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Glass is an essential category of materials because of its inherent transparency, which sets it apart from many other material systems. Due to its unique characteristics, radiation shielding applications have begun implementing it, particularly when optical clarity is required. Researchers have been compelled to examine glass materials that offer optimal performance in radiation shielding against high photon energy and particles. The literature has encompassed various papers examining many types of glass and their responses to ranged energy levels. This mini-review aims to demonstrate the glass systems that have been reviewed and their respective radiation shielding characteristics against photon energies. To achieve this objective, the publication numbers for radiation shielding materials and glass were initially collected over several years from the widely utilized Web of Science (WoS) database. Subsequently, the glass systems that were primarily examined in the context of radiation shielding glass investigations were identified and classified as borate (B), germanate (G), phosphate (P), silicate (S), tellurite (T), and waste (W). The current trajectory of these glass systems has been illustrated over the years. After providing a broad description, each glass system was examined using an approach that involved sorting based on the highest-citation and newest-first criteria. Five publications were selected for each way, and then the chemical composition, density, and linear attenuation coefficient at 662 keV were obtained. Furthermore, the Phy-X/PSD software facilitated the comprehension of the attenuation properties of the glass systems at energy levels of 1173 and 1332 keV. Plus, some computations aided in understanding variations in exposure build-up factors (EBF). As demonstrated by the published data, there has been a significant rise in the number of publications on radiation shielding materials and glass investigations, especially in the last five years. In another development, there has been a recent push towards lead-free glass systems, even though inserting PbO into the glass composition can achieve a high-density value, namely higher than 5 g/cm3. Among the several glass systems of interest, T -glass has emerged as a notable choice for photon energies due to its high-density glass formulation while also being free of lead content. The T -glass series had LAC values (at 1173 keV) ranging from 0.28 to 0.35 cm−1, whereas the B , G , P , S , and W - glass series showed changes between 0.13 and 0.36, 0.17 and 0.39, 0.16 and 0.28, 0.16 and 0.35, and 0.12 and 0.25 cm−1 respectively. It is also essential to acknowledge that W - glass systems have gained popularity from sustainability perspective. Yet, W - glass systems have been found effective against low photon energies. Hence, this concise evaluation strongly highlights the significant potential of T -glass and W - glass systems for future research, owing to the facts that both systems facilitate low-melting temperatures, reduced carbon emissions, and easy preparation while also offering promising radiation shielding properties. • Borate, germanate, phosphate, silicate, tellurite, and waste glass systems have been reviewed. • Glass investigations have lately accounted for up to 30% of all radiation shielding material studies. • T -glass has emerged as a notable choice against high photon energies owing to its high density. • LAC 662 keV could be achieved greater than 0.50 cm−1 with tellurite glass as a lead-free option. • Radiation shielding systems made of waste glass can become prominent in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tellurite glass is a model material having superior features for several applications. It can be considered as a potential host matrix for different oxides, and this paper aims to study the effects of TeO 2 /B 2 O 3 substitution on synthesis, physical, optical and radiation shielding properties of ZnO–Li 2 O-GeO 2 -Bi 2 O 3 glasses produced by melt quenching technique. The physical and optical features of the fabricated glasses were experimentally investigated by determining pivotal parameters such as density, XRD, tellurium ion concentration (N i), linear refractive index (n o), polaron radius (r p) and inter nuclear distance (r i). Moreover, the relative radiation deposition within the glasses was assessed via the attenuation coefficients (e.g. MAC), specific gamma ray constant (ᴦ), total stopping power (TSP), neutron cross sections, and dose rate (D). Our results suggest that both TeO 2 and B 2 O 3 additives have a significant effect on the fundamental properties of the ZnO–Li 2 O-GeO 2 -Bi 2 O 3 glasses. It also found that the lower thicknesses of the present glasses are required to provide the same level of shielding than ordinary, ilmenite, steel scrap, hematic-serpentine, ilmenite-limonite and basalt-magnetite concretes, RS253-G18 and RS360 glass shields. Therefore, presently investigated glasses are promising photon shields in different technological applications of gamma- and x-rays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this this paper, five transparent and non-toxic glasses with the chemical identity : 75TeO 10MoO 3 10BaO (5- x)Sm 2 O 3 x Bi 2 O 3 with x = 0 (TMBS-0Bi), 2 (TMBS-2Bi), 4 (TMBS-4Bi), 4.5 (TMBS-4.5Bi), and 5 (TMBS-5Bi) were synthesized using analytic grade chemicals following the melt and quench process. The glasses were characterized for their physical, optical, structural and gamma radiation attenuation attributes. The glasses appear transparent with colour gradient dictated by chemical content. XRD data and analysis confirm the glassy nature of the prepared glasses. As the Bi 2 O 3 content increased, the glass density increased from 5.46 to 5.64 g/cm3. The direct optical bandgap also showed variations with TMBS-5Bi having the highest value of 