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Modern electric grid usages extensive non-linear loads leading to the increased harmonic current injection in the system. This paper proposes a data-driven algorithm based on a sparse decomposition approach with the Overcomplete Hybrid Dictionary (OHD) and provides in-depth mathematical analysis to detect and mitigate harmonics in emerging electric power systems. The sparse decomposition method is widely used in image processing applications with significant advantages to big-data applications. However, its application is not properly addressed in electric grids’ applications despite massive data generation in a smart grid environment. Hence, in this paper, the performance evaluation of a sparse decomposition-based algorithm using a greedy approach is proposed and carried out in a real-time simulation environment for Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) application for the real-time detection, classification, and mitigation of PQ events to show its suitability and effectiveness. Finally, the experimental results on a small-scale laboratory setup are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed sparse-based control algorithm for DSTATCOM in real-time applications. The comparative result shows that the proposed sparse-based method is advantageous for off-line PQ signal processing and capable of real-time detection, classification, and control of the power apparatus for harmonics mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Driven by the massively growing applications in Internet of Things (IoT) and the new requirements of the six generation (6G) wireless network, the amount of terrestrial mobile devices (TMDs) and data traffic in wireless communications have increased explosively. Consequently, the integrated terrestrial-satellite relay networks (ITSRNs) have emerged to address the issue of the huge wireless traffic with limited allocated resources, which attracts extensive research attention to the field of IoT. Limited improvement of system throughput is realized by configuring terrestrial relays (TR) in the previous works. In this paper, by introducing an aerial relay (AR), we propose a novel structure of ITSRN and investigate the system throughput maximization and energy consumption minimization problems by jointly optimizing power allocation and AR altitude. Specifically, the system implementation includes two periods: satellite to relay (S-R) period and satellite to devices (S-D) period. To maximize the overall system throughput, we propose a joint optimization scheme of the power allocation and altitude of AR. Due to its non-convexity, a bilevel programming method is proposed to obtain the global optimal solution, where the closed-form expressions of power allocation and the optimal altitude of AR are derived. Subsequently, we investigate the energy consumption minimization problem during S-R period, which is formulated as a convex problem. We propose a low complexity algorithm and derive the optimal closed-form solution based on the rigorous mathematical analysis. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithms and solutions are verified by extensive simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the phenomenon of distinct regional frequencies recently observed in some power systems. First, a reduced-order mathematical model describing this behaviour is developed. Then, techniques to solve the model are discussed, demonstrating that the post-fault frequency evolution in any given region is equal to the frequency evolution of the Centre Of Inertia plus certain inter-area oscillations. This finding leads to the deduction of conditions for guaranteeing frequency stability in all regions of a power system, a deduction performed using a mixed analytical-numerical approach that combines mathematical analysis with regression methods on simulation samples. The proposed stability conditions are linear inequalities that can be implemented in any optimisation routine allowing the co-optimisation of all existing ancillary services for frequency support: inertia, multi-speed frequency response, load damping and an optimised largest power infeed. This is the first reported mathematical framework with explicit conditions to maintain frequency stability in a power system exhibiting inter-area oscillations in frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel active power control scheme for SRMs that are used as S/G units at MEAs; the proposed method uses a vector-controlled SAF, facilitating the acceleration of the SRM during starter mode and the efficient power control of the SRG at various operational points during generator mode. Moreover, an energy storage unit is incorporated in the SAF, aiming at enhancing the SRM's starting torque production and taking full advantage of the SRG's energy generation capability, through the appropriate phases’ magnetization regulation that is imposed by the developed adaptive SAF vector control. In addition, the proposed scheme provides enhanced FRTC during both modes of operation. The mathematical analysis is verified through MATLAB/Simulink simulations, while the performance of the S/G concept under study is evaluated via real-time CHIL tests, with the use of the dSPACE 1202 (MicroLabBox) platform and the 16-bit dsPIC30F4011 microcontroller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Although