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The purpose of this paper was to carry out a short statistical analysis on the fat content of milk from two breeds of cattle from a farm in the Moldavian area. 30 milk samples were analysed, more precisely 23 from the Holstein breed and 7 from the Simmental breed in two periods, such as the cold season (autumn-winter) and the warm season (spring-summer). It is known that these breeds are among the best breeds of cows for milk, the first being considered the most productive in the world, and the second the best breed of cows for farms in Romania. The Holstein breed is a highly specialized breed for milk production, while the Simmental breed is a dual-purpose breed selected for both meat and milk production. Following the statistical analysis, it can be seen that there were significant differences between the two breeds of cattle studied and also between the milk fat content recorded in the cold season compared to the fat content recorded in the warm season. The value of P was less than 0.0001, confirming the heterogeneity of the data recorded in the two seasons. The main conclusion is that for the total experiment, the data are significant (alpha=5%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism is an important sector that has an impact on the development of a country's economy. Among the main benefits of tourism are income generation and job creation. It is the most important source of wealth in many parts of the country. The national economy can benefit from tourism as long as there is availability for investment to develop the infrastructure that will meet the needs of tourists. Romania has tourist potential to develop coastal tourism and mountain tourism, but also other alternative forms of tourism. The aim of the article is to present the impact of tourism on the economy, especially on income. The paper presents tourism as an excellent potential, a catalyst for economic growth thus representing a key sector at the macro-economic level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sum of the chemical, physical, biological, and radiological characteristics of water determine the water quality evolution in water courses. Animal husbandry is one of the main causes of water courses pollution, especially if it does not have a wastewater treatment plant and they are discharged directly into the water course. The water quality determine the treatment technology and costs of water treatment to meet the quality requirements of the users in downstream, and the measures necessary for the protection / improvement of the water quality. An important aspect of the activity of water specialists is to monitor, analyze and forecast the evolution of water quality, especially in sectors where there are significant sources of pollution. In this paper is realized the modeling of the evolution of the water quality of the Crasna River, situated in the north-west part of Romania, using the MIKEbyDHI software, an advanced hydroinformatic tool. The evolution of Crasna River water quality is important because it is a cross-border river and is subject to the Romania - Hungary bilateral conventions and EU directives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The banking industry in any country ensures, due to the specific nature of its activity, a key role in the functioning of economic mechanisms, with an impact on macroeconomic developments, on the dynamics of the business environment and on the improvement of the Romanian economy. The 32 credit institutions that make up the banking sector in Romania had net assets of 803.4 billion lei in 2023 and have recorded an acceleration in profitability compared to recent years, achieving a net profit of 13.7 billion lei. In addition to the banks' lending role, they also attract deposits, thus protecting the savings of the population and companies. Banks support the economy by granting loans, but it is important that they go to the sectors with the highest development potential and which create wellpaid jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The insular breeding system dictated by the area in which the populations of Turcana sheep breed were formed and by the way in which the selection activities were oriented, in these geographical Romanian areas, has created a series of colour varieties, with certain performance characteristics, which have notable differences from each other. Thus, depending on the use of related individuals of the same colour for reproduction, the following varieties were formed: Turcana bucalaie, Turcana bala, Turcana breaza and Turcana oachesa. All these varieties have the chance and can become in time self-sustaining breeds, which can improve the genetic heritage of the sheep species in Romania and in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After Romania joined the European Union, the hunting populations must be managed much more carefully, ensuring a much increased vigilance. The animals' population can be characterized by the observed size, which is opposed to the genetic size, being given by the number of individuals from all animal categories and by the total number of males and females participating in the production of the descendant generation. This study aimed to analyze the quantitative evolution of 13 wildlife populations taking into consideration the environmental conditions, on the background of hunting 65 Giera, between 2018 and 2022, thus contributing to the knowledge of the hunting heritage in Timi County with a total area of 12.386 ha, for sustainable management and conservation. Thus, this