2.56 eV. The mass attenuation coefficient (µ / ρ) of the glasses was determined through FLUKA simulation and direct XCOM calculations. Results showed great agreement between µ / ρ obtained from both methods. The analysis of photon response parameters of the glasses indicated energy and chemical content variations for photon energies 15–15000 KeV. Generally, parameters relating to gamma ray absorption show improvement as Bi 2 O 3 was enhanced in the glasses. therefore, TMBS-5Bi and TMBS-0Bi is the best and weakest photon absorber among the prepared glasses. The TMBS-5Bi offer good alternative as a transparent and environmentally friendly glass for radiation control applications. The TMBS-XBi glasses are attractive optical materials on one hand, they are also considered candidates in radiation protection functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study, aims to investigate on non-traditional tellurite glasses and conducted to study structural, mechanical, acoustic and parameters of gamma radiation shielding (eg. Liner Attenuation Coefficient (LAC), Half Value Layer (HVL), micro-hardness (H)), for the Ternary TeO 2 /TiO 2 /B 2 O 3 glasses with different molar composition. Important parameters used for radiation shielding of the glass samples were investigated by both Monte Carlo simulation codes (MCNP and Geant4) and Phy-X/PSD software, in the 0.284, 0.347, 0.511, 0.662, 0.826, and 1.173 MeV photon energies. As a result, the values of Elastic module, structural, acoustic parameters and fractal Bond were found in this paper. Our calculation confirmed that samples (with the most TeO2 content almost 80 mol% and the least B2O3 amount around 10 mol%) represented the least Molar oxygen volume (11.980 cm3/mol) and the most Oxygen packing density (83.465 mol/L). The simulated results, show that the HVL for the TT and TB glass samples are below the level of other examples, and the TTB2 has the highest HVL at high energy (1.173 MeV). Also, TT and TB have higher MAC and TTB2 has lower MAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dose and linear energy transfer (LET) dependence of the radiophotoluminescence (RPL) response was evaluated for RPL glass detectors, taken from the environmental dosimeter type SC-1, using a clinical 100 MeV and 200 MeV scanning pencil proton beam. The measurements were performed at different positions along the Bragg curves. The fluence-averaged (LET f) and dose-averaged (LET d) LET at the positions of the detectors were calculated using two Monte Carlo codes (MCNP and PHITS). Before measurements in proton beams, the linearity of the dose response for the dose range of interest (up to 10 Gy) was checked and confirmed in a Co-60 gamma ray field, since the FGD-202 reader for SC-1 dosimeters is usually used for doses up to 1 Gy and we found no data for higher doses in the literature. For proton beams, the linear dose response was determined for the doses investigated from 0.5 Gy to 8.8 Gy. For the LET range, which corresponds to the LET d from 0.47 keV/μm to 4.70 keV/μm, a decrease in response with an increase in LET was observed. • The dose and LET dependence of response was evaluated for RPL glass detectors. • Clinical proton beams and environmental RPL dosimetry system were used. • Linear dose response in Co-60 gammas and 100 MeV proton beam was shown. • A decrease in response with increase in LET was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the γ-radiation shielding traits of some new types of borate glasses of composition (70–x)B 2 O 3 –10Bi 2 O 3 –10BaO–10CdO–xPbO (where 0 ≤ x ≤ 20 mol%) prepared using melt quenching method. As-quenched samples were characterized to determine the effects of various PbO contents on their γ-radiation shielding properties. XRD patterns of the samples verified their amorphous nature. The Phy-X and XCOM was used to compute the mass attenuation coefficients of the glasses and then compared with the experimental data. The γ-radiation shielding performance of the proposed glasses were evaluated in terms of diverse attenuation parameters like mean free path, half and tenth value layer, atomic cross-section, electronic cross-section, effective atomic number and effective electron density. The γ-radiation shielding performance of the glasses were significantly improved with the increase of PbO contents. This new borate glass system is established to be advantageous for the radiation shielding applications. • The borate glass samples with different PbO content were prepared by the standard melt-quenching method. • The μ/ρ values of the glasses were increased with the increase of the PbO content. • The relatively higher Zeff at lower energies due to the dominance of PE effect. • Promising HVT and TVL achieved with the new prepared glasses. • The proposed glass improves the efficiency of IR shielding material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the influence of SnO 2 content on the physical, elastic, optical, and radiation shielding properties of the glasses described by the formula of xSnO 2 -(10-x) 60Bi 2 O 3 -30PbO- B 2 O 3 (x = 0, 2, 4, and 6 mol%). The oxygen packing density (OPD) are observed in decreasing trend with the values of 54.93, 54.42, 53.92, 53.41 cm−3.mol−1 for x = 0, 2, 4, and 6 mol%, respectively. Moreover, we found that the SnO 2 content contributes to enhance the optical properties of the present glasses. The HVL of the glasses was almost constant with a value of about 0.001 cm. However, at the maximum energy (15 MeV), HVL assumes the value of 1.627, 1.621, 1.615, and 1.608 cm for x = 0, 2, 4, and 6 mol%, respectively. Furthermore, the present glasses possess superior photon absorbing capacities compared to several commercial glass and concrete shields. This exemplary shielding capacity shown by these glasses propels them to be as future shielding materials against gamma radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]