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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to approximately 3.5 million cases in Romania, causing systemic inflammation and over 200 symptoms affecting various body systems. This complexity has challenged rehabilitation systems, necessitating personalized plans tailored to each patient's illness stage and impairment level. The ISPRM-developed ClinFIT COVID-19 instrument, aligned with the ICF categories, assists in assessing patients during acute, post-acute, and long-term phases. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate and assess functional impairments in post-COVID-19 patients in Romania, with a secondary goal of generating rehabilitation directions. Methods: Data were collected from patients at two Bucharest medical centers, including those with persistent symptoms post-acute phase. Participants were assessed using the adapted ClinFIT COVID-19 instrument, and descriptive statistics were applied. Conclusions: Findings revealed diverse functional impairments in physical, psychological, and social domains among post-COVID-19 patients, with severe impairments more common in those with long-term COVID-19. Complete impairment in complex movement and paid work was noted, affecting one-third of salaried employees and forcing some to retire. In the acute phase, the most frequent functional impairments were sleep, attention, pain sensation, and exercise tolerance functions. In contrast, the most severely affected functions were exercise tolerance and mobility joint functions. Age did not positively correlate with any of the analyzed functions. In the post-acute phase, sleep, energy, and drive functions remained the most frequently affected functions, while the most severely affected was, by far, the moving around function. In the post-acute period, respiratory and respiratory muscle functions strongly correlated with all tasks related to physical activity. In the long COVID-19 phase, remunerative employment was the most severely affected function, while attention functions remained the most frequently affected, similar to the acute phase. The ClinFIT COVID-19 instrument effectively captured these impairments, underscoring the need for comprehensive rehabilitation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Instrumenting the six-minute walk test (6MWT) adds information about gait quality and insight into fall risk. Being physically active and preserving multi-directional stepping abilities are also important for fall risk reduction. This analysis investigated the relationship of gait quality during the 6MWT with physical functioning and physical activity. Twenty-one veterans (62.2 ± 6.4 years) completed the four square step test (FSST) multi-directional stepping assessment, a gait speed assessment, health questionnaires, and the accelerometer-instrumented 6MWT. An activity monitor worn at home captured free-living physical activity. Gait measures were not significantly different between minutes of the 6MWT. However, participants with greater increases in stride time (ρ = −0.594, p < 0.01) and stance time (ρ = −0.679, p < 0.01) during the 6MWT reported lower physical functioning. Neither physical activity nor sedentary time were related to 6MWT gait quality. Participants exploring a larger range in stride time variability (ρ = 0.614, p < 0.01) and stance time variability (ρ = 0.498, p < 0.05) during the 6MWT required more time to complete the FSST. Participants needing at least 15 s to complete the FSST meaningfully differed from those completing the FSST more quickly on all gait measures studied. Instrumenting the 6MWT helps detect ranges of gait performance and provides insight into functional limitations missed with uninstrumented administration. Established FSST cut points identify aging adults with poorer gait quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting belongs to the wide family of additive manufacturing techniques and employs cell-laden biomaterials. In particular, these materials, named "bioink", are based on cytocompatible hydrogel compositions. To be printable, a bioink must have certain characteristics before, during, and after the printing process. These characteristics include achievable structural resolution, shape fidelity, and cell survival. In previous centuries, scientists have created mathematical models to understand how physical systems function. Only recently, with the quick progress of computational capabilities, high-fidelity and high-efficiency "computational simulation" tools have been developed based on such models and used as a proxy for real-world learning. Computational science, or "in silico" experimentation, is the term for this novel strategy that supplements pure theory and experiment. Moreover, a certain level of complexity characterizes the architecture of contemporary powerful computational resources, known as high-performance computing (HPC) resources, also due to the great heterogeneity of its structure. Lately, scientists and engineers have begun to develop and use computational models more extensively to also better understand the bioprinting process, rather than solely relying on experimental research, due to the large number of possible combinations of geometrical parameters and material properties, as well as the abundance of available bioprinting methods. This requires a new effort in designing and implementing computational tools capable of efficiently and effectively exploiting the potential of new HPC computing systems available in the Exascale Era. The final goal of this work is to offer an overview of the models, methods, and techniques that can be used for "in silico" experimentation of the physicochemical processes underlying the process of 3D bioprinting of cell-laden materials thanks to the use of up-to-date HPC resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to evaluate whether a basketball-specific warm-up (Basket-Up) provides immediate benefits in terms of the essential physical performance requirements of basketball and to compare these effects to those obtained from FIFA 11+. In total, 95 highly trained basketball athletes (49 women, 46 men), aged between 13 and 17, were randomly divided to either perform the FIFA 11+ program (n = 48) or the Basket-Up program (n = 47). Immediate evaluation encompassed the assessment of vertical jump (countermovement jump), agility (Lane Agility Test), and 20 m sprint. A two-way mixed analysis of variance was conducted with time (preintervention and postintervention), sex (men and women), and training group (FIFA 11+ and Basket-Up) as the within- and between-participant factors, respectively. Agility (p < 0.001, F = 66.759) and jumping (p < 0.001, F = 78.062) outcomes exhibited significant differences between pre- and postintervention values in both groups. Basket-Up agility values were significantly higher than those from FIFA 11+ (p = 0.001, F = 12.998). The implementation of a specific basketball warm-up program (Basket-Up) appears to be both safe and effective in enhancing immediate athletic performance among highly trained young basketball athletes. Moreover, the effects of this program are comparable to those obtained by a nonspecific basketball warm-up (FIFA 11+) in terms of sprint and jumping performance but demonstrate superiority in agility outcomes, favoring the Basket-Up program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorich®EnergyBoost, a water extract obtained from Chlorella sorokiniana, has been proposed to enhance physical performance and provide anti-fatigue effects. This study assessed the impact of Chlorich®EnergyBoost supplementation on physical performance and its anti-fatigue properties. Twenty-four mice were allocated into four groups: (1) the control group receiving only water,;(2) the 1X group (49.2 mg/kg/day); (3) the 2X group (98.4 g/kg/day); and (4) the 5X group (246 g/kg/day). All groups were orally administered the supplements for four consecutive weeks. The evaluation included grip strength, swimming endurance, an exhaustion test, and serum biochemistry analysis. Additionally, the study examined the bioactive peptides through matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and conducted bacterial reverse mutation and acute oral toxicity tests for safety assessment. The findings indicated that Chlorich®EnergyBoost supplementation led to a significant reduction in serum lactate levels by 14.08% to 22.54% and blood urea nitrogen levels by 12.23% to 16.76%, an increase in the lactate clearance rate by 0.28 to 0.35, an enhancement of muscle glycogen storage by 1.10 to 1.44-fold, and hepatic glycogen storage by 1.41 to 1.47-fold. These results demonstrated dose-dependent effects. MALDI-TOF analysis revealed the expression of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase. Both the bacterial reverse mutation and acute oral toxicity tests showed no adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinal cord injury (SCI) patients require continuous rehabilitation post-discharge to ensure optimal recovery. This study investigates the effectiveness of home-based virtual reality fitness training (VRFT) as a convenient and accessible rehabilitation method for SCI patients. This randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial will enroll 120 participants, assigning them to either an 8-week VRFT program (exercise group) or a control group engaging in regular daily activities. The outcomes measured include muscle function, cardiopulmonary fitness, body composition, and physical performance. Our study will determine the safety and feasibility of VRFT in a home setting for SCI patients and evaluate whether these patients can effectively participate in such a program post-discharge. The results of this study are expected to inform future exercise protocols for SCI rehabilitation, offering valuable insights into the utility of VRFT as a therapeutic tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) display many