plane wave imaging (PWI) with multiple plane waves (PWs) steered at different angles enables ultrafast three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasonic imaging, there is still a challenging tradeoff between image quality and frame rate. To address this challenge, we recently proposed the aperiodic PWI (APWI) with mathematical analysis and simulation study. In this paper, we demonstrate the feasibility of APWI and evaluate the performance with phantom and in vivo experiments. Methods: APWI with a concentric ring angle pattern (APWI-C) and APWI with a sunflower pattern (APWI-S) are evaluated. For experimental verification of the methods, the experimental results are compared with simulation results in terms of the spatial resolution and the mainlobe-to-sidelobe ratio. In addition, the performance of APWI is compared with that of conventional PWI by using a commercial phantom. To examine the potential for clinical use of APWI, a gallstone phantom study and an in vivo carotid artery experiment are also conducted. Results: In the phantom study, the APWI methods provide a contrast ratio approximately 2–3 dB higher than that of PWI. In a gallstone experiment, the proposed methods yield 3-D rendered stone images more similar to the real stones than PWI. In the in vivo carotid artery images, APWI reduces the clutter artifacts inside the artery. Conclusion: Phantom and in vivo studies show that the APWI enhances the contrast without compromising the spatial resolution and frame rate. Significance: This study experimentally demonstrates the feasibility and advantage of APWI for ultrafast 3-D ultrasonic imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a unified performance analysis framework of asymmetric dual-hop radio-frequency/free-space optical (RF/FSO) transmission systems. The generalized independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) $\alpha -\mu$ distribution is considered for each branch in the RF link, whereas the FSO link is assumed to experience Málaga ($\mathcal {M}$) fading with pointing error impairments. With amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF) relaying, the imperfect channel state information (CSI) of both links is considered. For the considered system, we first derive exact and novel analytical expressions for the probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Furthermore, we obtain key performance metrics such as outage probability (OP), average bit-error-rate (ABER), and effective capacity (EC). The important effects of channel parameters on the system are disclosed from mathematical analysis and are further validated by Monte-Carlo simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To expedite research progress on terahertz (THz) communications, we analyze the outage performance of THz communication systems by a compound channel model in this paper. Different from existing models, the compound channel model incorporates the effects of spreading loss, molecular absorption loss, shadowing, and multi-path fading via a composite distribution. By using this model, we maintain an equilibrium of the outage performance analysis between mathematical tractability and the fidelity of realistic THz channels. Specifically, by utilizing the compound channel model, outage performance analysis can get rid of sophisticated case-specific channel modeling relying on field measurement and the ray-tracing assessment. To facilitate the application of the proposed channel model, we also design a maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) based channel parameter estimation approach for the compound channel model. The analytical results of outage performance by using the compound channel model are given in closed form and verified by numerical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) at radio frequency (RF) provides a novel approach of multiplexing a set of orthogonal modes on the same frequency channel to achieve high spectral efficiencies (SEs). However, the existing research on OAM wireless communications is mainly focused on point-to-point transmission in the line-of-sight (LoS) scenario. In this paper, we propose an overall scheme of the downlink multi-user OAM (MU-OAM) wireless backhaul based on uniform circular arrays (UCAs) for broadcasting networks, which can achieve the joint spatial division and coaxial multiplexing (JSDCM). A salient feature of the proposed downlink MU-OAM wireless backhaul systems is that the channel matrices are completely characterized by the position of each small base station (SBS), independent of the numbers of subcarriers and antennas, which avoids estimating large channel matrices required by the traditional downlink multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) wireless backhaul systems. Thereafter, we propose an OAM-based multi-user distance and angle of arrival (AoA) estimation method, which is able to simultaneously estimate the positions of multiple SBSs with a flexible number of training symbols. With the estimated distances and AoAs, a MU-OAM preprocessing scheme is applied to eliminate the co-mode and inter-mode interferences in the downlink MU-OAM channel. At last, the proposed methods are extended to the downlink MU-OAM-MIMO wireless backhaul system equipped with uniform concentric circular arrays (UCCAs), for which much higher spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) than