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New business opportunities based on grassland and green fodder present a promising avenue to realize the transition towards a circular and sustainable bio-based economy. Yet, such potential remains largely untapped and grass-based products and businesses remain a small niche in the global economy. To understand this phenomenon, this paper introduces and operationalizes a model to assess innovation readiness built around seven focus areas: technology, manufacturing, business, IPR, customer, team, and funding readiness with their own detailed "progress scales." We employ necessary condition analysis (NCA) to identify limiting factors and bottlenecks in actual business situations. Our results reveal that lack of consumer awareness, infant conversion technologies and paucity of long-term investments that support emerging bio-based businesses are the most limiting conditions for the growth of emerging grass-based markets. The present study advances our understanding of the factors that limit complex innovations in grassland systems. Focusing on necessary conditions in a coordinated way between practitioners and policy makers by giving priority to fostering positive awareness of bioeconomy businesses, developing conversion technologies, and improving access to capital is a recommended approach to foster emerging grass-based innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords Group decisions and negotiationst; Minimum cost consensus; Consensus principle; Tolerance level; Feedback regulation mechanism Highlights * The concept and constraint of consensus principle are proposed. * The definitions of tolerance level and consensus level are proposed. * The minimum cost consensus model based on the consensus principle is constructed. * The minimum cost consensus models with feedback regulation mechanism are constructed. Abstract Since the hard consensus is difficult and costly to achieve in group decision making (GDM), it is reasonable and necessary for decision makers (DMs) to reach a soft consensus within a certain level of tolerance and consensus. To achieve this purpose, the concepts and definitions of consensus principle, tolerance level and consensus level are proposed in this paper. The consensus principle keeps the consensus reaching process (CRP) always moving in a better direction, and the tolerance level characterizes the individual's psychological receptivity, while the consensus level guarantees the quality of consensus results, then the minimum cost consensus models (MCCMs) based on these three points are proposed. Thereafter, we add a feedback regulation mechanism based on tolerance threshold rewards to the proposed MCCMs, the mechanism connects individual weight with tolerance threshold, avoiding the subjective disadvantage caused by the two values need to be given in advance. Meanwhile, the framework and specific algorithm of CRP under the tolerance threshold reward feedback regulation mechanism are given, providing a precise method for solving the realistic consensus problems. Finally, the consensus reaching case of the carbon emission benchmark shows the reasonable effectiveness of the two different models proposed in this paper, and the comparative analysis shows the differences and applicability of the two models. Author Affiliation: (a) School of Business Administration, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China (b) School of Management Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China (c) College of Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China (d) School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 12 October 2021; Accepted 24 August 2022 Byline: Weiwei Guo [guowwwhh@163.com] (a), Zaiwu Gong [zwgong26@163.com] (b), Wei-Guo Zhang [wgzhang@scut.edu.cn] (*,a,c), Yanxin Xu [yanxinxuxu@163.com] (d)

Keywords Stochastic programming; Scenario tree generation; Recursive algorithms; Model error; Distributionally robust solutions HIGHLIGHTS * This is an elaboration of the semiplenary talk I held in Athens at EURO 2021. * The paper summarizes some earlier work, a new aspect is however included by emphasizing the recursive structure of data structures and algorithms. * The role of the ambiguity radius as a tradeoff between model information and efficiency of the optimal decisions is elaborated for several informative examples. Abstract Stochastic multistage decision problems appear in many - if not all - application areas of Operations Research. While to define such problems is easy, to solve them is quite difficult, since they are of infinite dimension. Numerical solution can only be found by solving an approximate, easier problem. In this paper, we show good approximations can be found, where we emphasize the recursive structure of the involved algorithms and data structures. In a second part, the problem of coping with the model error of approximations is discussed. We present algorithms for finding distributionally robust solutions for the model error problem. We also review some application cases of such situations from the literature. Author Affiliation: Faculty of Economics and Statistics, University of Vienna, Wien Oskar-Morgenstern Platz, Vienna A-1090, Austria Article History: Received 6 December 2021; Revised 20 March 2022; Accepted 2 April 2022 (footnote)[white star] This paper is an elaboration of a semiplenary talk held at the EURO21 conference in Athens Byline: Georg Ch. Pflug [georg.pflug@univie.ac.at]

This paper proposes a novel approach to evaluate location decisions for public facilities. The approach addresses, not only the standard distance-minimizing problem, but also the endogenous location decisions of individuals. The paper develops a quantifiable general equilibrium model with endogenous (residential and commercial) densities, housing prices, commutes to work, as well as to public/private facilities. The framework is applied to the case of secondary schools in Paris' greater region at a 1km.sup.2 geographical scale. The analysis reveals that the observed location decisions made between 2001 and 2015 underestimate the endogenous reaction of individuals. A more decentralized strategy is predicted to increase welfare growth by 10 percent, reduce density in Paris' center, and shorten commuting times to school globally. Author Affiliation: ETH Zürich, Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, Leonhardstrasse 21, Zurich 8092, Switzerland * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 10 February 2021; Revised 23 January 2023; Accepted 1 February 2023 (footnote)# I am grateful to the editor, Donald R. Davis, and three anonymous referees for many helpful and productive suggestions. I am grateful to seminar and conference participants in Barcelona, Aix-en-Provence, Munich, Tampere, Cologne, Paris and Amsterdam. In particular, I thank Gabriel Ahlfeldt, Peter Egger, Marko Koethenbuerger, Matthias Krapf, Etienne Lehmann, Nicole Loumeau, Mohammed Mardan, Yasusada Murata, Dávid Nagy, Ariell Reshef, Frédéric Robert-Nicoud, Laurent Simula, and Nora Strecker for helpful comments and suggestions; and Juliette Caillaudeau from the 'Direction de l'Evaluation, de la Prospective et de la Performance' (DEPP) for great help in accessing the data. Byline: Gabriel Loumeau [loumeau@ethz.ch] (*,#)

Keywords Household finance; Individual investor; Financial advice; Inducements; Consumer financial protection Highlights * German brokerage introduces a flat-fee alongside a commission-based scheme. * Comparison of switchers to the flat-fee to matched commission-based clients. * Adopters seek and follow (unchanged) financial advice more. * Adopters increase portfolio values and trade more. * Adopters improve portfolio efficiency through higher fund shares. Abstract Using a field study at a German brokerage, we investigate advised individual investors' behavior and outcomes after self-selecting into a flat-fee scheme (percentage of portfolio value) for mutual funds. In a difference-in-differences setting, we compare 699 switchers to propensity-score-matched advisory clients who remained in the commission-based scheme. Switchers increase their portfolio values, improve portfolio diversification, and increase their portfolio performance. They also demand more financial advice and follow more advisor recommendations. We argue that switchers attribute a higher quality to the unchanged advisory services. Author Affiliation: (a) Aarhus University, Fuglesangs Allé 4, DK-8210 Aarhus V, Denmark (b) University of New South Wales, UNSW Business School, Sydney, High St, Kensington NSW 2052, Australia (c) Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-W.-Adorno Platz 3, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 24 January 2022; Revised 14 March 2023; Accepted 16 March 2023 (footnote)â° This research could never have been accomplished without the collaboration and support of a German bank. We are grateful to the bank for providing the data. We would like to acknowledge the contributions of the bank and its employees who helped us. Financial support from the Think Forward Initiative research grant and the Danish Finance Institute (DFI) is also gratefully acknowledged. For useful comments and discussions, we thank Sascha Baghestanian, Holger Kraft, Roman Inderst, Martin Weber, Laura Lindsey, Alessandro Previtero, and Mikael Paaso. Conference and seminar comments at the AFA meetings in San Diego, AEA meetings in San Francisco, the 1st CEPR Household Finance workshop in London, the FIRS meetings in Lissabon, the DGF meetings in Leipzig, Goethe University Frankfurt, Leibniz University Hanover, University of Mannheim, and University of Tübingen significantly improved the paper. Please note that the paper previously circulated under the title 'fee-only advice' Byline: Steffen Meyer [steffen.meyer@econ.au.dk] (a,*), Charline Uhr (a), Benjamin Loos (b), Andreas Hackethal (c)

Keywords Relative performance information; Relative performance evaluation; Rank feedback; Social incentives; Social and self-image; Knowledge-sharing; On-the-job help; Collaboration; Experiment Abstract Social comparisons are known to increase individual work morale, but because they could foster competition, they may also negatively impact how well co-workers work together. This paper uses a novel experiment to explore this potential tradeoff. The experiment varies whether members of a reference group receive relative performance information on a knowledge task and measures how this affects the willingness to subsequently help the productivity of others by sharing knowledge with them. The findings reveal that relative performance information spurs competition between members of a reference group when compared to the baseline with no such information. Yet, there is no evidence that relative performance information substantially lowers group morale, that is, the willingness to help the productivity of others in the group. These findings advance our understanding of how relative performance concerns among co-workers affect the way they work together. Author Affiliation: Department of Economics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Kaulbachstraße 45, 80539 München Article History: Received 15 July 2022; Revised 2 March 2023; Accepted 7 March 2023 (footnote)â° I am grateful to Roberto Weber and Ernst Fehr for their guidance and support in the development of this project. I thank Björn Bartling, Yves Breitmoser, Dirk Engelmann, Yiming Liu, Eva Ranehill, Ernesto Reuben, Karl Schlag, Florian Schneider, Anja Schöttner, Julien Senn, Vanessa Valero, Georg Weizsäcker, Florian Zimmermann and two anonymous referees for their comments. This paper also benefited from discussions with the audience in numerous conference and seminar presentations. Financial support from the Excellence Foundation Zurich, the Zurich Graduate School of Economics through their Director's Grant program and by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through CRC TRR 190 (project number 280092119) is gratefully acknowledged. All remaining errors are my own. Byline: Lea Heursen [lea.heursen@econ.lmu.de]

