess densities and longer delayed settling times. [Extracted from the article]

They showed increases in future projections of precipitation, streamflow, maximum and minimum temperature across the basin based on a hydrological model driven by bias-adjusted CMIP6 GCM simulations. Summary of This Special Issue Precipitation is a main driver of hydrologic extremes, and future changes in precipitation indices can be expected to have implications on both floods and droughts. With the increases in the intensity of extreme precipitation, persistent low precipitation and evaporative water demand at different spatial and temporal scales, hydrologic extremes (floods and droughts) have become more likely and more severe in many regions [[1]]. The intensification of global water cycle, associated with anthropogenic climate change, is affecting the characteristics of hydrologic extreme events throughout the world. [Extracted from the article]

Keywords: computational mechanics; numerical methods; numerical simulation; computational science and engineering EN computational mechanics numerical methods numerical simulation computational science and engineering 781 3 02/15/23 20230201 NES 230201 Increases in computational resources and the constant development of numerical methods have greatly expanded the range and complexity of systems that can be simulated numerically. This Special Issue presents contributions on a selection topics of current interest from a wide range of applications, analyzed by a variety of techniques. Material properties of the viscoelastic material are characterized by fractional time derivatives, while the spatial structure is homogenized and analyzed by finite element methods to reduce computational time; the specific method for the discretization of the fractional time derivatives is described in detail. [Extracted from the article]

Forest ecosystems are vast, second in expanse only to marine ecosystems. Global climate change will substantially impact forest ecosystems, which, as the largest carbon pool on Earth, plays a critical role in mitigating climate change. [Extracted from the article]

Together with the strong efforts to improve sensor performance, the demand to develop biosensors in low-cost and user-friendly technologies can no longer be neglected due to a forthcoming use of these sensing platforms in hospitals and clinics by healthcare workers. The necessity of personalised diagnoses and ad hoc treatments for individual patients is driving the outbreak of personalised nanomedicine in research and in clinical studies in the healthcare field. Moreover, the strong demand for the integrability of the photonic biosensors in compact systems, which is playing a more fundamental role in many sensing applications, such as in wearable and implanted sensors, is becoming more evident. [Extracted from the article]

Research has become increasingly more interdisciplinary over the past few years. Artificial intelligence and its sub-fields have proven valuable for interdisciplinary research applications, especially physical sciences. Recently, machine learning-based mechanisms have been adapted for material science applications, meeting traditional experiments' challenges in a time and cost-efficient manner. The scientific community focuses on harnessing varying mechanisms to process big data sets extracted from material databases to derive hidden knowledge that can successfully be employed in technical frameworks of material screening, selection, and recommendation. However, a plethora of underlying aspects of the existing material discovery methods needs to be critically assessed to have a precise and collective analysis that can serve as a baseline for various forthcoming material discovery problems. This study presents a comprehensive survey of state-of-the-art benchmark data sets, detailed pre-processing and analysis, appropriate learning model mechanisms, and simulation techniques for material discovery. We believe that such an in-depth analysis of the mentioned aspects provides promising directions to the young interdisciplinary researchers from computing and material science fields. This study will help devise useful modeling in the materials discovery to positively contribute to the material industry, reducing the manual effort involved in the traditional material discovery. Moreover, we also present a detailed analysis of experimental and computation-based artificial intelligence mechanisms suggested by the existing literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Landslide Probability Model Based on a Long-Term Landslide Inventory and Rainfall Factors. Wu and Yeh [[11]] developed an improved landslide probability model from existing models by including long-term landslide inventory and rainfall factors, which can further be used to predict landslides based on future changes in rainfall patterns. In the wake of climate change, extreme storm events, catastrophic disasters (including soil erosion, debris and landslide formation, loss of life, etc.) have surged. In addition to the aforementioned landslide probability model, Wu et al. [[12]] argue that landslide susceptibility assessments after extreme rainfall events is equally critical. [Extracted from the article]

(6) How can we improve forest management decision-support systems aiming at carbon sequestration based on their integration with process-based models and forest growth models? Climate change caused by industrial carbon emissions and land use/land cover changes is a widely concerning issue around the world and is closely related to the global carbon cycle. [Extracted from the article]