traditional MU-MIMO systems can be achieved. Both mathematical analysis and simulation results validate that the proposed scheme can effectively eliminate both interferences of the practical downlink MU-OAM channel and approaches the performance of the ideal MU-OAM channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The train plug door is the only way for passengers to get on and off. The reliability of the doors has a direct impact on passengers’ safety and operational efficiency. In order to address the shortcomings of the post-analysis and poor real-time of current fault diagnosis methods for train plug doors, a fault diagnosis method based on sound recognition is proposed. To process the non-stationary sound signals, the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method is applied to sound signal samples of train plug doors, and a series of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) are obtained. Then, wavelet packet decomposition is utilized on each IMF to acquire more detailed information. And wavelet packet energy entropy features are obtained. The Fisher discrimination criterion is used to carry out a mathematical analysis to select the most significant features as discrimination features. Finally, multi-class support vector machine (multi-class SVM) is utilized to carry out classification and validation. And the prediction accuracy of the 67 test samples reaches 95.52%, which indicates the proposed fault diagnosis method for train plug doors is feasible. The proposed method also provides the possibility of automatic faults recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a compact filtering coupler is presented using a new microstrip configuration. To improve the frequency response, achieve good phase balance and reduce the losses of the proposed coupler, an optimization method is used along with a mathematical analysis method. Our coupler works at 1.9 GHz, which is suitable for 5G and GSM applications. The working frequency range of our designed coupler is from 1.84 GHz to 2.11 GHz, where it has a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 13.7%. The phase and magnitude imbalances are only $0.029^{o}$ and 0.08 dB, respectively, making it suitable for applications in microwave components, communication and radar systems. The maximum group delays at the direct and coupling ports are 1.9 ns and 2.3 ns, respectively. This is an advantage because most of the previously reported microstrip couplers have not addressed the group delay improvement. The other advantages of our coupler are its filtering frequency response and a good isolation factor of -42 dB around the operating frequency. The proposed structure is mathematically analyzed and optimized. It is fabricated and measured to verify the simulation results and the proposed mathematical analysis. The results show that all mathematical analysis, simulation and measurement results are in good agreement. The experimental results confirm its performance in terms of low losses, low group delay and low phase and magnitude imbalances. Therefore, the presented design offers a significant improvement over the traditional couplers, which generally suffer from the large size, high group delay and poor phase and magnitude balances.

This article declares two control strategies, named “average-model based” (AMB) and “energy-based” (EB) control methods, to control a monoinverter dual parallel surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor (MIDP-PMSM) with different parameters. Up to now, it has been assumed that two parallel PMSMs have the same parameters, so the controller has been designed based on this simplifier assumption. To extend the control subject to MIDP-PMSMs with different parameters, two new methods are proposed and compared in this article. The average value of both motors’ parameters is used in the AMB control design, while in the proposed EB control method, each motor’s parameters separately contribute to designing the control laws. The proposed methods are based on the “mean-difference” technique. These methods have been compared by mathematical analysis regarding the torque per total ampere ratio, the copper losses and the dynamic response of motors’ speed. The MATLAB simulation and experimental implementation have been carried out to verify the proposed methods. The results have shown that the EB control method has better performance than the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tsetlin Machine (TM) is a recent machine learning algorithm with several distinct properties, such as interpretability, simplicity, and hardware-friendliness. Although numerous empirical evaluations report on its performance, the mathematical analysis of its convergence is still open. In this article, we analyze the convergence of the TM with only one clause involved for classification. More specifically, we examine two basic logical operators, namely, the “IDENTITY”- and “NOT” operators. Our analysis reveals that the TM, with just one clause, can converge correctly to the intended logical operator, learning from training data over an infinite time horizon. Besides, it can capture arbitrarily rare patterns and select the most accurate one when two candidate patterns are incompatible, by configuring a granularity parameter. The analysis of the convergence of the two basic operators lays the foundation for analyzing other logical