Keywords contest; all-pay auction; stochastic abilities; bid cap; disclosure Abstract In this paper, we study the optimal disclosure of bidders' types in a two-bidder all-pay auction in the presence of a common and exogenously given bid cap. We focus on the set of disclosure policies that are contingent on realizations of bidders' types and fully characterize the unique symmetric equilibrium under each of them. We find that, allowing only for full disclosure and full concealment, the ex ante expected revenue is higher under full disclosure only for intermediate levels of the bid cap. Allowing also for partial disclosure policies: (i) the ex ante expected revenue under full disclosure is higher than under partial disclosure to low-type bidders but lower than under partial disclosure to high-type bidders, regardless of the bid cap; (ii) full concealment could rank from the highest to the third highest, depending on the bid cap, the prior type distribution, and the type values. These results are due to the different sensitivities of bidders' bids across bidders' types and disclosure policies. Author Affiliation: (a) School of Economics, Shenzhen University, China (b) Department of Economics, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, China (c) Max Planck Institute for Tax Law and Public Finance, Germany * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 3 December 2020; Revised 23 September 2022; Accepted 2 October 2022 (footnote)[white star] We thank Bo Chen, Jingfeng Lu, Kai Konrad, Dmitriy Knyazev, Tsz-Ning Wong, and Lily Yang for comments and discussions. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [No. 72203148 and No. 71973040] and the Department of Education of Guangdong Province [No. 2021WQNCX085]. The authors have equal contribution to the paper. Byline: Bo Chen [bochenbonn@gmail.com] (a,b,*), Marco Serena [marco.serena85@gmail.com] (c)

Keywords Cheating; Dishonesty; Misreporting in teams; Real effort Highlights * We analyze the impact of information and communication on misreporting of performance in teams of two. * Both team members get the same payoff but report independently. * Informing players 2 about the reports of players 1 reduces misreporting. * Letting players 1 send messages to players 2 reduces misreporting by players 2. * Information transmission and communication thus reduce misreporting. Abstract We extend the experimental analysis of misreporting performance in real effort tasks (cheating) to situations where two members of a team perform the task sequentially and decide independently on their potentially inflated reports. We vary three factors in our experiment: whether no players, only players 2, or both players can misreport; whether players 2 learn the report of players 1; and whether players 1 can send a message to players 2 requesting honest or dishonest behavior. Our data yield two main insights. First, higher reports by players 1 lead to higher reports by players 2, i.e. misreporting is reinforcing. Second, allowing players 1 to send a message suggesting that players 2 either report honestly or a minimum number of correct solutions reduces misreporting by players 2. There are two channels for this. First, most players 1 request an honest report. Second, players 2 misreport far less when they receive the honest message, but, compared to the treatments without messages, hardly change their reports when they are asked to report a minimum number of correct solutions. We find a similar, though less pronounced, asymmetric response when players 2 learn the reports of players 1. These findings suggest that communication and information transmission can reduce cheating, and that there are notable spillover effects of honesty even in anonymous environments. Author Affiliation: (a) Victoria University of Wellington, Pipitea Campus, Lambton Quay, Wellington, New Zealand (b) Trier University, Universitätsring 15, Trier, D-54296, Germany (c) Graduate School of Business, HSE University, Shabolovka Ulitsa 26--28, Moscow, Russia * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 26 April 2022; Revised 20 March 2023; Accepted 26 March 2023 (footnote)[white star] Paper presented at the University of Auckland, the University of Bern, Victoria University of Wellington, Otto Beisheim School of Management, and European Business School. We are grateful to Frauke von Bieberstein, Steffen Lippert, Gerd Muehlheusser, and Ronald Peeters for helpful comments. We are very grateful to two anonymous referees and the Associate Editor, whose comments improved the paper very much. This study was supported by grants of the Russian Science Foundation (Project No. 20-78-00023) and Wellington School of Business and Government (Project No. FSRG 225754). Byline: Eberhard Feess [eberhard.feess@vuw.ac.nz] (a), Thomas Schilling [dudek@uni-trier.de] (b), Yuriy Timofeyev [y.timofeyev@hse.ru] (*,c)

Keywords Occasionally binding constraints; Global nonlinearities; Financial frictions; Liquidity; Business cycles Abstract What drives nonlinearities in modern macroeconomic models? Building on global methods, the present paper isolates the effects associated with an occasionally binding constraint in a widely discussed macro-finance framework. Only the proper computational treatment provides a holistic understanding of the (hidden) economics in tail events, and the full reflection of large and consecutive shocks in economic forecasts. An improper treatment provides an overestimation of asset pricing dynamics and a misleading association between high levels of capital and liquidity and high levels of investment. Author Affiliation: Universität Zürich, Chair of Quantitative Business Administration, Plattenstrasse 14, CH - 8032 Zurich, Switzerland Article History: Received 18 February 2021; Revised 13 December 2022; Accepted 1 February 2023 (footnote)[white star] This paper is a revised version of the first chapter of our dissertation, written at the University of Zurich. It was selected for the student presentations of the Macro Financial Modeling Summer Session for Young Scholars 2017, held by the Becker Friedman Institute in Bretton Woods, NH (U.S.A.). We are grateful to two anonymous referees and the editor, Juan Francisco Rubio-Ramírez, for careful reviews of an earlier version of this paper. We are grateful to Johannes Brumm, Wouter den Haan, Martin Ellison, Andrea Eisfeldt, Lars Hansen, Felix Kübler, Alexander Ludwig, Walter Pohl, Pontus Rendahl, Andreas Schabert, Karl Schmedders, Andrés Schneider, Frank Schorfheide, Ctirad Slavík, and Sevin Yeltekin for helpful discussions. Finally, we thank Dave Brooks for excellent editorial support on earlier versions. A former version of this paper circulated under the preliminary title 'Occasionally Binding Liquidity Constraints and the Volatility of Consumption and Investment', under which it was also presented at the CEF 2013 in Vancouver and at the European Macro Workshop 2013 in London. Byline: Maximilian Werner [maximilian.werner@business.uzh.ch]

Keywords Early childhood; Pretrial detention; Judicial bias; Communal violence Abstract We estimate the causal effects of judges' exposure to communal violence during early childhood on pretrial detention rates by exploiting novel administrative data on judgments and detailed resumes of judicial officers born during 1955--1991. Our key result is that judges exposed to communal violence between ages 0 and 6 years are 16% more prone to deny bail than the average judge, with the impact being stronger for the experience of riots between ages 3 and 6 years. The observed judicial stringency is driven by childhood exposure to riots with a higher duration of state-imposed lockdowns and low riot casualties. Author Affiliation: (a) Paris School of Economics and University of Namur, France (b) Research School of Economics, Australian National University, Australia * Corresponding author at: Postdoc Associate at New York, Univerisity-Abu Dhabi. Article History: Received 14 March 2022; Revised 8 January 2023; Accepted 16 February 2023 (footnote)[white star] We would like to thank Guilhem Cassan, Yan Chen, Mathieu Couttenier, Oliver Vanden Eynde, James Fenske, Kareem Haggag, Namrata Kala, John List, Ameet Morjaria, Thomas Piketty, Herakles Polemarchakis, Dominic Rohner, Marc Sangnier, and Rabee Tourky for their comments and support. We would like to thank participants of the Young Economist Symposium (Princeton), 100 years of Economic Development Conference (Cornell University), Applied Econometrics Conference (Hitotsubashi University), KVS (Leiden University), and seminar participants at the Paris School of Economics and the University of Namur for suggestions and comments. We gratefully acknowledge Sudhir Gupta, Rahil Vora, and Yucheng Lu for their research assistance. We thank Lakshmi Iyer for providing us the dataset from their paper . We are very thankful to John Mitchell Poverty Lab for providing financial support to this project. This paper was written during the time Sutanuka Roy visited the Department of Economics at the University of Chicago. The author thanks the hosts for their support. This work was also supported by the Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek - Vlaanderen (FWO) and the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS under EOS project O020918F (EOS ID 30784531) Byline: Nitin Kumar Bharti [nitin-kumar.bharti@psemail.eu] (a,*), Sutanuka Roy [sutanuka.roy@anu.edu.au] (b)