cognitive and physiological alterations resulting from renal failure and physical inactivity. Caffeine intake has been reported to improve cognitive/physical performance in several studies. However, whether the benefits of caffeine intake apply to patients with ESRD remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of caffeine intake on postural balance, cognitive function and functional capacity in patients with ESRD. In a randomized order, 12 patients with ESRD (age: 33.85 ± 8.57 years; Female: 45.5%) performed a battery of tests after either caffeine (CF) (400 mg) or placebo (PLA) ingestion. Postural balance was evaluated using a stabilometric platform. Functional capacity was assessed with the sit-to-stand and up-and-go tests, and for cognitive performances, reaction time test and a vigilance test were used. Results showed a significant improvement in up-and-go test (p = 0.01) and sit-to-stand test performances with CF compared to PLA (p < 0.01). Time of reaction test and vigilance test (p < 0.01) performances were significantly higher with CF. No significant difference was observed in postural balance between CF and PLA. The results of this study suggest that acute caffeine ingestion positively enhances cognitive function and functional capacity in patients with ESRD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) is becoming an increasingly important technological material. Transport in this material is conceptualized as the heavy disorder of the material causing a conduction or mobility band-edge that randomly varies and undulates in space across the entire system. Thus, transport is envisioned as being dominated by percolation physics as carriers traverse this varying band-edge landscape of "hills" and "valleys". It is then something of a missed opportunity to model such a system using only a compact approach—despite this being the primary focus of the existing literature—as such a system can easily be faithfully reproduced as a true microscopic TCAD model with a real physically varying potential. Thus, in this work, we develop such a "microscopic" TCAD model of a-IGZO and detail a number of key aspects of its implementation. We then demonstrate that it can accurately reproduce experimental results and consider the issue of the addition of non-conducting band-tail states in a numerically efficient manner. Finally, two short studies of 3D effects are undertaken to illustrate the utility of the model: specifically, the cases of variation effects as a function of device size and as a function of surface roughness scattering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate how physical fitness performance, which is related to the strength and power of the lower extremities and core, as well as lateral agility, changes across 20 weeks of in-season training in youth female and male padel players. This study was conducted using a prospective cohort design on 16 Swedish high school padel players aged between 15 and 18 years old. The players were assessed at baseline with five tests of their physical fitness and followed prospectively, with the registration of their training load for 20 weeks, and then assessed at a follow-up, approximately five months later. The players increased their performance in all tests (p ≤ 0.02). The mean improvement in their Isometric squat test performance was 20% for peak force, 18% for relative strength value and 69% for average rate of force development. Their improvement in the squat jump test performance was 9%, whereas the improvement in their countermovement jump test was 6%. For the 30 second sit-up test, an improvement of 14% was observed. Improvements were also noted for the 30 second side hop test performance on both the right (9%) and left leg (11%). The effect size ranged from 0.31 to 1, respectively, for the tests, representing a small to large effect. The data from this study suggest that an improvement in physical fitness performance can be obtained during 20 weeks of padel training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental fatigue has been studied extensively in relation to its impact on aerobic-, strength-, and motor-based tasks, but anaerobic power-based tasks have received limited attention. Interdisciplinary research investigating the underlying mechanisms by which mental fatigue influences physical performance has been called for. In two studies, the effects of mental fatigue on maximal power jump and endurance jump performance as well as kinetics and kinematics during jump performance were examined. Samples of collegiate volleyball players (Study 1; N = 14) and recreationally active students (Study 2; N = 27) completed two 30 min experimental manipulations (high vs. low cognitive control exertion) before performing three maximal power squat jumps followed by 15 repeated countermovement jumps, with measurements of kinetics and kinematics. For Study 1, the maximal power performance was significantly lower under a mentally fatigued condition, but no differences were observed for repeated jump performance, which may have been attributable to alterations in jump mechanics. For Study 2, no between-condition differences were observed for the maximal power performance, although repeated jump performance was significantly lower under a mentally fatigued condition. Collectively, these findings suggest that the impacts of mental fatigue on power-based performance tasks may depend on the task demands as well as the training status of the individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athletes' anthropometry, and especially their body composition, plays an important role in sport performance in general and in Trainera rowing in particular. Rowers' anthropometric and performance profiles may vary according to their position in the boat. The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between anthropometry, physical performance, physiological variables, and elite male rowers' boat positions. Twenty elite male traditional rowers were assessed and categorized according to their boat position: either in the middle of the boat (M) (n = 9) or in the bow and stern positions (BS) (n = 11). Anthropometric measurements and body composition were obtained for each rower, and physical performance was measured by a 45-s supramaximal rowing test and a VO2max incremental test on a Concept II rowing ergometer. The results showed that the rowers in the middle were taller (186.6 ± 4.9 cm), and significant differences were also found between the two groups according to body mass (BS 72.3 ± 3.8 vs. M 85.4 ± 4.3) and peak power (BS 641.5 ± 84 vs. M 737 ± 47.1), mean power (BS 538.5 ± 48.4 vs. M 604.1 ± 42.3), and physiological parameters (p < 0.05), VO2max (BS 66.5 ± 4.9 vs. M 59.3 ± 6.7). It can be concluded that height could be associated with elite rowers' performance and that a lower body mass index is related to better performance in bow and stern positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An elevation in reactive oxygen species (ROS) is widely accepted to be a key mechanism that drives chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its major co-morbidity, skeletal muscle wasting. However, it will be perhaps a surprise to many that an elevation in ROS in skeletal muscle is also a critical process for normal skeletal muscle function and in the adaptations to physical exercise. The key message here is that ROS are not solely detrimental. This duality of ROS suggests that the mere use of a broad-acting antioxidant is destined to fail in alleviating skeletal muscle wasting in COPD because it will also be influencing critical physiological ROS-dependent processes. Here, we take a close look at this duality of ROS in skeletal muscle physiology and pathophysiology pertaining to COPD and will aim to gain critical insights from other skeletal muscle wasting conditions due to aging such as sarcopenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The majority of patients who undergo hip fracture surgery do not recover their former level of physical function; hence, it is essential to establish a specific rehabilitation strategy for maximal functional recovery of patients after a hip fracture. Knowing which indicators of physical function in hip fracture patients have a significant impact on the decision regarding the place or timing of discharge would make it possible to plan and prepare for discharge as soon as possible. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical function and discharge destination for older adult patients with hip fracture. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, 150 hip fracture patients (mean age 78.9 ± 10.6 years) between January 2019 and June 2021 were enrolled. Patients were categorized into two groups according to their discharge destination, either home or facility. Demographic and disease-related characteristic data were collected from the medical records. All the patients completed performance-based physical function tests including the 10 Meter Walk Test (10MWT), Timed Up and Go test (TUG), Koval's grade, and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) at the start of rehabilitation and at discharge. A backward stepwise binary logistic regression analysis was then performed to determine the independent factors of the discharge destination. Results: The home discharge group had a significantly lower Koval's grade, lower TUG, higher BBS both at baseline and discharge, and younger age. Backward stepwise logistic binary regression analysis showed that TUG, BBS, and 10MWT at baseline and discharge were significant variables affecting the discharge destination after hip fracture. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that balance and gait in older adult patients with hip fractures are highly influential factors in the determining the discharge destination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed differences in body composition, jump performance, running speed, and ball-kicking speed according to playing position in amateur female soccer players. This cross-sectional study involved 160 females distributed into groups of goalkeepers (n = 20), defenders (n = 38), midfielders (n = 52), and forwards (n = 50), with a mean age of 27.1 ± 3.23 years. They were assessed for body fat percentage (BFP), fat-free mass (FFM), squat jump, countermovement jump, drop jump (DJ), and running sprint speed for 10 m, 20 m, and 30 m, and ball-kicking speed (BKS) with both feet. Significant differences were found between groups in FFM (F(3,96) = 17.4; p = 0.000) and BFP (F(3,96) = 7.00; p = 0.000), with a higher FFM in midfielders with respect to goalkeepers (p = 0.00; ES = 1.77; ∆ = 27%), defenders (p = 0.00; ES = 2.14; ∆ = 26.5%), and forwards (p = 0.00; ES = 1.13; ∆ = 15.8%), and a lower BFP in midfielders with respect to goalkeepers (p = 0.00; ES = 1.41; ∆ = 26.7%) and forwards (p = 0.00; ES = 1.05; ∆ = 27%). In addition, significant differences were found between groups in DJ (F(3,96) = 20.8; p = 0.000), with midfielders achieving greater height compared to goalkeepers (p = 0.00; ES = 1.94; ∆ = 25.1%), defenders (p = 0.00; ES = 1.59; ∆ = 19%), and forwards (p = 0.00; ES = 1.73; ∆ = 16.3%). Significant differences were found between groups in BKS for dominant (F(3,96) = 5.84; p = 0.001) and non-dominant (F(3,96) = 3.29; p = 0.02) feet, and these were lower in goalkeepers than defenders (p = 0.00; ES = 0.99; ∆ = 8.83%) and midfielders (p = 0.00; ES = 1.21; ∆ = 11.8%). In conclusion, midfielders presented significantly better body composition and physical performance than other playing positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The present study examined the agreement and associations of the 5-time sit-to-stand (5STS) test, the countermovement jump test, and lower-limb muscle power equations with a set of physical performance tests in older adults. Methods: Five hundred and thirty-four community-dwelling older adults were recruited for the study. Lower-limb muscle power measures included 5STS, the countermovement jump test, and muscle power equations. Isometric handgrip strength, timed "up-and-go!", the 6 min walking test, one-leg stand, and walking speed at usual and fast paces were used to assess physical performance. Pearson's correlations and Bland–Altman analyses were conducted to examine associations among muscle power measures. Linear and multiple regressions were run to explore associations of 5STS, the countermovement jump test, and muscle power equations with physical performance tests. Results: Weak correlations were observed among lower-limb muscle power measures. Bland–Altman results indicated important differences among the countermovement jump test, 5STS, and muscle power equations. Results of multiple linear regressions indicated that 5STS, the countermovement jump test, and muscle power equations were significantly associated with measures of muscle strength and mobility. However, only 5STS was significantly associated with balance. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the performance on the countermovement jump test and 5STS is weakly correlated with lower-limb muscle power equations. The only exception was the correlation found between the countermovement jump test and relative muscle power, highlighting the importance of accounting for body mass in muscle power evaluations. Muscle power measures were similarly associated with performance on handgrip strength, timed "up-and-go!", and the 6 min walking test. The exclusive association of 5STS with balance suggests that a reassessment of 5STS muscle power equations may be warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Lung cancer is the foremost cause of cancer incidence and mortality on a global scale, and effective treatment often involves surgical removal of lung tissue. This study aimed to create a comprehensive version of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) tailored for patients with lung cancer after thoracic surgery undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation. By assessing patients' functional profiles and levels of disability using this comprehensive ICF Core Set and the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0), the research sought to better understand the impact of lung cancer and its treatment on daily life. The findings suggest that the tailored ICF tool effectively captures the functional status of these patients, highlighting its potential utility in improving clinical practice and patient rehabilitation. This research may significantly impact the medical community by providing a comprehensive framework for evaluating and managing the functional health of lung cancer patients post-surgery. Worldwide, lung cancer remains the predominant cause of cancer cases and deaths and poses significant health challenges, with surgical resection being a key treatment. Post-surgery, patients often experience functional impairments. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive ICF version for assessing the functional profile and disability in lung cancer patients post-thoracic surgery undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation using the ICF and WHODAS 2.0 tool. We analyzed the correlation between the ICF Core Set and WHODAS 2.0 data to understand the impact on daily functioning. This study included 50 patients (23 F, 27 M) from the Clinic of Thoracic Surgery and Respiratory Rehabilitation in Lodz. Essential ICF codes were determined using the Delphi method, and assessments were conducted on the third day post-operation. Statistical analyses included various tests with α = 0.05. The results showed no impairments in voice functions (b310), respiration rates (b4400), and diaphragm functions (b4451), but there were significant issues with chest pain (b28011), respiratory muscle functions (b445), exercise tolerance (b455), and muscle endurance (b740). In Activities and Participation and Environmental Factors, most codes were not problematic, except for employment (d845, d850) and atmospheric pressure (e2252). Significant correlations were found between mobility limitations (d410, d460) and self-care (d510, d540) with the WHODAS 2.0 results. The comprehensive ICF Core Set effectively described the functional profile of post-surgery patients, confirming its utility and highlighting the impact of disability on daily functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No previous study has evaluated the effectiveness of routine physical therapy with and without neural mobilization for patients with chronic musculoskeletal neck disorders and cervical radiculopathy. The objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of routine physical therapy with and without neural mobilization on pain and mobility in patients with chronic musculoskeletal neck disorders and cervical radiculopathy. A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials involving the use of neural mobilization techniques for the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal neck disorders and cervical radiculopathy was conducted. Methodological quality was assessed by the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and PEDro scale. Data were pooled and a meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model with Review Manager 5 software. Seven articles were included in our review. Significant differences were found in mobility but not in pain in favor of using routine physical therapy with neural mobilization for the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal neck disorders and cervical radiculopathy. Our results show that routine physical therapy accompanied by neural mobilization is superior for improving mobility in comparison with routine physical therapy alone in patients with musculoskeletal neck disorders and cervical radiculopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent increase in the number of frail older adults has led to increased attention being paid to care services in communities such as senior day care centers. Maintaining health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in frail older adults is important for managing long-term care. The purpose of this study was to comprehensively explore the impact of physical, mental, and cognitive factors, particularly central sensitization-related symptoms (CSSs), on the HRQOL among frail older adults in senior day care centers. HRQOL, physical, mental, and cognitive factors, and severity of CSSs were comprehensively measured using validated methods. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were used to examine factors affecting HRQOL among frail older adults in senior day care centers. The results showed that the timed up and go test significantly affected the HRQOL among frail older adults at senior day care centers. Additionally, knee extension muscle strength, number of pain sites, depressive tendencies, and CSS severity showed a significant negative correlation with HRQOL but were not significant influencing factors. This suggests that functional mobility assessments and approaches are important for maintaining and improving the HRQOL in frail older adults at senior day care centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding metabolic cost through biomechanical data, including ground reaction forces (GRFs) and joint moments, is vital for health, sports, and rehabilitation. The long stabilization time (2–5 min) of indirect calorimetry poses challenges in prolonged tests. This study investigated using artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict metabolic costs from the GRF and joint moment time series. Data from 20 participants collected over 270 walking trials, including the GRF and joint moments, formed a detailed dataset. Two ANN models were crafted, netGRF for the GRF and netMoment for joint moments, and both underwent training, validation, and testing to validate their predictive accuracy for metabolic cost. NetGRF (six hidden layers, two input delays) showed significant correlations: 0.963 (training), 0.927 (validation), 0.883 (testing), p < 0.001. NetMoment (three hidden layers, one input delay) had correlations of 0.920 (training), 0.956 (validation), 0.874 (testing), p < 0.001. The models' low mean squared errors reflect their precision. Using Partial Dependence Plots, we demonstrated how gait cycle phases affect metabolic cost predictions, pinpointing key phases. Our findings show that the GRF and joint moments data can accurately predict metabolic costs via ANN models, with netGRF being notably consistent. This emphasizes ANNs' role in biomechanics as a crucial method for estimating metabolic costs, impacting sports science, rehabilitation, assistive technology development, and fostering personalized advancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between diet and health is well-researched, and there is also information regarding the effects of diet on mental health. This study aimed to investigate whether motivation to optimize lifestyles without regulations or restrictions could improve the health of rotating shift workers. In this pilot study, 18 male shift workers were randomly divided into two groups. All participants completed the Short Form Health Survey-36 questionnaire (SF-36) before the start and at the end of the study. Group I (n = 9, mean age 42 ± 6.6 y) received dietary and lifestyle information every other month for one year, and the other, Group II (n = 9 mean age 36 ± 7.3 y), one year later. All participants were motivated to follow the trained dietary recommendations and to engage in physical activity. Almost all scores had improved. Surprisingly, physical performance scores worsened, which was not expected. The impairment in mental health due to the change in ownership of the company could have been better explained. Nutritional advice over a longer period and the motivation to integrate more exercise into everyday life can potentially improve the health of rotating shift workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study examines the relationship between physical and mental function and frailty, independently and in conjunction with polypharmacy, among older adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study consisted of 368 participants aged ≥60 years. The participants were categorized into either robust or frail groups using Fried's frailty phenotype. Physical functions were assessed using grip strength, gait speed, Timed Up and Go (TUG), the Five Chair Sit to Stand Test (FCSST) and the Six-Minute Walk Test (SMWT). Mental functions were assessed using cognitive function and depression. Cognitive function was measured using Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Depression was assessed with the Korean version of the Short Geriatric Depression Scale (SGDS). Results: The mean age of study population was 75.4 years. In this population, we identified 78.8% (n = 290) robust participants and 21.2% (n = 78) frail participants. The study examined frailty status (frail vs. non-frail) and frailty with and without polypharmacy using multivariate logistic regressions, adjusting for age and sex. In the logistic regression model estimating the risk of frailty, after adjustments for age, sex, BMI, and number of medications, individuals with low SMWT showed a significantly increased risk of frailty, with an odds ratio (OR) of 8.66 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 4.55–16.48. Additionally, global cognitive function was associated with a 1.97-fold increase in frailty risk (95% CI: 1.02–3.67). Moreover, in models adjusted for age, sex, and BMI to assess frailty risk linked to polypharmacy, the TUG, SMWT, and SGDS all showed increased risks, with ORs of 3.65 (95% CI: 1.07–12.47), 5.06 (95% CI: 1.40–18.32), and 5.71 (95% CI: 1.79–18.18), respectively. Conclusions: Physical function (SMWT, FCSST, TUG) and mental function (depression, cognition) were associated with frailty. By comprehensively examining these factors, we will gain valuable insights into frailty and enable more precise strategies for intervention and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep disruption is a frequent problem of advancing age, often accompanied by low-grade chronic central and peripheral inflammation. We examined whether chronic neuroinflammation in the preoptic and basal forebrain area (POA-BF), a critical sleep–wake regulatory structure, contributes to this disruption. We developed a targeted viral vector designed to overexpress tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), specifically in astrocytes (AAV5-GFAP-TNFα-mCherry), and injected it into the POA of young mice to induce heightened neuroinflammation within the POA-BF. Compared to the control (treated with AAV5-GFAP-mCherry), mice with astrocytic TNFα overproduction within the POA-BF exhibited signs of increased microglia activation, indicating a heightened local inflammatory milieu. These mice also exhibited aging-like changes in sleep–wake organization and physical performance, including (a) impaired sleep–wake functions characterized by disruptions in sleep and waking during light and dark phases, respectively, and a reduced ability to compensate for sleep loss; (b) dysfunctional VLPO sleep-active neurons, indicated by fewer neurons expressing c-fos after suvorexant-induced sleep; and (c) compromised physical performance as demonstrated by a decline in grip strength. These findings suggest that inflammation-induced dysfunction of sleep- and wake-regulatory mechanisms within the POA-BF may be a critical component of sleep–wake disturbances in aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pavement photovoltaic (PV) is an innovative energy-harvesting technology that seamlessly integrates into road surfaces, merging established PV power generation methods with conventional roadway infrastructure. This fusion optimally utilizes the extensive spatial assets inherent in road networks. This paper offers an exhaustive examination of the literature concerning the physical models and performance evaluation of photovoltaic pavements. This study delineates the essential three-tier structure of pavement modules and juxtaposes the advantages and drawbacks of design models across these strata, thereby facilitating the development of more suitable solutions for varying application scenarios. The importance of accommodating fluctuations in shadows and countering the heat island effect (HIE) is emphasized. Nevertheless, the technology remains in its nascent research phase, characterized by challenges associated with limited long-term durability and efficacy. Building upon these findings, this study addresses the challenges confronting pavement PV from three perspectives and outlines future prospects and recommendations for its progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Osteopenia, caused by estrogen deficiency in postmenopausal women (PMW), lowers Bone Mineral Density (BMD) and increases bone fragility. It affects about half of older women's social and physical health. PMW experience pain and disability, impacting their health-related Quality of Life (QoL) and function. This study aimed to determine the effects of Kinect-based Virtual Reality Training (VRT) on physical performance and QoL in PMW with osteopenia. Methodology: The study was a prospective, two-arm, parallel-design, randomized controlled trial. Fifty-two participants were recruited in the trial, with 26 randomly assigned to each group. The experimental group received Kinect-based VRT thrice a week for 24 weeks, each lasting 45 min. Both groups were directed to participate in a 30-min walk outside every day. Physical performance was measured by the Time Up and Go Test (TUG), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSST), Modified Sit and Reach Test (MSRT), Dynamic Hand Grip Strength (DHGS), Non-Dynamic Hand Grip Strength (NDHGS), BORG Score and Dyspnea Index. Escala de Calidad de vida Osteoporosis (ECOS-16) questionnaire measured QoL. Both physical performance and QoL measures were assessed at baseline, after 12 weeks, and after 24 weeks. Data were analyzed on SPSS 25. Results: The mean age of the PMW participants was 58.00 ± 5.52 years. In within-group comparison, all outcome variables (TUG, FRT, FTSST, MSRT, DHGS, NDHGS, BORG Score, Dyspnea, and ECOS-16) showed significant improvements (p < 0.001) from baseline at both the 12th and 24th weeks and between baseline and the 24th week in the experimental group. In the control group, all outcome variables except FRT (12th week to 24th week) showed statistically significant improvements (p < 0.001) from baseline at both the 12th and 24th weeks and between baseline and the 24th week. In between-group comparison, the experimental group demonstrated more significant improvements in most outcome variables at all points than the control group (p < 0.001), indicating the positive additional effects of Kinect-based VRT. Conclusion: The study concludes that physical performance and QoL measures were improved in both the experimental and control groups. However, in the group comparison, these variables showed better results in the experimental group. Thus, Kinect-based VRT is an alternative and feasible intervention to improve physical performance and QoL in PMW with osteopenia. This novel approach may be widely applicable in upcoming studies, considering the increasing interest in virtual reality-based therapy for rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing evidence on the prevalence and impact of loneliness, particularly among older people. However, much less is known about the personal origins of loneliness and how it persists, or not, over an individual's life course. This study aimed to increase understanding of the personal experiences of loneliness among older adults across the life course. Central to this study was giving voice to the participants and allowing them to define loneliness, what it meant to them, and how it affected them throughout their lives. This