operators. These analyses altogether, from a mathematical perspective, provide new insights on why TMs have obtained state-of-the-art performance on several pattern recognition problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mathematical analysis of four-level (three-phase) phase-shifted carrier modulation class-D amplifiers with analog feedback is proposed. The nonlinear difference equations are extracted and solved using the perturbation theorem. In this way, a closed-form function describes the low-frequency part of the output for an arbitrary input signal. The results are generalized for an arbitrary number of levels by analogy, well matched with the previous model of two-, three-, and the proposed four-level ones. The analytical results confirm that, apart from switching frequency, the multilevel class-D amplifiers converge to linear amplifiers as the number of output levels increases. An analytical equation expresses the harmonic distortion of practically interesting five-level amplifiers with bridge-tied load. The model is verified by system-level simulations and circuit-level implementation. In this way, a prototype fully differential five-level circuit is implemented on the printed circuit board to confirm the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A passive current sharing method for a two-phase common inductor LLC resonant converter is proposed in this article, and the relative mathematical analysis of current sharing error is carried out. The concept of a common inductor comes from the introduction of coupled impedance, where the resonant inductors of two phases are connected, which means that the separated two phases are coupled by an additional impedance. Obviously, there are four cases of coupled impedance, which are infinite impedance, infinitely small impedance, inductive impedance, and capacitive impedance, and they are all analyzed in the article. In addition, for different inductor and capacitor parameter differences, the two-phase common inductor LLC resonant converter has different current sharing characteristics, and there is an optimal solution for different coupled impedance for each difference. However, under each parameter difference, when the coupled index g is a negative number, there is generally a better current sharing effect. At last, simulation and experimental results have proved the correctness of the theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mm-wave frequency band, the rectifier’s sensitivity is the bottleneck of a wireless-powered IoT transponder’s distance. At a meter’s distance, the received power is weak, and transistors in a front end of a wireless power receiver operate in the weak inversion region. This article presents a mathematical analysis of the mm-wave multi-stage rectifier in the low-power region. A design methodology of a 57–64-GHz fully integrated eight-stage rectifier with a bulk-drain connection in 40-nm CMOS technology is presented. Parasitic effects on a multi-stage rectifier are analyzed. Based on the analysis, an intrinsic threshold voltage modulation is applied to improve the sensitivity. A tree-type power splitter is also proposed for the RF power signal’s phase balance. With this method, the RF signal arrives at each stage with an equal phase, and its suppression at the output is improved by 16 dB. This mm-wave rectifier achieves −7.1-dBm input sensitivity at 57 GHz with 1-V dc output voltage. The overall sensitivity from 57 to 64 GHz is better than −4.5 dBm. Compared to other mm-wave silicon-based rectifier state of the arts, the proposed mm-wave rectifier achieves better sensitivity while maintaining a compact size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To realize the robust control of multirotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems, adaptive multilayer neural dynamics (AMND) controllers are proposed and analyzed. The proposed AMND controllers with the strong anti-perturbation property can drive multirotor UAVs to track time-varying tasks and deal with parameter uncertainty problems. First, the design method of the general multilayer neural dynamics (MLND) controllers is introduced and analyzed. Second, based on the design method, the attitude angles, height, and position controllers of a UAV system are designed. Third, according to the adaptive control theory, a novel AMND controller is designed, which can self-tune the parameters of the UAV. Finally, the proposed AMND method applies to a real-world hexrotor UAV system to illustrate its reliability. Mathematical analysis, computer simulations, and experiments verify the reliability, stability, and effectiveness of the proposed controllers which are used to track time-varying tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since a novel diversity technique called a space–time line code (STLC) was invented, previous studies have focused on the analysis of a rate-1 STLC assuming two receive antennas. For the state-of-the-art STLCs with transmit antenna selection (TAS), in this study, the ergodic capacities of TAS-STLC systems with various code rates are mathematically derived, not only for a TAS-STLC system with two receive antennas but also for those with three or four. To this end, the probability density function of the instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio was characterized. The accuracy of the mathematical analysis was validated