study recommends the revival of the existing population in this hunting area, through "blood refreshing" actions, as well as the permanent monitoring and limitation of populations from the Canidae family, especially of the Jackal (Canis aureus L.) species, and the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes L.) species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Romania, research on enhancing meat production in goats through hybridization is sparse, with studies being conducted primarily at R.D.I.S.G.B. Palas Constanta. This study aims to highlight the benefits of crossbreeding the Carpatina and Boer breeds in terms of all morphoproductive indices. The objective is to develop a Romanian goat breed tailored for meat production, which is well-suited to Romanian conditions. In this regard, the research focuses on analyzing the main morphoproductive indicators of the newly created R1 (75% Boer x 25% Carpatina) and F1 (50% Boer x 50% Carpatina) populations compared to the Carpatina breed (control group). The body weight was 12.87% higher in R1 hybrids (75% Boer x 25% Carpatina) compared to the F1 group (50% Boer x 50% Carpatina) and 17.67% higher compared to Carpatina breed kids. The average daily weight gain in kids during the fattening period was 130.80 g (Carpatina breed) and 185.30 g (R1 hybrids). The difference between the R1 and F1 study groups was 17.85% concerning the average daily gain, and the F1 hybrid group achieved an average daily gain that was 20.21% higher compared to the Carpatina breed kids. The specific energy and protein consumption in the R1 and F1 hybrid groups were lower than in the Carpatina breed kids. The experimental slaughters revealed superior qualities in hybrid kids compared to those of the Carpatina breed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beaten beans dip represents one of the most popular foods in Romania; it is frequently consumed, and it is on the manufacturing list of many food producers as ready to eat (RTE) meal. This category of RTE, generally, recognizes aw and pH values which permit growth of different foodborne pathogens, as Listeria monocytogenes (Lm). Evaluation of Lm growth potential during shelf life represents a food safety aim, according to Regulation (EC) no. 2073/2005, on microbiological criteria for foodstuffs. Listeria monocytogenes represents a public health threat, being the pathogen agent of human listeriosis, a severe emerging foodborne zoonosis. The purpose of the study is to assess the inhibition effect of dry buffered vinegar on Lm growth during the shelf life of beaten beans dip, in modified atmosphere packaging and refrigeration storage conditions. Based on the results, the growth of Lm is not possible, the highest value being 0.04 (less than 0.5) for the beaten beans dip with dry buffered vinegar. The use of Lm growth inhibitor represents a useful preventive measure, in the conditions of increasing the consumption of RTE type products and the potential risk of Lm multiplication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents aspects of food loss concept in Romania and its neighboring countries, respectively Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Ukraine. Food waste and food loss are worldwide phenomenon. Minimizing food losses and waste plays an important role in a world where the number of people suffering from lack of food has been steadily increasing since 2014 and where daily enormous quantities of food that is consumable are lost and wasted day-today. Food waste and loss are detrimental to the sustainability of our food systems. When food happens to be lost and wasted, all the resources used for creating it, including water, land, energy, work, and capital, are also lost. The main important thing to underline is that in the analyzed countries, there are different categories of food that produce most of the food loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the structure of the Romanian banking system and the evolution of internal credit (governmental and non-governmental). Both aspects are analyzed from the point of view of their progress, retrospectively on the one hand, and potential systemic and macroeconomic risks on the other. The banking system, through intermediation services, contributes to Romania's GDP (attracting deposits and placing loans), concretely by generating gross added value in the economy, its impact extending beyond economic aspects, as banks have an increased degree of responsibility towards the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, approximately 20,000 buffaloes are raised in Romania, of which 11% are found in the Făgăraș area. The present study was carried out to estimate the capacity of milk synthesis by 205 buffaloes cows raised in this area, which achieved 1059 lactations, with the rank of lactations from 1 to 14, in an observation interval of 15 years, by determining the correlation between the indicators of milk production and reproduction (lactation duration, total amount of milk of a lactation, total amount of fat, total amount of protein, interval between calvings and service period). The variability analysis shows a lack of homogeneity of the milk production and reproduction characteristics, regardless of the lactation rank, their average being moderately representative, except for the interval from calving to the fertile mount where the average is not representative. Reducing the variability of milk production and reproduction indicators can be achieved over time through management. Increasing the potential of milk production, in buffaloes cows, can be done