Keywords Pension reform; Early retirement age; Savings; Pension wealth; Consumption expenditure Highlights * In this paper, we examine how households adjust their savings and consumption expenditure in response to an anticipated increase in the early retirement age. * We explore the abolishment of women's pension in 1999 in Germany and an Regression Discontinuity Difference-in-Differences (RD-DD) framework using the German Income and Consumption Survey. * We find a negative impact on private savings of 0.6 percentage points that is driven by married households. * Furthermore, we find that the treated households increase their leisure spending while maintaining an unchanged level of disposable income. * Our findings suggest that the treated households absorb the pension wealth shock without increasing their savings. Abstract This paper examines how households adjust their savings and consumption expenditure in response to an anticipated increase in the early retirement age (ERA). We examine the 1999 pension reform in Germany, which increased the ERA for women born after 1951 by at least three years. First, we present suggestive evidence that women update their retirement planning in response to the reform. Using the German Income and Consumption Survey, we find a negative impact on private savings of 0.6 percentage points that is driven by households with married women. We show that households consisting of highly educated women and homeowners are more likely to reduce their savings rates. Furthermore, we find that the treated households increase their leisure spending while maintaining an unchanged level of disposable income. Our findings suggest that the households anticipate experiencing a lifetime income increase and reduce their savings rate to smooth consumption. Author Affiliation: (a) DIW Berlin, Germany (b) ZEW Mannheim, Germany (c) University of Mannheim, IZA, ZEW, Germany * Corresponding authors. Article History: Received 18 December 2020; Revised 13 February 2023; Accepted 16 February 2023 (footnote)[white star] We would like to thank the editor and three anonymous referees for their comments, which greatly improved the paper. We are grateful to Christian Dustmann, Johannes Geyer, Hans-Martin von Gaudecker, Peter Haan, Eckhard Janeba, Michèle Tertilt, Nicolas Ziebarth and participants at seminars in DIW Berlin, University of Mannheim, CReAM, EPSE 2019, EALE 2019 and University of South Florida for their helpful insights and suggestions. The views expressed here are solely those of the authors. The authors acknowledge funding from the Forschungsnetzwerk Alterssicherung of the German Statutory Pension Scheme and the German Federal Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs within the BMAS-FIS network 'InterdisciplinarySocial Policy Research'. Funding by the German Research Foundation (DFG) through CRC TR 224 (Project C01) is also gratefully acknowledged. All errors are our own. Byline: Stefan Etgeton (a), Björn Fischer [bjoern.fischer@zew.de] (b,*), Han Ye [han.ye@uni-mannheim.de] (c,*)

Keywords Rent control; Apartment lottery; Labor income; Employment Highlights * Receiving a rent-controlled contract have negative effects on the labor supply. * Receiving a rent-controlled contract reduces the labor income. * Receiving a rent-controlled contract have negative effects on employment. Abstract Using a unique randomized rental apartment lottery in Stockholm metropolitan statistical area, this paper analyses behavioral effects on individuals receiving a rent-controlled contract in the Swedish rent control program. The result shows that receiving a rent-controlled contract reduces the annual labor income by 13 to 20 percent and employment by 8 to 13 percent. To some extent, these effects can be explained by an increased propensity to enter higher education. Author Affiliation: (a) Institute for Housing and Urban Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (b) Department of Statistics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (c) YMSC, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 18 November 2020; Revised 23 February 2023; Accepted 4 March 2023 (footnote)[white star] We thank seminar participants at Uppsala University and at the SNS. Enström Öst acknowledges support from the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (grant 2014--00034). The authors declare that they have no relevant or material financial interests that relate to the research in this paper. Byline: Cecilia Enström Öst [cecilia.enstrom_ost@ibf.uu.se] (a,*), Per Johansson [per.johansson@statistics.uu.se] (b,c)

The phenomenon of emerging economy multinational (EMNE) internationalization has stimulated a lively debate among international business scholars. After more than two decades of high-quality scholarly work, this debate continues. The evolution of emerging market economies as well as the geopolitical events of the recent past have provided further boost to the research agenda on EMNEs' internationalization, keeping the topic at the forefront of international business (IB) research. A call for scholarly articles was issued to expand academic understanding of what's still emerging about EMNEs. Several high-quality papers were received and reviewed, resulting in 15 papers accepted for publication in the special issue. The present paper introduces the special issue and an overview of the papers published, highlighting how these papers extend our understanding of EMNE internationalization, especially with regard to evolution of their competitive advantages, location choices, and entry modes. In doing so, this paper proposes ways in which scholarship of EMNEs can advance beyond our common understanding of country-specific and firm-specific antecedents of EMNE internationalization. We also examine some recent notable contributions to the literature as well as propose an agenda for future research. Author Affiliation: (a) International Business, Centre for International Business, Leeds University Business School, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK (b) Georgia State University, Institute of International Business, J. Mack Robinson College of Business, 35 Broad Street, Atlanta, GA 30303, Unites States (c) Politecnico di Milano, School of Management, Department of Management Engineering, Via Lambruschini 4/B, 20156 Milan, Italy (d) International Business and Management, Centre for International Business, Leeds University Business School, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK * Corresponding author. Byline: Peter Buckley [P.J.Buckley@leeds.ac.uk] (a), S. Tamer Cavusgil [stcavusgil@gsu.edu] (b), Stefano Elia [stefano.elia@polimi.it] (c,*), Surender Munjal [S.Munjal@lubs.leeds.ac.uk] (d)

Keywords Elaboration likelihood model; Consumer attitude; Persuasion; Virtual reality augmented reality; Systematic literature review; Conceptual model Abstract Using the social psychology theory of elaboration likelihood model (ELM), we present a conceptual model of persuading consumer attitudes through virtual and augmented reality advertisements. We begin this paper with a systematic literature review that assesses a number of theoretical and empirical papers that utilize ELM for virtual reality and augmented reality advertisements. The second section presents research prepositions that facilitate the investigation of consumer attitude persuasion through virtual reality and augmented reality advertisements. The authors identified six research prepositions that facilitate the investigation of consumer attitude persuasion through these advertisements based on the literature. Presented in the third section of this paper is a detailed future research agenda organized by two main research paths: central and peripheral. Moreover, advertisement quality, demographic differences, and the technological context of virtual and augmented reality advertisements helped to facilitate central route persuasion. Variables such as source credibility, social presence, and message content in virtual reality and augmented reality advertisements were found as the persuasion factors under the peripheral route. Therefore, this study provides a method to examine consumer attitudes through virtual reality and augmented reality advertisements using the social psychology theory of elaboration likelihood modelling (ELM). Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Marketing, O P Jindal Global University, India (b) School of Business, University of Southern Queensland, Australia (c) Department of Marketing, Griffith University, Australia (d) Management Development Institute, Gurgaon, India * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 21 April 2022; Revised 18 January 2023; Accepted 1 February 2023 Byline: Nirma Sadamali Jayawardena [nirmasadamali@gmail.com] (a,*), Park Thaichon [park.thaichon@usq.edu.au] (b), Sara Quach [s.quach@griffith.edu.au] (c), Ali Razzaq [ali.razzaq@griffithuni.edu.au] (c), Abhishek Behl [abhishekbehl27@gmail.com] (d)

Keywords Brand hate; Brand love; Brand relationship types; Consumer-brand relationships; Communal relationships; Systematic literature review Abstract This article provides the first systematic literature review specifically about consumer-brand relationship types since the foundational paper on brand relationships was published in 1998. This review reveals what we know about brand relationship types by identifying five types that have been the subject of multi-paper investigations--brand love, hate, communal relationships, friendships, and addiction--and by synthesizing the conceptualization of these types as well as known antecedents, moderators, and outcomes. Additionally, it offers insights on how this knowledge was created, including theoretical sources of inspiration and the crucial role of methodological innovations in the development of research streams around new types. Finally, this review outlines where we should go from here with a detailed roadmap for future research on how to build knowledge of more types, further what we know about antecedents, moderators, and outcomes of types, expand the methodological toolbox, and clarify the boundaries and structure of consumer-brand relationship types. Author Affiliation: (a) Hankamer School of Business, Baylor University, One Bear Place #98007, Waco, TX 76798, United States * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 30 June 2021; Revised 27 January 2023; Accepted 9 February 2023 Byline: Claudio Alvarez [claudio_alvarez@baylor.edu] (a,*), Meredith E. David [meredith_david@baylor.edu] (a), Morris George [morris_george@baylor.edu] (a)

Keywords COVID-19; Social distancing policy; Mobility; Vaccination; Republic of Korea; Structural VAR; Threshold VAR Abstract This paper investigates the dynamic impact of social distancing policy on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection control, mobility of people, and consumption expenditures in the Republic of Korea. We employ structural and threshold vector autoregressive (VAR) models using big-data-driven mobility data, credit card expenditure, and a social distancing index. We find that the social distancing policy significantly reduces the spread of COVID-19, but there exists a significant, growing trade-off between infection control and economic activity over time. When the level of stringency in social distancing is already high, its marginal effect on mobility is estimated to be smaller than when social distancing stringency is low. The effect of social distancing also becomes secondary after vaccination. Increased vaccination is found to significantly reduce the critical cases while it increases visitors and consumption expenditures. The results also show that the effect of social distancing policy on mobility reduction is strongest among the population of age under 20 and the weakest among the population of age over 60. Author Affiliation: (a) Economic Research and Regional Cooperation Department at the Asian Development Bank (ADB), Philippines (b) Department of Economics, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea (c) Future Strategy Development Department, Korea Development Bank, Republic of Korea (d) Economic Research and Regional Cooperation Department, ADB, Philippines * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 10 October 2022; Revised 26 January 2023; Accepted 17 March 2023 (footnote) Note: In this paper, 'Korea' has been used to refer to the Republic of Korea. Byline: Kijin Kim (a), Soyoung Kim [soyoungkim@snu.ac.kr] (b,*), Donghyun Lee (c), Cyn-Young Park (d)