qualitative study employed 18 life story interviews with older adults attending a mental health service. We explored their personal experiences of loneliness and the situations and factors associated with loneliness across the life course. We identified three distinct typologies of loneliness: those who experienced (1) chronic loneliness since childhood, (2) chronic loneliness after a life-changing event in midlife, and (3) loneliness which remained situational/transitional, never becoming chronic. This study found the seeds of chronic life course loneliness are often determined in childhood. Early detection and intervention may prevent situational loneliness from becoming chronic. More research is needed from a life course approach to help understand and address the causes and consequences of loneliness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic stiffness is a parameter of great importance for the assessment of the sound insulation properties of resilient materials commonly used under floating floors in dwellings. This work proposes a simplified approach that relies on an electro-mechanical circuit model for the determination of this parameter using a two-degree-of-freedom system of masses and springs. Unlike the method described in the standard ISO 9052-1, the proposed approach uses a single electrodynamic actuator both as an impulser and vibration sensor, thus reducing the instrumental requirements and yielding a more stable arrangement. By measuring the input electrical impedance of the mass-loaded actuator when coupled to a slab–material system it was possible to retrieve the mechanical mobility function thereof and thus obtain the dynamic stiffness of the material. Several materials were tested following the proposed approach, with results showing good agreement when compared to those obtained following the standardized procedure. In general, the preliminary research encourages the use of the proposed approach for characterization purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The branch prediction units (BPUs) generally have security vulnerabilities, which can be used by attackers to tamper with the branches, and the existing protection methods cannot defend against these attacks. Therefore, this article proposes a hardware security protection method for conditional branches of embedded systems. This method calculates the number of branch target buffer (BTB) updates every 80 clock cycles. If the number exceeds the set threshold, the BTB will be locked and prevent any process from tampering with the BTB entries, thereby resisting branch prediction analysis (BPA) attacks. Moreover, to prevent attackers from stealing the critical information of branches, the method designs the hybrid arbiter physical unclonable function (APUF) circuit to encrypt and decrypt the directions, addresses, and indexes of branches. This circuit combines the advantages of double APUF and Feed-Forward APUF, which can enhance the randomness of output response and resist machine learning attacks. If attackers still successfully tamper with the branches and disrupt the control flow integrity (CFI), this method detects tampering with the instruction codes, jump addresses, and jump directions in a timely manner through dynamic and static label comparison. The proposed method is implemented and tested on FPGA. The experimental results show that this method can achieve fine-grained security protection for conditional branches, with about 5.4% resource overhead and less than 5.5% performance overhead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The serum creatinine/cystatin C ratio (CCR) and the sarcopenia index (SI) are novel indicators for sarcopenia, but their accuracy may depend on various confounders. To assess CCR and SI diagnostic accuracy, we studied the clinical and biophysical parameters associated with sarcopenia or sarcopenic obesity. A total of 79 elderly patients (65–99 yrs, 33 females) underwent clinical, anthropometric, body composition, geriatric performance, and blood chemistry evaluation. The CCR and SI accuracy were assessed to identify sarcopenia. Sarcopenia was confirmed in 40.5%, and sarcopenic obesity in 8.9% of the subjects. Sarcopenic patients showed an increased Charlson comorbidity index, cardiovascular disease (CVD) rates and frailty, and decreased physical performance than non-sarcopenic subjects. Patients with sarcopenic obesity had increased body fat and inflammatory markers compared to obese subjects without sarcopenia. Sarcopenia was associated with a decreased CCR and SI. However, when the logistic regression models were adjusted for possible confounders (i.e., age, gender, Charlson comorbidity index, presence of CVD, and frailty score), a significant OR was confirmed for the CCR (OR 0.021, 95% CI 0.00055–0.83) but not for the SI. The AUC for the CCR for sarcopenia discrimination was 0.72. A higher performance was observed in patients without chronic kidney diseases (CKD, AUC 0.83). CCR, more than the SI, is a useful, non-invasive, and cost-effective tool to predict sarcopenia, irrespective of the potential confounders, particularly in subjects without CKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) has a significant impact on patients' quality of life. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of integrating transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) into an education and exercise program with the aim of decreasing pain and improving physical function in KOA. A randomized controlled trial with 65 KOA patients was conducted. The subjects were assigned to one of the following three groups: education and active exercise plus (1) double active tDCS and TENS, (2) active tDCS and sham TENS, and (3) double sham tDCS and TENS. Sessions were conducted over a 20 min period, whilst data on pain, chronic pain clinical variables, and physical function were collected. Although all groups showed improvement in pain-related symptoms in the short and medium term, the addition of tDCS and/or TENS did not significantly enhance the benefits of the exercise and education program. These findings suggest that an education and active exercise program in the treatment of KOA has a positive effect on pain, with or without the addition of tDCS and/or TENS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaerobic exercise decreases systemic pH and increases metabolic acidosis in athletes, altering the acid-base homeostasis. In addition, nutritional recommendations advising athletes to intake higher amounts of proteins and simple carbohydrates (including from sport functional supplements) could be detrimental to restoring acid-base balance. Here, this specific nutrition could be classified as an acidic diet and defined as 'Westernized athletic nutrition'. The maintenance of a chronic physiological state of low-grade metabolic acidosis produces detrimental effects on systemic health, physical performance, and inflammation. Therefore, nutrition must be capable of compensating for systemic acidosis from anaerobic exercise. The healthy gut microbiota can contribute to improving health and physical performance in athletes and, specifically, decrease the systemic acidic load through the conversion of lactate from systemic circulation to short-chain fatty acids in the proximal colon. On the contrary, microbial dysbiosis results in negative consequences for host health and physical performance because it results in a greater accumulation of systemic lactate, hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide, bacterial endotoxins, bioamines, and immunogenic compounds that are transported through the epithelia into the blood circulation. In conclusion, the systemic metabolic acidosis resulting from anaerobic exercise can be aggravated through an acidic diet, promoting chronic, low-grade metabolic acidosis in athletes. The individuality of athletic training and nutrition must take into consideration the acid-base homeostasis to modulate microbiota and adaptive physiological responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cement-free concrete has a superior physical performance, such as in its strength and durability, compared to OPC concrete; however, it has the disadvantage of large shrinkage. Large shrinkage can cause cracks due to shrinkage stress in the long term. In this study, a shrinkage reducing agent (SRA) was used to reduce the shrinkage of cement-free mortar; its content was increased from 0.0 to 1.5%. For an SRA content of 1.0%, a calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) expansive additive (EA) (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5%) was added. To calculate the shrinkage stress of cement-free mortar using the SRA and EA, the compressive strength, elastic modulus, and total and autogenous shrinkage were measured. The unit shrinkage stress of cement-free mortar was obtained by multiplying the elastic modulus by the length change and accumulated to obtain the shrinkage stress acting on the mortar according to the age. The shrinkage stress of cement-free mortar showed different tendencies as the age increased. At early ages, the shrinkage rate of the mortar occupied a large proportion of the shrinkage stress. In the long term, the shrinkage stress was significantly affected by the elastic modulus. As a result, SRA was found to be effective in reducing the shrinkage stress by decreasing both the elastic modulus and shrinkage. However, EA increased the shrinkage stress over the long term due to an increase in the elastic modulus even though it compensated for early-ages shrinkage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reaction time (RT) is a widely used measure for testing physical performance in motor tasks. This study focused on assessing the processing speed in athletes. Twenty-five healthy volunteers were assigned to the control (n = 16) or athletes groups (n = 9). They were evaluated during motor reaction tasks based on visual stimuli and three difficulty conditions. Physiological measures were obtained from motion capture and electromyography recordings of several muscles. Two RT phases, decision-making (DMK) and electromechanical delay (EMD), were used to analyze the processing speed. The results show significant RT differences between groups. The athletes were ~30% faster compared to the control group. Despite the fact that all participants were right-handed, RT did not show any differences between hands performances in any group. However, DMK time revealed significant differences between the hands. Controls showed a longer DMK time for the right-hand election, ~20% more than the left, while athletes showed no such disparity. These findings reveal that quantifying the decision-making component of reaction time is crucial to assessing processing speed in sport. This approach could facilitate the monitoring of adaptations in both motor–cognitive and neuromuscular processes. The theoretical implications presented in this study offer perspectives on handedness research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a growing aging population, the routine assessment of physical function may become a critical component of clinical practice. The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to compare two common assessments of muscular function: (1) isometric knee extension strength (KES) and (2) sit-to-stand (STS) muscle power tests, in predicting objective physical function (i.e., gait speed) in aging adults. 