by a numerical simulation. This study is significant for investigating the fundamental performance of TAS-STLC systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article demonstrates a voltage differencing inverting buffered amplifier (VDIBA)-based resistorless flux-controlled memristor emulator circuit with tunability. Two VDIBA blocks serve as active components, and a grounded capacitor serving as a passive part. The proposed emulator design is devoid of multipliers and resistors through effective utilization of port relationships. Including tunability, the suggested emulator functions in both incremental and decremental modes. It accurately depicts the attributes of an ideal memristor up to 12.7 MHz and consumes a total power of 1.34 mW. The mathematical analysis is substantiated through Cadence simulation in 0.18- $\mu \text{m}$ Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) technology with the supply voltage of ±1 V. Nonideal, single/parallel, Monte-Carlo sampling and corner analysis were conducted to confirm circuit resilience. The nonvolatile nature of the presented emulator model has also been included. A breadboard prototype incorporating the ICs CA3080 and LT1193 are built to conduct an experimental demonstration. The experimental findings were consistent with the theoretical expectations and simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic and nonlinear systems are emerging as potential candidates for random bit generation. In this context, chaotic systems, which are both dynamic and stochastic, are particularly suitable. This article introduces a new continuous chaotic system along with its corresponding implementation, which targets FPGA (fpga). This chaotic system has five dimensions, which exhibit complex chaotic dynamics, thus enabling the utilization of chaotic signals in cryptography. A mathematical analysis is presented to demonstrate the dynamic characteristics of the proposed hyperchaotic system. A novel digital implementation of the proposed system is presented. Moreover, a data scrambling circuit is implemented to eliminate the bias effect and increase the randomness of the bitstream generated from the chaotic signals. We show that the proposed random bit generator has high randomness. The generated bits successfully pass well-known statistical randomness test-suites, i.e., NIST SP800-22, Diehard, and TestU01. The ready-to-use random bit generator is deployed on a Xilinx Zynq-7000 SoC ZC702 Evaluation Kit. Experimental results show that the proposed random bit generator can achieve a maximum throughput of 6.78 Gb/s, which is over 3.6 times greater than state-of-the-art designs, while requiring under 4% of the resources available on the targeted FPGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicopter main rotor blade flashes in radar measurements are an often-used feature for target classification. While focus is often placed on being able to detect them, little attention has been given to what is required to ensure that they are reliably and persistently intercepted. Using mathematical analysis and simulation, this article explores the probability of helicopter blade flash interception in search radar. The effects of radar antenna azimuth beamwidth, scan rate, and waveform on the average probability of intercept for two-bladed helicopter blade flashes (a worst-case scenario) are examined. The results presented provide an upper bound on achievable flash detection performance and can be used to understand and optimize the performance of helicopter classification modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manned-unmanned teaming (MUM-T) is defined as the coupling of one or more manned platforms with a network of unmanned platforms to perform a certain mission. In this article, we are concerned with designing robust MUM-T networks in terms of a network stability margin measure. First, we consider an original network of unmanned platforms, and then try to find nodes such that replacing them with manned platforms (leaders) maximally increases the resultant MUM-T network stability margin. We also do mathematical analysis and find several bounds on the stability margin of MUM-T, using which greedy and degree-based schemes for the sake of computational efficiency are proposed. In the end, several numerical tests are carried out to demonstrate the correctness of the performed analysis as well as the effectiveness of the proposed schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a novel training set optimization method in an artificial neural network (ANN) constructed for high bandwidth interconnects design is proposed based on rigorous probability analysis. In general, the accuracy of an ANN is enhanced by increasing training set size. However, generating large training sets is inevitably time-consuming and resource-demanding, and sometimes even impossible due to limited prototypes or measurement scenarios. Especially, when the number of channels in required design are huge such as graphics double data rate (GDDR) memory and high bandwidth memory (HBM). Therefore, optimizing the training set selection process is crucial to minimizing the training datasets for developing an efficient ANN. According to rigorous mathematical analysis of the uniformity of the training data by probability distribution function, optimization flow of the range selection is proposed to improve accuracy