Keywords OR in health services; Implementation Abstract This paper is based on the keynote address given by the paper's first author at EURO 2021. We draw on our experience over more than three decades to define the critical challenges of healthcare implementation. We do not address issues pertaining to technical quality of a solution. Rather, we focus on five general characteristics of the problem that should be carefully considered for any healthcare project that requires implementation. The problem needs an internal Champion; there should be a current Critical Issue; one must understand and adapt to the Cultural dynamics of the organization; appropriate Data exists; and we need to manage Expectations. We illustrate each with examples of our successes, failures, and mixed results. Finally, we summarize what short and long-term steps we believe the operational research community can take that will lead to improvement in each of these areas. Author Affiliation: Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 30 November 2021; Revised 11 April 2022; Accepted 16 April 2022 Byline: Michael W. Carter [mike.carter@utoronto.ca] (*), Carolyn R. Busby

Keywords Ciphertext backup; Convergent encryption; Ownership modification; User revocation Abstract Data deduplication technology is frequently used by many cloud service providers to handle the exponential growth in data. To protect their data privacy, users frequently encrypt their data before uploading it to a cloud storage provider. Therefore, efficient encrypted deduplication technology has been widely studied. Although cloud storage provides convenience for users, it also has the problem of high data concentration. Once an accident occurs in the data center, the impact is enormous. Therefore, it is necessary to back up the ciphertext data after deduplication. In this paper, we propose an efficient encrypted data deduplication technology that supports backup. Our scheme uses a one-way hash chain to verify the legitimacy of a user's identity. It updates the user's ownership of the data using the user's index table. In this paper, we use the XOR operation to re-encrypt data to obtain backup ciphertext, reducing computational complexity. In LEDB, the user can extract the key from the data label. Therefore, the user does not need to manage the key separately. In addition, LEDB supports a two-level deduplication mechanism, which can not only ensure transmission security but also reduce network transmission bandwidth. Finally, LEDB allows the user to determine the integrity of the data before decrypting the ciphertext. Security analysis and experimental results show that our scheme is secure and efficient for data encryption and decryption. Author Affiliation: (a) School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China (b) Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 8 December 2022; Revised 26 February 2023; Accepted 11 March 2023 Byline: Xinyan Wu (a), Huanwei Wang (b), Yangkai Yuan (a), Fagen Li [fagenli@uestc.edu.cn] (a,*)

Keywords UAS; Cybersecurity; Threat assessment; Software security; Artificial intelligence Abstract In recent years, unmanned aerial systems (UAS) have been widely used in both military and civilian fields. However, their open-source software and protocols have made their security vulnerable, resulting in a growing number of cybersecurity issues. This paper provides a comprehensive review of UAS cybersecurity research, with a focus on attack and defense technologies. Regarding UAS being a system that integrates software and hardware and can work independently with complex tasks, this paper analyzes the UAS architecture and classifies security threats into four categories: communication network security, software security, payload security, and intelligent security. Additionally, it provides an overview of existing threat assessment methods. This paper also highlights representative research progress in UAS cyberattacks and defense technologies in the four identified categories. Finally, this paper examines the current research status and future prospects of UAS cybersecurity. Author Affiliation: (a) School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China (b) School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China (c) School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 18 December 2022; Revised 12 March 2023; Accepted 29 March 2023 (footnote)[white star] This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 62103330, No. 62233014, No. 62203358), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (3102021ZDHQD09). Byline: Zhaoxuan Wang [zxwang@mail.nwpu.edu.cn] (a), Yang Li [liyangnpu@nwpu.edu.cn] (b,*), Shihao Wu [wshnpu@mail.nwpu.edu.cn] (b), Yuan Zhou [y.zhou@ntu.edu.sg] (c), Libin Yang [libiny@nwpu.edu.cn] (a), Yuan Xu [xu.yuan@ntu.edu.sg] (c), Tianwei Zhang [tianwei.zhang@ntu.edu.sg] (c), Quan Pan [quanpan@nwpu.edu.cn] (b)

Keywords Blockchain; Smart contracts; DLT; Internet of Things (IoT) Abstract In recent times, IoT has emerged as a new paradigm for the interconnection of heterogeneous, resource-constrained, and communication-capable smart devices. It has been anticipated as a key enabler for various domains of applications such as health care, automotive, agriculture, industrial operations, automation, energy, and the next generation of living. However, the current IoT applications face significant challenges in terms of the huge amount of collected data, intensive data exchange, security, privacy, centralized processing, and interoperability. To mitigate many of these issues, blockchain has been identified as a promising innovative technology. Blockchain, in conjunction with smart contracts, has received significant attention both from the industry and academia and offers features such as irreversibility, non-repudiation, proof of provenance, fault tolerance, pseudonymity, decentralized operations and decision-making, and distributed ledger. The integration of blockchain with IoT requires essential insights concerning the application areas, scalability, security, privacy, data college and storage, performance, and governance. Thus, this paper intends to expound on the opportunities and key aspects of using blockchain in the IoT landscape. Specifically, this paper surveys the utilization of blockchain for various IoT applications. Besides, the paper distinguishes different technical aspects and presents the associated research challenges. At last, future research directions are discussed depending on the lessons learned. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Computer and Communication Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India (b) Department of Computer Engineering, CGPIT, Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli, Gujarat, India (c) Institute of Applied Information Technology (InIT), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Switzerland (d) School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Ireland * Corresponding authors. Article History: Received 28 April 2022; Revised 25 February 2023; Accepted 16 March 2023 Byline: Shikha Mathur [shikhamathur806@gmail.com] (a), Anshuman Kalla [anshuman.kalla@ieee.org] (b,*), Gürkan Gür [gueu@zhaw.ch] (c), Manoj Kumar Bohra [manojkumar.bohra@jaipur.manipal.edu] (a,*), Madhusanka Liyanage [madhusanka@ucd.ie] (d)

Keywords Resource allocation; MEC; Edge computing; 5G Highlights * New 5G MEC resource allocation problems classified based on problem nature: target, resource type, issue, assumptions. Characterization not only based on existing works but also presents future opportunities. * Proposes a method classification for MEC resource allocation. Categorized by solved resource issues. * The paper summarizes the main findings for each problem category (e.g., target, resource type, resource issue, assumption) and the corresponding methods, and relates them to future research opportunities and open issues. * This is the first study on 5G-MEC resource allocation that discusses the state-of-the-art and future challenges for URLLC services in 5G and 6G. Abstract Innovative services with strict requirements are expected in the fifth generation (5G) of mobile networks and beyond. For example, the Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) requires up to 1 ms latency, end-to-end security, and reliability of up to 99.999%. The Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) promises to support the delivery of URLLC services by providing computing and storage resources in the proximity of user equipment. The data which previously needed to be processed and stored in the cloud systems can be kept at the edge network, decreasing the total latency and increasing the context-awareness, security, and dependability. Vastly available resources, which are available from cloud to edge, must be appropriately allocated to deliver a service efficiently. The resource allocation problem in MEC for 5G-and-beyond networks can be formulated differently, depending on the nature of the problem. This survey outlines the resource allocation problem as a proper problem formulation, which can be addressed by target, resource type, resource issue, and the considered assumptions. Moreover, this paper also describes the open issues and future directions for MEC resource allocation based on the state of the art on this research topic. Author Affiliation: University of Stavanger, postboks 8600, Stavanger, 4036, Norway * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 17 October 2022; Revised 8 February 2023; Accepted 15 March 2023 (footnote)[white star] This work has been funded by the The Research Council of Norway through the 5G-MODaNeI project (no. 308909). Byline: Annisa Sarah [annisa.sarah@uis.no] (*), Gianfranco Nencioni [gianfranco.nencioni@uis.no], Md. Muhidul I. Khan [md.m.khan@uis.no]

Keywords Reconfigurable intelligent surface; UAV network; Multicast communication; Resource allocation; MP-DQN Abstract This paper investigates an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled multicast network, where the UAV serves as a mobile transmitter to send typical contents to its corresponding ground receivers. A reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is deployed to enhance the service quality with a limited power supply in the UAV-enabled multicast network. It can reconfigure the signal propagation environment and improve the received power of ground receivers by adjusting the reflection coefficients. The sum rate maximization problem is formulated by jointly designing the UAV movement, RIS reflection matrix, and beamforming design from the UAV to users. This paper proposes a Beamforming control and Trajectory design algorithm based on a Multi-Pass Deep Q-Network (BT-MP-DQN). In the proposed algorithm, the UAV acts as an agent for periodically observing the state of the UAV multicast network and takes actions to adapt to the dynamic environment. Specifically, the movement of the UAV is discrete action, and the beamforming design is continuous action. The simulation results show that this proposed algorithm can effectively improve the achievable rate and satisfy the minimum rate of multicast group users. The deployment of the RIS is beneficial to network performance enhancement. In addition, the multicast network with UAV also outperforms the conventional multicast channel with a fixed-location transmitter. Author Affiliation: (a) School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110819, China (b) Engineering Research Center of Security Technology of Complex Network System, Ministry of Education, China * Corresponding author at: School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110819, China. Article History: Received 8 October 2022; Revised 22 February 2023; Accepted 9 March 2023 Byline: Pengshuo Ji (a,b), Jie Jia [jiajie@mail.neu.edu.cn] (a,b,*), Jian Chen (a,b), Liang Guo (a), An Du (a), Xingwei Wang (a)