84 adults (56% female, mean (SD) age = 66.6 (9.4) years) had their relative KES, STS power, usual gait speed (UGS), and fast gait speed (FGS) assessed. Multiple linear regression examined the associations between KES, STS power, and gait outcomes. When entered in separate models, KES and STS power were both independently associated with UGS and FGS (Std. β = 0.35–0.44 and 0.42–0.55 for KES and STS power, respectively). When entered in the same model, STS power was associated with UGS and FGS (Std. β = 0.37 [95%CI: 0.15, 0.58] and 0.51 [95%CI: 0.31, 0.70], respectively), while KES was only associated with FGS (Std. β = 0.25 [95%CI: 0.02, 0.48]). STS power seems to be a valid indicator of function in aging adults. Its feasibility as a screening tool for "low" function in the primary care setting should be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early childhood is a critical period for physical and motor development with implications for long-term health. This systematic review examined the relationship between anthropometric characteristics and measures of physical fitness and motor skills in preschool-aged children (typically 2–6 years). The search strategy was applied in four databases (PubMed, ProQuest Central, Scopus, and Web of Science) to find articles published before 11 April 2024. The results consistently demonstrated significant associations between anthropometric variables (height, weight, body mass index [BMI], body composition) and physical performance measures. Notably, height and mass were often better predictors of fitness status than BMI alone. Indicators of undernutrition (stunting, wasting) were negatively associated with motor development, emphasizing the importance of adequate nutrition. While some studies reported impaired fitness and motor skills among overweight/obese preschoolers compared to normal-weight peers, others found no differences based on weight status. Relationships between physical activity levels, anthropometrics, and motor outcomes were complex and inconsistent across studies. This review highlights key findings regarding the influence of anthropometric factors on physical capabilities in early childhood. Early identification of children with impaired growth or excessive adiposity may inform tailored interventions to promote optimal motor development and prevent issues like obesity. Creating supportive environments for healthy growth and age-appropriate physical activity opportunities is crucial during this critical developmental window. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, research in youth soccer consists of methodological choices that can raise activity volumes and exercise intensity to promote proper training for youth soccer demands. Therefore, the present cluster randomised trial aims to evaluate the effects of the dynamic–ecological approach on the physical performance parameters compared with a traditional one in a group of sub-elite U13 players. Thirty-five male children (age 12.16 ± 0.55 years; weight 45.59 ± 7.15 kg; height 145.5 ± 4.2 cm; BMI 15.8 ± 2.1 kg·m−2) were recruited for this trial from two teams belonging to sub-elite soccer schools and randomly assigned to a dynamic–ecological approach (DEA) or a traditional training (TTG) group. The training program lasted six weeks and consisted of 18 training sessions of 90 min each (3 sessions per week). The sample was evaluated by the standing long jump (SLJ), hop test (HT), 10 m sprint (10 m), 10 × 5 m shuttle run test (SRT), and leg raise test (LR). The DEA group showed significantly higher results in the SLJ (p < 0.001), HT left leg (p < 0.001), 10 m sprint (p < 0.001), and SRT (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the dynamic–ecological approach provides higher performance adaptations. Therefore, this approach can be considered a suitable method to optimise pre-pubertal player training, mainly when no fitness or strength coach is available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Core stability training is crucial for competitive athletes, individuals who want to improve their health and physical performance, and those undergoing clinical rehabilitation. This study compared the ultrasound (US) muscle thickness of the abdominals and lumbar multifidus (LM) muscles between seven popular trunk stability exercises performed using hollowing and bracing maneuvers. Forty-four healthy young adults, aged between 21 and 32 years, performed a plank, bird dog, beast crawl, dead bug, Pilates tap, bridge, and side planks using the bracing and the hollowing maneuver. The thickness of the transversus abdominis (TrA), internal oblique (IO), and LM muscles was measured simultaneously using two ultrasound machines. Analysis of variance designs indicated that during hollowing, the bird dog and side plank exercises resulted in the greatest increase in the muscle's relative thickness overall. The relative thickness of all muscles was significantly greater (p < 0.001) during hollowing (22.7 ± 7.80 to 106 ± 24.5% of rest) compared to bracing (18.7 ± 7.40 to 87.1 ± 20.9% of rest). The TrA showed the greatest increase in thickness (p < 0.001) compared to the IO and LM. Additionally, the IO had a greater increase in thickness (p < 0.001) than the LM. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the bird dog and side plank exercises, when performed with hollowing, showed the most significant total muscle thickness increase. Notably, the hollowing maneuver enhances the thickness of the TrA, IO, and LM muscles more than the bracing maneuver. This contributes to the discussion on optimal strategies for dynamic core stabilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Population aging is rapidly increasing, and the importance of preventive medicine has been stressed. Health checkups, diet, and exercise are of paramount importance. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a personalized dual-task intervention that combined exercise with cognitive tasks in improving physical and cognitive functions among independently living older individuals. Methods: Participants aged >65 years who were mostly independent in their activities of daily living were divided into two groups. The group receiving the 20 min robot-assisted session was compared with the group receiving traditional functional restoration training. This randomized trial assessed the impact of this intervention on the 30 s chair stand test score and Montreal Cognitive Assessment—Japanese version score of the participants. Results: Both scores significantly improved in the intervention group, indicating enhanced lower-limb function and cognitive capabilities. Conclusions: These findings suggest that integrating cognitive tasks with physical exercise can stand as an effective strategy to improve overall well-being in older people, offering valuable insights for designing comprehensive preventive health programs tailored to this demographic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Many studies have addressed the sex differences in patients with psoriatic arthritis, although these are aimed more at describing the phenotype than at investigating the causes underlying these differences. The aims of our study were to assess the presence of clinical features in relation to sex, and to measure the effect on disease activity of different comorbidities in each sex. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in which the following factors were measured: the clinical features of the disease, disease activity, the physical function and the disease impact. We measured serum leptin levels, to eliminate the effect of obesity on leptin levels, and a leptin/BMI ratio was calculated. The comorbid conditions evaluated included anxiety and depression, and sleep quality. Results: A total of 203 patients participated in this study. The mean age was 54.6 ± 11.3, and 46.8% of the patients were women. Women less frequently presented axial involvement (8% vs. 28%; p < 0.001) and more commonly had enthesitis (2 vs. 0.3; p < 0.001). They also had higher DAPSA (16.4 vs. 13.4; p < 0.001) and PsAID12 scores (4.1 vs. 2.9; p < 0.001), worse HAQ results (0.8 vs. 0.5; p < 0.001), and greater FACIT-F scores (32.7 vs. 38.1; p < 0.001). As for the comorbid conditions, women presented a higher leptin/BMI ratio (0.8 vs. 0.2; p < 0.001), higher levels of HADS-A (6.9 vs. 4.7; p < 0.001) and HADS-D (4.9 vs. 3.4; p < 0.001), and poorer ISI (9.3 vs. 7.0; p < 0.001). By sex, pain affecting women was associated with the leptin/BMI ratio (β: 0.29; p < 0.004; 95%CI: 0.3–1.6) and sleep quality (β: 0.31; p < 0.004; 95%CI: 0.04–0.25; R2: 0.26). The leptin/BMI ratio was not associated with pain in men (p = 0.46). Conclusions: Sex was associated with several clinical manifestations. Leptin/BMI ratio levels were associated with pain in women, but not in men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of anti-interleukin-1 therapeutics for treating knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Our research included interleukin-1 (IL-1) inhibitors, IL-1 antibodies and IL-1 receptor antagonists (IL-1 Ras). Methods: We systematically searched PubMed and Mendeley to find randomized control trials (RCTs) or clinical trials (CTs) of anti-interleukin-1 therapeutics in KOA from 2000 to 2023. The outcomes were changes in pain, function and stiffness scores. The research was conducted between November 2023 and January 2024. The risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane Risk of Bias tool RoB 2. Results: Analysis of the nine included studies showed a statistically significant difference in terms of the pain relief group (SMD = −0.20, 95% CI: −0.39 to −0.01, p = 0.0348), physical function improvement (SMD = −0.20, 95% CI: −0.39 to 0.00, p = 0.0479) and stiffness reduction (SMD = −0.22, 95% CI: −0.43 to 0.00, p = 0.0475) between anti-IL-1 therapeutics and placebo or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, when we separately analysed placebo and NSAIDs subgroups, the statistical significance was observed only in the placebo group. Our article was limited by the quality of the included RCTs. Two of the included trials were of poor methodological quality, and five showed selective reporting. Conclusions: The results of our study suggest that anti-IL-1 therapeutics might have better efficacy in KOA treatment than placebo or NSAIDs; yet, taking into account the limited availability of studies and data concerning anti-IL-1 in osteoarthritis treatment, we think that more high-quality RCTs on this subject are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sarcopenia is defined as a loss of muscle mass, strength, and physical function associated with aging. It is due to a combination of genetic, environmental, and physiological factors. It is also associated with an increased risk of health problems. Since there are many different researchers in the field, with their own algorithms and cut-off points, there is no single criterion for diagnosis. This review aims to compare the prevalence of sarcopenia according to these different diagnostic criteria in older adult populations by age group and sex. Methods: Different databases were searched: Web of Science, Pubmed, Dialnet, Scopus, and Cochrane. The keywords used were "sarcopenia", "diagnosis", "prevalence", "assessment", "aged", "aging" and "older". Studies conducted in a population aged ≥65 assessing the prevalence of sarcopenia were selected. Results: Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 33,515 subjects, 38.08% female and 61.42% male, at a mean age of 74.52. The diagnostic algorithms used were 52.63% AWGS2, 21.05% EWGSOP2, 10.53% AWGS1 and EWGS1, and 5.26% FNIH. Prevalence ranged from 1.7% to 37.47%, but was higher in males and increased with age. Conclusions: The prevalence of sarcopenia varies depending on the diagnostic algorithm used, but it increases with age and is higher in men. The EWGSOP2 and AWGS2 are the most used diagnostic criteria and measure the same variables but have different cut-off points. Of these two diagnostic algorithms, the one with the highest prevalence of sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia is the AWGS2. These differences may be due to the use of different tools and cut-off points. Therefore, a universal diagnostic criterion should be developed to allow early diagnosis of sarcopenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia and Parkinson's disease pose significant challenges to older adults globally. While pharmacological treatments remain primary, increasing evidence supports the role of non-pharmacological strategies like physical activity in managing these conditions. This systematic review critically evaluates the effectiveness of Nursing based physical activity interventions in improving cognitive function, physical functioning, mobility, and overall quality of life among older adults with neurodegenerative diseases. We conducted a comprehensive search across PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and other relevant databases, focusing on randomized controlled trials and observational studies that examined the impact of structured physical activity. Our findings from nineteen studies involving 1673 participants indicate that interventions ranging from aerobic exercises, resistance training, to mind-body exercises like Tai Chi and yoga have beneficial effects. Specifically, physical activity was consistently found to enhance cognitive performance, increase mobility, and improve balance and daily living activities, contributing to a better quality of life. However, these benefits vary depending on the type, intensity, and duration of the activity performed. Despite promising results, limitations such as small sample sizes, study heterogeneity, and short-term follow-up periods call for more robust, long-term studies to solidify these findings. This review underscores the potential of tailored physical activity programs as adjunctive therapy in the comprehensive management of neurodegenerative diseases among the elderly population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical activity (PA) has numerous health benefits for individuals with physical disabilities (IWPD). However, it is common for activity levels to fall below the suggested limits. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, pattern, and levels of PA among IWPD in Saudi Arabia. It also investigated the effects of individuals' type of disability, mobility assistive devices, and demographic features on PA levels. Data were collected from 238 participants, mostly male (62.2%), aged 39.76 ± 12.19 years. Among them, 19.3% had spinal conditions, 14.7% had progressive muscular dystrophy, 15.1% had multiple sclerosis, 17.6% had cerebral palsy, 16.4% had poliomyelitis, and 16.8% had limb or foot amputations. The participants were assessed using the Arabic version of the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities (PASIPD-AR). The results showed that 62.6% (64.9% of males and 58.9% of females) met the minimum PA guidelines specified by the WHO. The average PASIPD-AR score was 10.33 ± 10.67 MET-hours/day, indicating lower PA levels, and 8.4% of individuals did not participate in any form of PA. Significant discrepancies were detected in disability type and mobility assistive device use after age adjustment. Marital status, education, and occupation greatly affected PA components. Greater attention should be paid to promoting an active lifestyle among IWPD in Saudi Arabia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The provision of mobility exercises through a smartphone application (app) for people undertaking neurological rehabilitation may improve mobility outcomes. However, it is difficult for clinicians and consumers to select high-quality, appropriate apps. This review aimed to identify (1) which mobile health (mHealth) apps are suitable for prescribing mobility exercises for adults with neurological health conditions, (2) how well these apps incorporate telehealth strategies, and (3) how well these apps rate in terms of quality and capacity for behaviour change. The Australian Apple iTunes Store was systematically searched, by using a search code and manually, for apps suitable for training mobility in neurological rehabilitation. Additional searches were conducted in known app repositories and for web-based apps. Trained reviewers extracted data from the included apps, including population-specific characteristics; quality, by using the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS); and behaviour change potential, by using the App Behaviour Change Scale (ABACUS). The included apps (n = 18) provided <50 to >10,000 exercises, many incurred a subscription fee (n = 13), and half included telehealth features. App quality was moderate (mean MARS score of 3.2/5 and SD of 0.5), and potential for behaviour change was poor (mean ABACUS score of 5.7/21 and SD of 2.1). A limited number of high-quality apps are available for the prescription of mobility exercises in people with neurological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pressure ulcers carry a significant risk in clinical practice. This paper proposes a practical and interpretable approach to estimate the risk levels of pressure ulcers using decision tree models. In order to address the common problem of imbalanced learning in nursing classification datasets, various oversampling configurations are analyzed to improve the data quality prior to modeling. The decision trees built are based on three easily identifiable and clinically relevant pressure ulcer risk indicators: mobility, activity, and skin moisture. Additionally, this research introduces a novel tabular visualization method to enhance the usability of the decision trees in clinical practice. Thus, the primary aim of this approach is to provide nursing professionals with valuable insights for assessing the potential risk levels of pressure ulcers, which could support their decision-making and allow, for example, the application of suitable preventive measures tailored to each patient's requirements. The interpretability of the models proposed and their performance, evaluated through stratified cross-validation, make them a helpful tool for nursing care in estimating the pressure ulcer risk level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stroke often results in sensory deficits, muscular weakness, and diminished postural control, thereby restricting mobility and functional capabilities. It is important to promote neuroplasticity by implementing task-oriented exercises that induce changes in patients. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of rehabilitation robot training on physical function, functional recovery, and activities of daily living (ADLs) in patients with subacute stroke. The study participants were patients with subacute stroke receiving treatment at Hospitals A and B. They were selected as research subjects based on selection and exclusion criteria. The experimental group received rehabilitation robot training in sessions of 30 min, five times weekly, for a total of 20 sessions over four weeks. Conversely, the control group underwent standard rehabilitation equipment training with an identical frequency, duration, and number of sessions. Measurements were taken before and after the training period to assess changes in physical function, functional recovery, and activities of daily living using tools such as the MMT, BBS, FBG, FAC, FIM, and MBI. The results were as follows: in the within-group comparison, the rehabilitation robot training group showed significant differences in MMT, BBS, FBG, FAC, FIM, and MBI (p < 0.05), while the control group showed significant differences in FIM (p < 0.05). Statistically significant differences were observed in the time, group, and time × group interaction effects among the MMT, static seated FBG, dynamic seated FBG, FIM, and MBI (p < 0.05). Based on these results, rehabilitation robotic training resulted in significant improvements in physical function, functional recovery, and activities of daily living in patients with subacute stroke. Based on these findings, providing a basic protocol for a rehabilitation program that applies rehabilitation robot training to patients with subacute stroke may offer more effective treatment and outcomes in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Physical activity could increase the production of oxidative stress biomarkers, affecting the metabolism and excretion of antiretroviral drugs and, consequently, the clinical outcome. Nowadays, people living with HIV (PLWH) are mostly switching from triple to dual therapy, but no data are available in terms of physical functioning and oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate if some antioxidant biomarkers and physical functioning tests could be different according to triple or dual antiretroviral therapy. Methods: PLWH were evaluated at baseline (BL), while treated with three drugs, and six months after the switch to dual therapy. Physical functioning was quantified using validated tools. Mitochondrial and cytosol antioxidant molecules were evaluated through liquid chromatography. Results: Twenty-five patients were analyzed. A statistically significant difference between triple and dual therapy was found for mitochondrial glutathione, but not for physical tests. Evaluating differences between physically active and inactive individuals, the following statistically significant differences were suggested, considering triple therapy (mitochondrial n-formyl-methionine p = 0.022, triglycerides p = 0.023) and double therapy (mitochondrial glycine p = 0.035, cytosol glutamic acid p = 0.007, cytosol s-adenosylmethionine p = 0.021). Conclusions: For the first time, this study suggests possible differences in terms of antioxidant molecules and physical functioning in PLWH switching from triple to dual therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To conduct a comprehensive systematic review and network meta-analysis of RCTs that compare outcomes of robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) with intra- or extracorporeal urinary diversion (ICUD or ECUD) and the standard open approach (oRC). Methods: A systematic review identified RCTs including patients aged >18 years with non-metastatic bladder cancer treated with RARC (ICUD or ECUD) vs. oRC and reporting peri- and post-operative outcomes and quality of life (QoL) assessment. Standard and network metanalyses were performed. Results: Data from 1024 patients included in eight RCTs were analyzed. The standard meta-analysis found that RARC had longer OT, lower EBL, and a lower transfusion rate compared to oRC (all p < 0.001). No significant differences in terms of LOS between the ICUD vs. ECUD vs. ORC were recorded. RARC patients demonstrated better scores in fatigue, insomnia, pain, physical functioning, and role functioning—according to QoL assessment—compared to ORC at early follow-up, despite no difference at baselines. Finally, at network metanalysis, ICUD (OR = 0.74, p < 0.001) but not ECUD (OR = 0.92, p < 0.08) yielded a lower rate of high-grade 90-day complications compared to ORC despite longer OT (MD = 89.56, p = 0.0351). Conclusions: RARC represents a safe and feasible option to reduce perioperative bleeding with no definitive impact on LOS compared to ORC. Interestingly, ICUD may reduce the burden of 90-day complications to a greater extent than ECUD. Nonetheless, surgeons should be aware of the extended OT and steep learning curve of ICUD. Finally, RARC may provide some short-term benefits in terms of QoL, but more research is needed to determine its long-term effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic kidney disease is a significant public health issue associated with reduced physical activity. This can lead to mineral and bone disorders and increased levels of inflammatory markers. One innovative solution that can significantly contribute to increasing patient motivation is the combination of physical training with virtual reality technology during haemodialysis sessions. The aim of this study is to comprehensively assess the impact of regular virtual reality-based physical activity on plasma sclerostin and interleukin 6 levels, as well as on physical performance and the level of physical activity in patients undergoing renal replacement therapy through haemodialysis. Methods: This study is a prospective cohort study. Patients included in the study were randomly assigned to two groups: the study group and the control group. The study group consisted of patients who were entrusted with the task of conducting training using the prototype of the NefroVR system. The duration of the study period for both the study and control groups was 3 months. Results: One hundred and two (102) patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease who underwent haemodialysis as a renal replacement therapy participated in the study. Patients from the study group were characterized by higher physical activity compared to the control group. There was a significant difference in the level of IL-6 and SOST between the study and control groups in the second measurement. Conclusions: Regular physical activity, especially using approaches such as virtual reality, contributes to improving physical fitness and overall activity levels in patients undergoing haemodialysis. The study demonstrated that regular exercise may be associated with a reduction in inflammatory parameters and positive effects on bone metabolism in patients undergoing haemodialysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In clinical practice, patient assessments rely on established scales. Integrating data from these scales into the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) framework has been suggested; however, a standardized approach is lacking. Herein, we tested a new approach to develop a conversion table translating clinical scale scores into ICF qualifiers based on a clinician survey. The survey queried rehabilitation professionals about which functional independence measure (FIM) item scores (1–7) corresponded to the ICF qualifiers (0–4). A total of 458 rehabilitation professionals participated. The survey findings indicated a general consensus on the equivalence of FIM scores with ICF qualifiers. The median value for each item remained consistent across all item groups. Specifically, FIM 1 had a median value of 4; FIM 2 and 3 both had median values of 3; FIM 4 and 5 both had median values of 2; FIM 6 had a median value of 1; and FIM 7 had a median value of 0. Despite limitations due to the irreconcilable differences between the frameworks of existing scales and the ICF, these results underline the ICF's potential to serve as a central hub for integrating clinical data from various scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nursing home (NH) residents commonly face limitations in basic activities of daily living (BADLs), following a hierarchical decline. Understanding this hierarchy is crucial for personalized care. This study explores factors associated with early, middle, and late loss in BADLs among NH residents. A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in 30 NHs in Catalonia, Spain. Dependent variables were related to limitations in BADLs: early loss (self-care-related BADLs: personal hygiene, dressing, or bathing), middle loss (mobility-related BADLs: walking or wheelchair handling, toileting, and transferring), and late loss (eating). Independent variables were based on a comprehensive geriatric assessment and institutional factors. Logistic regression was used for the multivariate analyses. The study included 671 older adults. Early loss in BADLs was significantly associated with urinary incontinence, cognitive impairment, and falls. Middle loss in BADLs was linked to fecal incontinence, urinary incontinence, ulcers, and cognitive impairment. Late loss in BADLs was associated with fecal incontinence, the NH not owning a kitchen, neurological disease, cognitive impairment, dysphagia, polypharmacy, and weight loss. These findings highlight the need to address geriatric syndromes, especially cognitive impairment and bladder/bowel incontinence. Monitoring these syndromes could effectively anticipate care dependency. The presence of kitchens in NHs may help to address limitations to eating, allowing for potential personalized meal adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]