and efficiency. The optimal number of training data samples is further determined by studying the prediction error rates. The performance of the proposed method in terms of accuracy is validated by comparing the scattering parameters of arbitrarily chosen strip and microstrip type GDDR interconnects obtained from EM simulations with those predicted by ANNs using default and the proposed training-set selection methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Octree (OT) geometry partitioning has been acknowledged as an efficient representation in state-of-the-art point cloud compression (PCC) schemes. In this work, an adaptive geometry partition and coding scheme is proposed to improve the OT based coding framework. First, quad-tree (QT) and binary-tree (BT) partitions are introduced as alternative geometry partition modes for the first time under the context of OT-based point cloud compression. The adaptive geometry partition scheme enables flexible three-dimensional (3D) space representations and higher coding efficiency. However, exhaustive searching for the optimal partition from all possible combinations of OT, QT and BT is impractical because the entire search space could be huge. Therefore, two hyper-parameters are introduced to specify the conditions on which QT and BT partitions will be applied. Once the two parameters are determined, the partition mode can be derived according to the geometry shape of current coding node. To investigate the impact of different partition combinations on the coding gains, we conduct thorough mathematical and experimental analyses. Based on the analyses, an adaptive parameter selection scheme is presented to optimize the coding efficiency adaptively, where multi-resolution features are extracted from the partition pyramid and a decision tree model is trained for the optimal hyper-parameters. The proposed adaptive geometry partition scheme has shown significant coding gains, and it has been adopted in the state-of-the-art MPEG Geometry based PCC (G-PCC) standard. For the sparser point clouds, the bit savings are up to 10.8% and 3.5% for lossy and lossless geometry coding without significant complexity increment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new nonisolated bidirectional dc–dc converter with noninverting output and buck–boost operation is proposed and described in this article. The passive components arrangement in the proposed magnetically coupled buck–boost bidirectional dc–dc (MCB3) converter makes it possible to use triple-phase shift (TPS) modulation, originally intended for the classical dual active bridge (DAB) converter. TPS allows the MCB3 converter to achieve soft switching and conduction losses minimization for any load and voltage requirement. In this article, the mathematical analysis of the proposed converter operation is shown for the step-up operation, which is the worst-case design. The multiple operation possibilities that allow the use of the three TPS control variables are identified, classified, and used to find the operating points that minimize the power losses for any voltage and power range. Besides, the theoretical study demonstrates that MCB3 converter operation is equivalent to that in the classical DAB converter; thus, the DAB converter know-how can be employed in the proposed converter, but for nonisolated applications. MCB3 converter feasibility is validated by comparing the simulation-level results to the experimental measurements for a 460-W-scaled prototype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When multiple speakers talk simultaneously, a hearing device cannot identify which of these speakers the listener intends to attend to. Auditory attention decoding (AAD) algorithms can provide this information by, for example, reconstructing the attended speech envelope from electroencephalography (EEG) signals. However, these stimulus reconstruction decoders are traditionally trained in a supervised manner, requiring a dedicated training stage during which the attended speaker is known. Pre-trained subject-independent decoders alleviate the need of having such a per-user training stage but perform substantially worse than supervised subject-specific decoders that are tailored to the user. This motivates the development of a new unsupervised self-adapting training/updating procedure for a subject-specific decoder, which iteratively improves itself on unlabeled EEG data using its own predicted labels. This iterative updating procedure enables a self-leveraging effect, of which we provide a mathematical analysis that reveals the underlying mechanics. The proposed unsupervised algorithm, starting from a random decoder, results in a decoder that outperforms a supervised subject-independent decoder. Starting from a subject-independent decoder, the unsupervised algorithm even closely approximates the performance of a supervised subject-specific decoder. The developed unsupervised AAD algorithm thus combines the two advantages of a supervised subject-specific and subject-independent decoder: it approximates the performance of the former while retaining the ‘plug-and-play’ character of the latter. As the proposed algorithm can be used to automatically adapt to new users, as well as over time when new EEG data is being recorded, it contributes to more practical neuro-steered hearing devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]