Keywords Sketch; Sliding window sketch; Network measurement Abstract As an important basis for network management, effective network measurement is critical for improving network performance and security. As an efficient tool for network measurement, sketch is a probabilistic data structure which can measure traffic statistics with low overhead. Considering that the most recent data of flows are more significant, sliding window sketch is proposed by combining sliding window model with the sketch. Sliding window sketch focuses on measuring information of the most recent period, e.g., data of the last N items or in the last N time units of measured traffic. By prioritizing the latest data, sliding window sketch can better reflect the current network situation and the future trend while avoiding information loss. However, implementation of sliding window sketch is very challenging considering the memory limitations of network devices and the need to maintain the window content in real-time. This paper conducts a comprehensive survey on the latest research works and provides insights into sliding window sketch. First, we briefly review the fundamentals of network measurement and sketch, and then we thoroughly go through and analyze the existing works on sliding window sketch for three different types. Afterwards, we provide a comparative analysis on the design of sliding window sketch in terms of data structures, supported operations, measurement tasks, implementation platforms and performance. Finally, we summarize this survey paper and highlight some future research directions. Author Affiliation: Department of Computer Science, Jinan University, Gangzhou, China * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 16 November 2022; Revised 3 February 2023; Accepted 8 March 2023 Byline: Zijie Zeng, Lin Cui [tcuilin@jnu.edu.cn] (*), Mimi Qian, Zhen Zhang, Kaimin Wei

Keywords Status update systems; Age of information; Peak age of information; Proportional fairness; Temporal fairness Abstract Proportional Fair (PF) scheduling with successful deployments in various cellular wireless networks and wireless LANs, aims at maximizing the sum of the logarithms of user throughputs. PF scheduling is known to strike an appropriate balance between fairness and throughput, for conventional data traffic. On the other hand, there has recently been a surge of interest in status update networks carrying age-sensitive traffic for which information freshness is crucial and therefore network performance metrics driven by Age of Information (AoI) are instrumental, as opposed to conventional performance metrics such as delay, loss, or throughput, used for conventional data traffic. This paper studies the scheduling problem for the downlink of a cellular wireless network with a transmitter sending age-sensitive status update packets from multiple information sources to users with the goal of keeping the information as fresh as possible for the users. For this purpose, under the generate-at-will scenario, an age-agnostic model-free scheduler is proposed with the goal of minimizing the weighted sum peak AoI of the network, which is the performance metric used in this paper for quantifying information freshness. With numerical examples, the proposed scheduler is compared and contrasted with weighted PF scheduling in terms of implementation and performance, in both non-opportunistic and opportunistic scenarios. Author Affiliation: Bilkent University, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Bilkent, 06800, Ankara, Turkey * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 9 October 2022; Revised 10 February 2023; Accepted 28 February 2023 Byline: Nail Akar [akar@ee.bilkent.edu.tr] (*), Ezhan Karasan

Keywords Social networks; Competitive propagation; Target user; Influence maximization Highlights * To make the dissemination targeted and the revenue maximized, we propose the lowest cost problem to achieve dominant coverage for target users under competitive propagation(LC-CTU problem), using target user profiles and setting the objective to dominate coverage. * To better model this scene, this paper proposes the IC-CRA model, which adds competing, delay and attribute to the basic cascade model. After proving that the objective function is monotonic and submodular, the LCH-TU problem can be solved by a greedy algorithm. * To improve the efficiency of the algorithm, we propose the LCH-TU algorithm. It simplifies the calculation by restricting the influence of nodes in the maximum activation probability path and calculating the local influence recursively using the linear relationship of the path. Abstract Multiple pieces of information disseminated in social networks can create a competitive environment where the influence of each message will be reduced. Thus, how to increase the influence under competitive propagation is significant for many applications such as product marketing and rumor suppression. In this paper, to make the dissemination targeted and maximize revenue, we propose the lowest cost problem to achieve dominant coverage for target users under competitive propagation(LC-CTU problem), using target user profiles and setting the objective to dominate coverage. To better model this scene, this paper proposes a competitive restricted propagation independent cascade model based on weights of attribute-generating edges(IC-CRA model), which adds competition, delay, and attributes to the basic independent cascade model. After proving that the LC-CTU problem under the IC-CRA model is NP-hard and the objective function is monotonic and submodular, the problem can be solved by a greedy algorithm. However, the greedy algorithm is time-consuming for large social networks. Thus, to improve the efficiency of the algorithm, we propose the lowest cost heuristic algorithm based on target users and restricted competition (LCH-TU algorithm), which uses the local influence update of each node for selecting the seed node. Finally, this paper demonstrates the effectiveness, efficiency, and scalability of the LCH-TU algorithm through extensive experiments on seven datasets, including real and artificial networks. Author Affiliation: Institute of Cyber Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Integrated Administration Technologies for Information Security, Shanghai, China * Correspondence to: School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. Article History: Received 31 December 2022; Revised 5 March 2023; Accepted 8 March 2023 (footnote)[white star] This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62172278. Byline: Jiaxing Zheng, Li Pan [panli@sjtu.edu.cn] (*)

Keywords Multiple objective programming; ESG in investing; Efficient frontiers; ESG integration; Tri-criterion portfolio selection Highlights * The paper provides a framework for solving the three-objective Markowitz problem where sustainability in the form of ESG is the third objective. * With no clear definition of ESG integration in the literature, we provide a crisp definition of what it is and is not. * A new technique called non-contour efficient fronts is presented for searching tri-criterion efficient surfaces for most preferred portfolios. * While current methods leave ESG on the table, the non-contour methodology leads to portfolios with significantly greater ESG content. * We develop an ESG integration index that is able to assess the degree to which ESG has been integrated into a portfolio. Abstract The paper focuses on investors whose strength of interest in sustainability issues (such as environmental, social, and governance) causes ESG to become a third criterion alongside risk and return in portfolio selection. This causes the efficient frontier to become an efficient surface. This means that an investor's optimal portfolio is no longer the point of most preferred risk/return tradeoff on the mean-variance (M-V) efficient frontier, but is the point of most preferred risk/return/ESG tradeoff on the investor's M-V-ESG efficient surface. However, to find such a point requires non-trivial ESG integration which is the name given to the process of integrating ESG into the portfolio construction process after screening. With the third objective transporting the problem into 3D-space, it is difficult to search the efficient surface in any kind of comprehensive fashion using M-V based or other bi-criterion techniques as this is akin to a 2-dimensional being trying to view a 3-dimensional object. To remedy the situation, the paper proposes a tri-criterion approach that computes efficient surfaces and special non-contour curves (called NC-efficient fronts in the paper) that are stretched across the efficient surface so as to dragnet it for the points of best ESG integration within it. Using the methodology and data from the S&P500, the paper conducts computational tests on problems with up to 500 securities and under different constraint conditions so as to know what to expect from the new approach over a range of situations. Author Affiliation: (a) University of Georgia, Department of Finance, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA (b) University of Augsburg, Faculty of Business Administration and Economics and Centre for Climate Resilience, Universitaetsstrasse 12, 86159 Augsburg, Germany * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 30 November 2021; Accepted 5 August 2022 Byline: Ralph E. Steuer [rsteuer@uga.edu] (*,a), Sebastian Utz [sebastian.utz@uni-a.de] (b)

Keywords Behavioural or; System dynamics; Intervention Highlights * Critically evaluates the 'behavioural turn' in OR and re-visits the core ideas. * Applies to system dynamics the behavioural perspective of biases and deviations from rationality. * Presents a new framework for system dynamics studies which reveals a range of behavioural effects. * Proposes five 'Behavioural SD' axioms involving interdisciplinarity and experiments. * Makes the case that 'Behavioural SD' can explain behavioural phenomena and improve model-based interventions. Abstract Attempts to examine so-called 'behavioural effects' have reached into many different fields and are in full sway across OR. This paper considers whether this can be applied to System Dynamics modelling in a useful way. The idea is that humans frequently do not employ strict rationality in their daily lives but make errors and are subject to fallacies. This can shed light on the cognitive and human interaction aspects of the process and outcomes of modelling. The paper first raises concerns about the current state of 'Behavioural OR' -- BOR. To refocus the underlying ideas it then returns to the Decision Theory roots, takes a broader view using an illustration from the history of science and then builds on work which first proposed a link to System Dynamics (SD). The core of the paper then explores in depth how behavioural ideas apply to SD. This is done using examples dealing with complex systems in a 'naïve' versus a 'sophisticated' way, and then using a mind map. It then offers a new and detailed framework of the stages of an SD-based intervention, indicating the presence of behavioural effects and providing a fine-grained discussion of those effects as they apply to SD. It builds on this by proposing a definition of 'Behavioural System Dynamics' (BehSD) in terms of its perspective on phenomena, five new, constitutive axioms, and its potential for improving practice. The paper closes by reprising the nature and potential of 'BehSD' and by sketching how research that adopts this perspective might go forward. Author Affiliation: (a) Henley Business School, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6UD, United Kingdom (b) Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9108, 6500, HK, Nijmegen, The Netherlands * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 18 November 2020; Accepted 12 August 2022 Byline: David C. Lane (a), Etiënne A.J.A. Rouwette [Etienne.Rouwette@ru.nl] (b,*)