Solitons in liquid crystals have received increasing attention due to their importance in fundamental physical science and potential applications in various fields. The study of solitons in liquid crystals has been carried out for over five decades with various kinds of solitons being reported. Recently, a number of new types of solitons have been observed, among which, many of them exhibit intriguing dynamic behaviors. In this paper, we briefly review the recent progresses on experimental investigations of solitons in liquid crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat transfer systems for chemical processes must be designed to be as efficient as possible. As heat transfer is such an energy-intensive stage in many chemical processes, failing to focus on efficiency can push up costs unnecessarily. Many problems involving heat transfer in the presence of a chemically reactive species in the domain of the physical sciences are still unsolved because of their complex mathematical formulations. The same is the case for heat transfer in chemically reactive magnetized Tangent hyperbolic liquids equipped above the permeable domain. Therefore, in this work, a classical remedy for such types of problems is offered by performing Lie symmetry analysis. In particular, non-Newtonian Tangent hyperbolic fluid is considered in three different physical frames, namely, (i) chemically reactive and non-reactive fluids, (ii) magnetized and non-magnetized fluids, and (iii) porous and non-porous media. Heat generation, heat absorption, velocity, and temperature slips are further considered to strengthen the problem statement. A mathematical model is constructed for the flow regime, and by using Lie symmetry analysis, an invariant group of transformations is constructed. The order of flow equations is dropped down by symmetry transformations and later solved by a shooting algorithm. Interesting physical quantities on porous surfaces are critically debated. It is believed that the problem analysis carried out in this work will help researchers to extend such ideas to other unsolved problems in the field of heat-transfer fluid science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hence, good knowledge of SST patterns and trends is crucial to investigate interactions/feedback with the atmosphere, climate drivers such as El Niño, and marine biodiversity, but especially to understand predicted future climate scenarios. Sea surface temperature (SST) has been defined by World Meteorological Organization (WMO) as one of the essential climate variables (ECVs) contributing to the characterization of Earth's climate. Some of these issues have been addressed in this Special Issue, such as marine heat waves (MHW), SST, and hurricanes interaction or SST trends and projections. [Extracted from the article]

The siderophore organic ligand N,2-dihydroxybenzamide (H2dihybe) incorporates the hydroxamate group, in addition to the phenoxy group in the ortho-position and reveals a very rich coordination chemistry with potential applications in medicine, materials, and physical sciences. The reaction of H2dihybe with TiCl4 in methyl alcohol and KOH yielded the tetranuclear titanium oxo-cluster (TOC) [TiIV4(μ-O)2(HOCH3)4(μ-Hdihybe)4(Hdihybe)4]Cl4∙10H2O∙12CH3OH (1). The titanium compound was characterized by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis, ESI-MS, 13C, and 1H NMR spectroscopy, solid-state and solution UV–Vis, IR vibrational, and luminescence spectroscopies and molecular orbital calculations. The inorganic core Ti4(μ-O)2 of 1 constitutes a rare structural motif for discrete TiIV4 oxo-clusters. High-resolution ESI-MS studies of 1 in methyl alcohol revealed the presence of isotopic distribution patterns which can be attributed to the tetranuclear clusters containing the inorganic core {Ti4(μ-O)2}. Solid-state IR spectroscopy of 1 showed the presence of an intense band at ~800 cm−1 which is absent in the spectrum of the H2dihybe and was attributed to the high-energy ν(Ti2–μ-O) stretching mode. The ν(C=O) in 1 is red-shifted by ~10 cm−1, while the ν(N-O) is blue-shifted by ~20 cm−1 in comparison to H2dihybe. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations reveal that in the experimental and theoretically predicted IR absorbance spectra of the ligand and Ti-complex, the main bands observed in the experimental spectra are also present in the calculated spectra supporting the proposed structural model. 1H and 13C NMR solution (CD3OD) studies of 1 reveal that it retains its integrity in CD3OD. The observed NMR changes upon addition of base to a CD3OD solution of 1, are due to an acid–base equilibrium and not a change in the TiIV coordination environment while the decrease in the complex's lability is due to the improved electron-donating properties which arise from the ligand deprotonation. Luminescence spectroscopic studies of 1 in solution reveal a dual narrow luminescence at different excitation wavelengths. The TOC 1 exhibits a band-gap of 1.98 eV which renders it a promising candidate for photocatalytic investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]