through a simultaneous selection that takes into account the duration of lactation, the milk production from the control days and the service period. Based on the correlation between some measurable indicators of the synthesis potential of milk, the value of other characteristics of milk production can be predetermined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behaviour of dairy cattle changes when they are exposed to settings that cause heat stress. As a result, the analysis of changes in behaviour may serve as an indicator of abnormalities in either the environment or the body itself. In addition, precision livestock farming tools enable the individual and ongoing monitoring of animal behaviour, which might serve as a method for determining whether or not animals are treated properly. The goal of this study was to assess the effect that heat stress has on the behaviour of dairy cows. The research was conducted during the summer of 2022, in a dairy farm located in the north-east of Romania. A total 40 cows, with ages ranging from 3 to 5 years, average days in milk (DIM) and milk production of 85 +/- 35 days, respectively 21 +/- 2.2 kg (mean +/- SD) were included in the study. Temperature and Heat Index (THI) were computed each day, for the entire period of the study. Data regarding the individual activity pattern of each animal were provided by the AfiFarm software. The findings indicated that heat stress impacted animal behaviour, a significant correlation being observed between heat stressed and non-heat-stressed regarding the activity period (p <0.05), respectively the rest period (p <0.05). As the THI increased, the general activity and resting pattern were modified, implicitly impacting animal welfare. Precision livestock farming sensors and analysis of daily patterns may be excellent tools for monitoring animal behaviour and detecting heat stress-related changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sheep flocks of the Teleorman Black Head breed started to grow and spread almost all over Romania since 2010 when this breed was homologated and a breeding programme was implemented to improve the productive traits of the animals within the breed, especially milk production. However, the animals of this breed have a large body size, a high growth gain for lambs and good carcass weights are obtained at slaughter. On the Romanian market, lambs that are not kept for fattening are destined for export, especially to Arab countries, or for slaughter and consumption during the period around Easter. Since average daily gain is a trait with medium heritability (h=0.16-0.45) [1], the environment in which animals are reared needs to be studied and optimized. The aim of this study is to identify the environmental factors that influenced the performance of young sheep from two farms in different areas in the NE of Romania. The biological material taken in the study was the lambs from the two farms, 277 in farm A and 380 in farm B obtained from the 2021 lambing campaign from a flock of 252 mother ewes in farm A and 376 mother ewes in farm B. The lambs were weighed according to the COP (Official Production Control) procedure, both at birth and at weaning. The average daily gain of lambs on farm A ranged from 229.5 g to 319.8 g, with an average of 273.23 g for females, and from 280.7 g to 405.7 g for males, with an average of 340.66 g, and on farm B from 243.2 to 275.2 for females, with an average of 259.43 g, and from 307.2 g to 408.5 g for males, with an average of 368.7 g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defined as a severe welfare problem, lameness in cattle is associated with impaired locomotion and lesions of the hind limb, affecting fertility, milk yield, and considerable economic losses. This study aims to determine the prevalence of lameness and to establish risk factors involved in herd lameness in cattle within a farm in the northeastern part of Romania. A total of 370 animals were scored for lameness as well as for other information on individual cows (parity, body condition score, milk yield, days in milk). Additional information like nutrition, resting, cow comfort, social confrontation, and density were also collected. Thus, herd lameness prevalence ranged between 0 to 72%, with a mean of 22%. Higher milk production was associated with lower chances of being lame. Compared to first parity, multiparous cows had higher odds of being lame, which was also correlated with a low body condition score (<2.5). Overgrown claws, injured hocks, slippery floors, hygiene and care were also correlated with this condition, emphasizing the importance of housing conditions and welfare. Therefore, actions like improving management practices in order to improve cow welfare as well as detection and proper treatment of this disorder promptly are essential for dairy herds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lately, there is more and more talk about the notion of entrepreneurship, which is the occupational and social impact of entrepreneurial activities and what are the benefits and risks of a person who decides to start a business on their own. Therefore, in this article we set out to present the importance and role of entrepreneurship for young people in Romania. Entrepreneurial activity has a major impact on the economy, because they are the ones who make the world move forward and things move in the right direction. According to our studies, one in two urban Romanians would like to become an entrepreneur, even if they encounter several obstacles when they decide to open a business, regardless of their field of activity. In 2019, 134,220 companies were established, and in 2020, due to the pandemic, their number decreased to 109,939. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Europe, an estimated 87.6 million tonnes of food is wasted in one year. Romania is in the middle of the European ranking in terms of the volume of food thrown away, a fact mentioned in the study published by the ONU. It is estimated that 1.35 million tons of food are dumped annually in our country, indicating only food from people's households. So, every year, 70 kilograms of food per person is thrown in the trash. The COVID pandemic has caused an increase in food waste, both because of the population that has procured very large quantities to stock up and because of the distribution chains that have undergone changes in their functioning. The EU and its Member States have set themselves the goal of reducing food waste by 50% by 2030, using the ONU targets. Concrete measures have been taken to reduce food waste and losses. Where this cannot be done, they urge the reuse, recycle and use the food for another purpose. Citizens of the EU are urged: to reduce the production of food waste from production to distribution, to reduce the amount of food thrown away from households, to stimulate food donations, to monitor and account for the application of measures to combat food waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, Calicophoron daubneyi parasites have been found in animals in many European countries. Its development and spread are predicated on the presence of numerous intermediate hosts, but mainly on the presence of the aquatic snail Galba truncatula. Natural infestations of three freshwater snail species with Calicophoron daubneyi were studied from April to June 2020 in western Romania. Were collected 235 snails belonging to the species Galba truncatula (115 snails (48.94%)), Stagnicola palustris (48 snails (20.43%)), Planorbis corneus (72 snails (30.64%)). Out of a total of 235 snails harvested, 165 were positive for the presence of cercariae, but of these only 93 (39.57%) had Calicophoron daubneyi cercariae. These results indicate that Calicophoron daubneyi may be able to infect and grow in aquatic snail populations in western Romania. Calicophoron daubneyi has demonstrated its ability to adapt to an intermediate host in a new environment. The aim of this study was to identify aquatic snail species in grassland areas on the basis of shell morphological characteristics and to identify juvenile life cycle forms of the trematode Calicophoron daubneyi from aquatic snails, intermediate hosts, by PCR method in order to determine areas where infestation with this parasite causes economic losses to livestock farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Varroa destructor is a parasite that affects all stages of development of the bee colony, and currently represents one of the greatest dangers in the loss of colonies worldwide. Currently, different types of treatments have been researched and administered, both synthetic products and based on natural substances. As a result, in this study, we made a comparison between the effectiveness of two natural treatments. As a result, in this study we made a comparison between the effectiveness of two natural treatments (Thymo Varo San and Herba Strip) compared to the same number of synthetic treatments (Varachet Forte and Scabatox), all of which are used by beekeepers to control bee infestation with the mite Varroa destructor. The experiment was carried out in August 2021 in Caransebeş, Romania, on a number of 40 bee colonies, distributed in batches of 10 colonies for each treatment used. The results were evaluated at an interval of 1 day, respectively 7 days after administration, and the best results were recorded in the case of the treatment with Thymo Varo San. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Romanian Raven Shepherd Dog is the fourth breed of shepherd dog of national interest, formed in the area of the southern Carpathians and the related sub-Carpathian area. The breed is nationally recognized and approved in Romania, with a national breed standard. In order to be internationally approved, breed morphometric studies are required. The purpose of this study is to evaluate body measurements in certain target population of Romanian Raven Shepherd Dog in relation to the national breed standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African swine fever continues to evolve in Europe and in our country, even in the last two years of the pandemic, and is currently the main threat to the global swine industry. It affects more than 50 countries on 5 continents, with several epidemiological scenarios. Even this year, Romania was not bypassed by this serious disease, which causes many economic damages: in the case of domestic pigs, in the EU Member States were registered, between 01.01-16.01.2022, 24 outbreaks, of which 22 in Romania. In the same period, 565 outbreaks of PPA were reported in wild boars. Most evolve in Poland (177), Bulgaria (120), Germany (78) and Romania (59). Europe is waiting for an effective vaccine against African swine fever (PPA) by 2024, the main risk to pig health worldwide, being the only way to eradicate the disease. Veterinary services continue their efforts to prevent the spread of the African swine fever virus (PPA), those for the management of disease outbreaks, with the aim of reducing outbreaks and spreading this disease, which already has a history in our country, evolving since 2017 almost constantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]