Keywords Data envelopment analysis; Corporate social responsibility; Dynamic data envelopment analysis; Fuzzy data envelopment analysis Highlights * A new method for inefficiency evaluation is proposed. * The method accounts for firms' CSR activities. * The method considers the vagueness of CSR data through fuzzy DEA. * The method allows for dynamics of firms' production decisions through adjustment costs. * Dynamic fuzzy methodology adds some value to the standard crisp approach. Abstract This paper contributes to research on the corporate social responsibility (CSR) field and the inefficiency measurement of firms by proposing a new method for evaluating inefficiency accounting for firms' CSR activities. The new approach considers the imprecise nature of CSR data through the fuzzy data envelopment analysis (FDEA) method and further extends it by allowing for the dynamic interdependence of firms' production decisions through adjustment costs, related to firms investments. In addition, the new method deals with zero or negative values for inputs and/or outputs of the data. The empirical application used in this paper considers a dataset of CSR activities of European firms for three industries (capital, consumption, and other) over the period 2014--2016. Two main results are found with this data. First, the study shows that fuzzy dynamic inefficiencies tend to be lower than these obtained from the conventional crisp evaluation of inefficiency. Second, the study finds some differences in dynamic inefficiencies at distinct levels of fuzziness. Overall, the results seem to confirm that the usage of dynamic fuzzy methodology adds some value to the standard crisp approach. Author Affiliation: (a) Center of Operations Research (CIO), Miguel Hernandez University of Elche (UMH), Elche, Alicante, Spain (b) Department of Logistics, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, ul. Komandorska 118/120, Wroclaw 53-345, Poland * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 1 February 2021; Accepted 4 September 2022 Byline: Juan Aparicio (a), Magdalena Kapelko [magdalena.kapelko@ue.wroc.pl] (b,*), Lidia Ortiz (a)

Keywords OR in environment and climate change; Multistage distributionally robust optimization; Phi-divergences; Water resources; Nested benders decomposition Highlights * Multistage distributionally robust optimization (MDRO) with [phi]-divergences is studied. * A nested Benders decomposition algorithm is proposed and its properties are examined. * The approach is applied to allocate water under climate uncertainties in Tucson, AZ. * Water allocation and infrastructure planning via MDRO helps reduce extreme shortages. Abstract This paper investigates a Multistage Distributionally Robust Optimization (MDRO) approach to water allocation under climate uncertainty. The MDRO is formed by creating sets of conditional distributions (called conditional ambiguity sets) on a finite scenario tree. The distributions in the conditional ambiguity sets remain close to a nominal conditional distribution according a [phi]-divergence (e.g., Kullback-Leibler divergence, Hellinger distance, Burg entropy, etc.). The paper discusses a decomposition algorithm to solve the resulting MDRO with [phi]-divergences, which uses the dual formulation and solves only linear subproblems instead of convex ones. Some properties of the algorithm such as generating feasible policies and valid upper/lower bounds are established. The paper then applies the modeling and solution techniques to allocate water in a rapidly-developing area of Tucson, Arizona. Tucson, like many arid and semi-arid regions around the world, faces considerable uncertainty in its ability to provide water for its citizens in the future. The primary sources of uncertainty in the Tucson region include (1) unpredictable population growth, (2) the availability of water from the Colorado River, and (3) the effects of climate variability on water consumption. This paper integrates forecasts for all these sources of uncertainty into a single optimization model for robust and sustainable water allocation. Then, it uses this model to analyze the value of constructing additional treatment facilities to reduce future water shortages. The results indicate that the MDRO approach can be very valuable for water managers by providing insights to minimize their risks and help them plan for the future. Author Affiliation: (a) Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley CA 94720, USA (b) Department of Integrated Systems Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210, USA * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 21 November 2019; Accepted 24 June 2022 Byline: Jangho Park [janghopark.1814@gmail.com] (a), Güzin Bayraksan [bayraksan.1@osu.edu] (*,b)

Keywords Logistics; Sorting operations; Express parcel delivery; Robust optimization Highlights * We introduce robust optimization models for express parcel sort planning. * We explicitly model demand uncertainty in arrival quantities and arrival times. * We demonstrate models' computational viability on instances using industry data. * We show models' value in generating plans trading-off sorting cost and robustness. Abstract Parcel logistics services play a vital and growing role in economies worldwide, with customers demanding faster delivery of nearly everything to their homes. To move larger volumes more cost effectively, express carriers use sort technologies to consolidate parcels that share similar geographic and service characteristics for reduced per-unit handling and transportation costs. This paper focuses on an operational planning problem that arises in two-stage sort systems operating within parcel transportation networks. In this context, primary sorters perform an initial grouping of parcels into 'piles' that are subsequently dispatched when necessary to secondary sorters; there, each pile's parcels are fine-sorted based on their final destinations and service class for packing into outbound transportation vehicles. Such systems must be designed to handle a high degree of uncertainty in the quantity and timing of arriving parcels, yet must also group and sort the parcels to meet tight departure deadlines. Thus motivated, this paper presents robust planning models that assign parcels to sort equipment while protecting against different sources of demand uncertainty commonly faced by parcel carriers. We demonstrate the computational viability of the proposed models using realistic-sized instances based on industry data, and show their value in providing sort plan alternatives that trade off operational costs and levels of robustness. Author Affiliation: H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 15 March 2021; Accepted 13 July 2022 Byline: Reem Khir [reem.khir@gatech.edu] (*), Alan Erera, Alejandro Toriello

Keywords Innovation capability; Theoretical framework; Dynamic capabilities; Systematic review Abstract One of the critical topics in contemporary innovation management literature concerns what constitutes innovation capability (IC) at the firm level. There have been many attempts to conceptualize and operationalize this capability. Still, they either fail to discriminate the elements that characterize IC or to present consistent, comparable elements across distinct models or frameworks. This paper reports the results of a systematic approach to formulate a firm-level IC framework. To do so, the authors conducted an extensive systematic literature review, screened 19,589 papers, and analyzed in detail 186 documents that directly address empirical or theoretical elements of IC. The researchers cross-analyzed these papers for direct and indirect references to ICs (and related concepts, such as innovation orientation, innovation competence, and innovativeness) and generated thematic categories. We drew on a hybrid approach moving between inductive and deductive coding and theme development. We adopted an ex-ante theoretical perspective of the propensity/ability axis built upon the willingness--ability approach and the dynamic capability lens. The proposed synthetizing framework is coherent with Teece's (2014) ordinary and dynamic capabilities. It comprises two sets of elements: on one hand, structural and contextual antecedents that characterize an organization's propensity toward innovation and, on the other hand, actions and resource-related capacities that act as causal mechanisms that, articulated within functions--sensing, seizing, and transforming--constitute the ability to generate innovation. Author Affiliation: Departamento de Engenharia de Produção e Transportes, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Osvaldo Aranha, 99, 5th floor, Porto Alegre, Brazil * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 18 January 2021; Revised 13 January 2022; Accepted 11 February 2022 Byline: Everaldo Luis Daronco [everaldo.daronco@gmail.com] (*), Diego S. Silva [diegosilva.ep@gmail.com], Martina Konzen Seibel [seibel.martina@gmail.com], Marcelo Nogueira Cortimiglia [cortimiglia@producao.ufrgs.br]

Keywords Consumption externalities; Competitive equilibrium à la Nash; Decentralization; Social redistribution Abstract We consider a pure exchange economy with consumption externalities in preferences. We use the notion of competitive equilibrium à la Nash. We provide the Social Redistribution assumption to restore the Second Welfare Theorem. We then introduce the differentiable characterizations of Social and Strong Redistribution. We show that all these conditions are weaker than other relevant assumptions studied in the literature. Our conditions entail interesting results on the decentralized implementation of Pareto optima, that link together the competitive supporting price and the shadow price of the utilitarian social planner. Finally, we provide a specific condition for Bergson-Samuelson utility functions, which has a nice interpretation in terms of positive or negative externalities. Author Affiliation: (a) Paris School of Economics -- Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne, 106-112 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75647 Paris Cedex 13, France (b) Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, 106-112 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75647 Paris Cedex 13, France * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 9 July 2021; Revised 27 February 2023; Accepted 1 March 2023 (footnote)[white star] Earlier drafts of this paper circulated as 'Sufficient conditions for a 'simple' Second Welfare Theorem with other-regarding preferences'. The decentralization addressed in this paper is 'simple' because it can be done through competitive prices, while in other classical papers the decentralization requires Lindahl equilibria and personalized prices, see , , and . We wish to thank Paolo Siconolfi and Jean-Marc Bonnisseau for much encouragement and advice. We are also grateful to Federica Ceron for attentively reading a previous version of this paper. We are grateful to the anonymous Reviewers and the Editor of this journal for their valuable comments and suggestions. Byline: Elena L. del Mercato [Elena.delMercato@univ-paris1.fr] (a,*), Van-Quy Nguyen [Van-Quy.Nguyen@univ-paris1.fr] (b)

Keywords Continuous implementation; Full implementation; Incentive compatibility; Robustness; Transfers Abstract The literature on robust mechanism design assumes players' knowledge about a fixed payoff environment and investigates global robustness of optimal mechanisms to large changes in the information structure. Acknowledging global robustness as a demanding requirement, we propose continuous implementation as a notion of local robustness. Keeping the assumption of payoff knowledge, we say that an SCF is continuously implementable if there exists a mechanism which yields the outcome close to the desired one for all types close to the planner's initial model. We show that when a generic correlation condition is imposed on the class of interdependent-value environments, any (interim) incentive compatible SCF is continuously implementable with arbitrarily small transfers imposed on and off the equilibrium. This stands in stark contrast to , who show that their global robustness amounts to ex post incentive compatibility, as well as to , who show that continuous implementation without payoff knowledge generates a substantial restriction on the SCF, tightly connected to full implementation in rationalizable strategies. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Economics and Risk Management Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore (b) School of Economics, Singapore Management University, Singapore (c) School of International Trade and Economics, University of International Business and Economics, China * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 10 October 2019; Revised 26 November 2022; Accepted 12 February 2023 (footnote)[white star] This paper was formerly titled 'Continuous Implementation with Small Transfers.' We thank the editor and two anonymous referees for stimulating comments that have substantially improved the paper. We thank Atsushi Kajii, Michihiro Kandori, Hitoshi Matsushima, Rene Saran, Roberto Serrano, Satoru Takahashi, Olivier Tercieux, Rajiv Vohra, Takuma Wakayama and audiences at various seminar/conference presentations for helpful comments. Part of this paper was written while the three authors were visiting Academia Sinica, and we would like to thank the institution for its hospitality and support. We also gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Singapore Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund Tier 1 (R-122-000-328-115), Tier 2 (MOE-T2EP402A20-0007), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC72273029). All errors remaining are our own. Byline: Yi-Chun Chen [ecsycc@nus.edu.sg] (a), Takashi Kunimoto [tkunimoto@smu.edu.sg] (b), Yifei Sun [sunyifei@uibe.edu.cn] (c,*)

Keywords Random utility; Quasi-linear utility; Tie-breaking; Finite datasets; ARSP; Block-Marschak polynomials Abstract We propose a random quasi-linear utility model (RQUM) where quasi-linear utility functions are drawn randomly via some probability distribution [pi], and utility ties are broken by a convenient lexicographic rule. We characterize RQUM and identify [pi] uniquely in terms of stochastic choice data. McFadden's (1973) additive random utility model is obtained as a special case where utility ties have a zero probability in all menus. Another distinct case of RQUM captures finite populations and derives [pi] with a finite support. Our main axioms are testable. They prohibit context and reference dependence, and also modify the non-negativity of Block-Marschack polynomials for monetary cost variations. We also characterize RQUM through a stronger version of McFadden and Richter's (1990) axiom of revealed stochastic preferences (ARSP). This approach extends to incomplete datasets. Author Affiliation: (a) Business School, Sun Yat-sen University, 518107 Shenzhen, China (b) Department of Economics, University of California, Irvine, United States of America * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 8 April 2022; Revised 20 March 2023; Accepted 27 March 2023 (footnote)1 We thank Mira Frick, Ryota Iijima, Asen Kochov, Stergios Skaperdas, Michael McBride, Jay Lu, Andrew Ellis, Christopher Turansick, David Brownstone, Miguel Zerecero, and Jiawei Chen for their helpful suggestions on this paper. We are grateful to the editor Faruk Gul and two anonymous referees; their insightful comments helped significantly in improving this paper. We would also like to thank participants at seminars at UCI, Rochester, Yale, Sun Yat-sen, and SWUFE Universities. Byline: Erya Yang [yangery@mail.sysu.edu.cn] (a,*,1), Igor Kopylov [ikopylov@uci.edu] (b,1)

Keywords Deformed likelihood; Dynamic systems; Judgment; Repeated games; Robust filtering Abstract We answer positively to this question by using Maximum Lq-Likelihood (or Deformed Likelihood) estimator. This is based on a parameter which measures the aggregate quote of judgment in the forecasting (game-based) system formed by three players--Forecaster, Policy Maker and Reality. For the first time in econometric literature, we apply this estimator to a dynamic system and derive a robust version of the Kalman Filter--the Deformed Kalman Filter (DKF). The evidence from U.S. data suggests that the judgmental dynamics exists and is correlated (but not coincident) with the phases of the Business Cycle. Furthermore its knowledge improves in-sample as well as out-of-sample estimation. Author Affiliation: University of Bergamo, Department of Economics, Via dei Caniana, 2 - 24127, Bergamo, Italy Article History: Received 20 August 2022; Revised 21 December 2022; Accepted 3 March 2023 (footnote)1 The Author is particularly grateful to Giovanni Urga and Salvatore Piccolo for their support. He also thanks Barbara Annicchiarico, Marcelle Chauvet, Raffaella Giacomini, Ana Maria Herrera, Alessandra Luati, Giuseppe Ragusa, Francesco Ravazzolo and Tom Stark for their feedback, as all the participants to the 2nd Ventotene Workshop in Macoreconomics, the 41st International Symposium on Forecasting 2021, the internal Seminar Series in Mathematics and Statistics of the University of Bergamo, the IWEEE2022 in Rimini and the IAAE2022 in London. In some of that occasion the paper had been presented with the title 'Measuring Unobserved Strategic Judgment'. The co-editor, Juan Francisco Rubio-Ramirez, and a referee are grateful for their contributions to the paper's readability and scientific correctness. Finally, the Author is in debt with doctors, nurses and workers of Policlinico 'S. Matteo' of Pavia, without whose uncompensated cares this paper would not have been written. Byline: Emilio Zanetti Chini [emilio.zanettichini@unibg.it] (1)

Keywords Quantitative easing; Global financial cycle; Domestic credit; Exchange rate interventions; Capital controls; Macroprudential policy Abstract Large international capital movements tend to be associated with strong fluctuations in asset prices and credit, contributing to domestic financial cycles and posing challenges for stabilization policies, especially in emerging market economies. In this paper we argue that these challenges are particularly severe if the global financial cycle is driven by quantitative easing (QE) in the US, and when the local banking sector has large holdings of government bonds, like in many Latin American (LA) countries. We first investigate empirically the impact of a typical round of QE by the US Fed on LA economies, finding a persistent expansion in credit to households and house prices, as well as a significant loss of price competitiveness. We next develop a quantitative macroeconomic model of a small open economy with segmented asset markets and banks, which accounts for these observations. In this framework, foreign QE creates tensions between macroeconomic and financial stability as a contractionary impact of exchange rate appreciation is accompanied by booming credit and house prices. As a consequence, conventional monetary policy accommodation aimed at stabilizing output and inflation would further exacerbate domestic financial cycle. We show that an effective way of resolving this trade-off is to impose measures that directly reduce the inflow of capital. Combining foreign exchange interventions with tightening of local credit policies can also restore macroeconomic and financial stability, but at the expense of a large redistribution of wealth between borrowers and savers. Author Affiliation: (a) SGH Warsaw School of Economics and International Monetary Fund. Al. Niepodleglosci 162, Warszawa 02-554, Poland (b) University of Warsaw * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 3 June 2022; Revised 1 March 2023; Accepted 3 March 2023 (footnote)[white star] This paper benefited from discussions with M.Brzoza-Brzezina, M.Gradzewicz, J.Lindé, B.Mackowiak, I.Presno, R.Priftis, R.Reis, H.Rey, S.Schmitt-Grohe, and P.Zabczyk. The authors also acknowledge useful comments from two anonymous referees, as well as from participants at the IAAE Annual Meeting in Rotterdam, CEF Conference in Tokyo, 3rd Warsaw Money-Macro-Finance Conference, CBMMW in Santiago de Chile, Warsaw Economic Seminar (all held virtually), and 10th Summer Workshop in Macroeconomics and Finance in Warsaw. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and not of the institutions they are affiliated with. Declarations of interest: none. Byline: Marcin Kolasa [mkolas@sgh.waw.pl] (*,a), Grzegorz Wesolowski (b)

Keywords Intervivos transfers; Bequests; Coresidency; Parental altruism Abstract This paper uses 1996--2014 longitudinal HRS data to establish the relative importance of intervivos transfers, bequests and coresidency in the United States. We find that when computing the relative importance of intervivos transfers versus bequests, the aggregate perspective that pools all data into a single cross-section is very different than the parent-level longitudinal perspective, highlighting the special value of panel data. This difference reflects the fact that large bequests are highly concentrated and play an influential role at the aggregate level, while at the micro parent-level, intervivos transfers constitute the main form of financial support for most parents. Regarding coresidency, we find that although older children and parents tend to coreside when the child is helping the parent, coresidency tends to be more prevalent among poorer, younger parents and their children. Children who ever coreside with parents also receive larger total intervivos transfers. Author Affiliation: (a) Center for Transnationals' Studies & Laboratory for Economic Behaviors and Policy Simulation, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (b) Department of Economics, University of Pittsburgh, United States * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 27 July 2021; Revised 31 December 2022; Accepted 6 February 2023 (footnote)1 A previous version of this paper circulated under the title 'The Patterns of Intervivos Transfers to Adult Children.' We thank the editor and two anonymous referees for insightful comments. Siqiang Yang acknowledges financial support from Tianjin Philosophy and Social Science Planning Foundations (TJYJQN22-003) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 63202020). Byline: Siqiang Yang [siy10@nankai.edu.cn] (a), Marla Ripoll [ripoll@pitt.edu] (*,1,b)

Keywords Optimal currency denominations; Cash transactions; Burden of exchanging cash; Penny elimination Highlights * We describe a model of optimal consumer-merchant exchange of cash payments. * Diary data are used to quantify the burden of exchanging currency notes and coins. * The model and data are used to analyze the effects of eliminating the one-penny coin. * Penny elimination would reduce the burden of exchanging cash. * Penny elimination would result in little or no inflationary consequences. * Elimination of the penny and the nickel would not reduce this burden relative to penny elimination only. Abstract This article quantifies the burden of exchanging currency notes and coins using a model of optimal consumer-merchant exchange of cash payments and consumer payment choice diary data. The model is then applied to analyze a policy debate whether to eliminate the penny coin from circulation. We find that penny elimination would reduce the burden of exchanging cash and will not have any significant inflationary consequences caused by price rounding. Surprisingly, a removal of both the penny and nickel coins from circulation would slightly increase (not decrease) the burden relative to penny elimination only. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Economics, Washington University in St. Louis. 1 Brookings Dr, St. Louis, MO, 63130, United States (b) Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. 1000 Peachtree St. NE, Atlanta, GA, 30309, United States * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 15 February 2022; Revised 25 January 2023; Accepted 27 January 2023 (footnote)[white star] We thank Marcin Hitczenko and two anonymous reviewers for most helpful comments and suggestions. This paper was formerly circulated as 'The Burden of Cash and the Penny Policy Debate.' Part of the work on this paper was conducted while Brian Prescott was at the research department of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. The views expressed here are the authors' and not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta or the Federal Reserve System. Byline: Brian C. Prescott [b.prescott@wustl.edu] (a), Oz Shy [oz.shy@atl.frb.org] (*,b)

Keywords Dominant minority; Indirect governance; Loyalty; Economic history; China Highlights * Manchusused a cross-ethnic strategy to rule China where Han elites were appointed to handle daily tasks andManchu superiors were assigned for oversight. * Higher governance complexityled to a higher likelihoodof cross-ethnic arrangements. * Cross-ethnic assignments were more frequent in regions where Han elitesaccumulatedmore discretionary power. * Cross-ethnic assignments wereassociated with better local economic development, more efficient policy execution, and enhanced recognition of imperialauthority. Abstract This paper examines how a million Manchus, as a dominant minority, partly relied on a cross-ethnic personnel strategy to rule over 100 million Han Chinese for 267 years. Under this strategy, Han elites were appointed to handle daily administrative issues, on top of whom Manchu superiors were assigned for oversight. We find that more frequent local extreme weather -- a proxy for governance complexity -- led to higher likelihood of such cross-ethnic arrangements. This link is stronger in regions where Han elites accumulated more discretionary power. Moreover, the cross-ethnic strategy was associated with better local economic development, more efficient policy execution, and enhanced recognition of imperial authority. Author Affiliation: (a) School of Economics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China (b) Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business, Beijing, China (c) Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business, Beijing, China (d) World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20433, United States * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 30 September 2021; Revised 20 January 2023; Accepted 10 February 2023 (footnote)[white star] The views of this paper are the authors' own, and do not implicate the World Bank and its member countries. We thank the coeditor, Maria Petrova, and three anonymous referees for valuable comments and guidance. Helpful and much appreciated suggestions were provided by Shiyu Bo, Cong Liu, and Tianyang Xi. We thank Yantong Fang, Zhichen Huang, Yongtao Li, Yaohui Peng, Xuanyi Wang, Lixi Xu, and Qin Yao for their excellent research assistance. The project has benefited from World Bank RSB support. Chen would like to acknowledge the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71933002; 72121002), Zhuoyue Talent Project, Theoretical Economics Peak Program and Legendary Project on Humanities and Social Sciences (XM04221238) at Fudan University. All remaining errors are our own. Byline: Shuo Chen [cs@fudan.edu.cn] (a), Xinyu Fan [xyfan@ckgsb.edu.cn] (b,*), L. Colin Xu [lixinxu@ckgsb.edu.cn] (c), Xun Yan [xyan@worldbank.org] (d)

Keywords Tax evasion; Value-added tax; Income tax credit; Third-party reporting Highlights * Tax credit incentivizes consumers to ask for invoices that complete the VAT paper trail. * Empirical analysis uses VAT tax returns of the universe of VAT payers in Germany. * Counterfactuals are based on non-eligible industries with high levels of noncompliance. * Two thirds of revenue losses in the income tax are recovered by increase in VAT revenue. * Between a quarter and half of the VAT revenue gain is associated to the VAT evasion margin. Abstract This paper analyzes the effects of an income tax credit for hard-to-tax consumer services on evasion of the value-added-tax (VAT). Based on the individual tax files of the universe of VAT payers in Germany, our analysis shows that harnessing incentives for consumers through tax credits fosters firms' compliance with VAT by bringing in an element of third-party reporting at the last VAT stage. Our results point at strong stimulating effects of the introduction of the tax credit on reported sales as well as on the ratio of reported sales to inputs and we find limited price effects. While two thirds of the revenue losses in the income tax are recovered by an increase in VAT revenues, at least a quarter and up to a half of the revenue gain is associated with a response at the VAT evasion margin. The policy thus fosters considerable formalization effects. Author Affiliation: (a) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lange Gasse 20, 90403 Nürnberg, Germany (b) CESifo, Germany * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 8 August 2021; Revised 28 January 2023; Accepted 1 February 2023 (footnote)[white star] The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the German Science Foundation under grant project 'BU-1254/6'. For helpful comments and suggestions, we are grateful to Albrecht Bohne, Lars Feld, Frank Hechtner, Duccio Gamannossi degl'Innocenti, Christos Kotsogiannis, Sarah Necker, Sandip Sukhtankar, three anonymous referees, and the participants of various seminars and conferences including the ZEW Public Finance Conference (2019), the Annual Meeting of the Verein fuer Socialpolitik in Leipzig (2019), the Workshop 'Enforcing Tax Compliance at the Limits of Third Reporting' at Walter Eucken Institut (2019), the TARC Annual Conference (2020), the 7th Conference on 'Shadow economy, tax behaviour and institutions' (2021), and the Economics Research Seminar at the University of Tübingen (2023). For data support, we thank the DESTATIS team of Melanie Heiliger, Anette Erbe, and especially Hannes Fauser. Byline: Thiess Buettner [thiess.buettner@fau.de] (a,b,*), Boryana Madzharova [boryana.madzharova@fau.de] (a,b), Orlando Zaddach [orlando.zaddach@posteo.de] (a)

Keywords Family business; Longevity; Founder's education; Succession planning; Knowledge transfer; Family members relationships; Family culture; Kosovo Highlights * This paper explores the determining factors that affect family business longevity in Kosovo. * Quality relationships, knowledge transfer and family culture have impact on family business longevity. * Founders' education, succession planning, and successors' preparation, have no impact on the family businesses longevity. * Family members hold numerous managerial roles without being qualified for them. Abstract This paper explores the determining factors that affect family business longevity in Kosovo. The study is based on a sample of 356 family businesses, from different sizes and sectors. Correlations, linear regression, and path analysis were used for empirical analyses. The study highlighted that of all the determining factors considered, three of them influence the family business longevity, such as quality of family members' relationships, knowledge transfer from the founder to the successor, and family culture, while founders' education/professional training, succession planning, and successors' adequate preparation, have no impact on the family businesses longevity. Implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed as well. Author Affiliation: (a) Faculty of Business, University 'Haxhi Zeka', Pejë, Republic of Kosovo (b) Faculty of Business and Economics, South East European University, Tetovo, North Macedonia (c) Faculty of Economics, University of Prishtina 'Hasan Prishtina', Republic of Kosovo (d) Academy of Sciences and Arts, Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 18 December 2022; Revised 28 January 2023; Accepted 6 February 2023 Byline: Veton Jahmurataj [veton.jahmurataj@unhz.eu] (a,b), Veland Ramadani [v.ramadani@seeu.edu.mk] (b,*), Abdylmenaf Bexheti [a.bexheti@seeu.edu.mk] (b), Gadaf Rexhepi [g.rexhepi@seeu.edu.mk] (b), Hyrije Abazi-Alili [h.abazi@seeu.edu.mk] (b), Besnik A. Krasniqi [besnik.krasniqi@uni-pr.edu] (c,d)

Keywords Migrant entrepreneurship; Resource interaction; The ARA model; Networks Highlights * Combined RIA and the ARA model contribute to understanding of migrant entrepreneurship. * Network types (ethnic, local) shape resources and entrepreneurial activities of migrants. * Knowledge is the key resource combined/developed in interactions by migrants and their contacts. Abstract Many scholars indicate that a more complex, interactionist approach to migrant entrepreneurs' resources is needed. The aim of this paper is to use the Resource Interaction Approach (RIA) and the Actors, Resources, Activities model (ARA) to identify the processes by which resources development occurs through interactions in three network types (ethnic, transnational, and local), and to show the use of those resources in migrants' entrepreneurial activities. Examples derived from 135 interviews confirm RIA as a fruitful approach to explaining this phenomenon. The paper contributes to stronger integration between RIA and the ARA model; it also supports arguments regarding the nature and processes of resource interactions and shows the role of network type in shaping those interactions. The paper also contributes to migrant entrepreneurship literature by providing a new perspective on the ways resources are created within networks. Author Affiliation: (a) Faculty of Management, University of Warsaw, Poland (b) Faculty of Economic Sciences and Management, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland (c) Oulu Business School, University of Oulu, Finland (d) Faculty of Organization and Management, Lodz University of Technology, Poland * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 25 February 2021; Revised 22 January 2023; Accepted 2 February 2023 Byline: Beata Glinka [b.glinka@uw.edu.pl] (a,*), Aldona Glinska-Newes [aldona.glinska@umk.pl] (b,c), Agnieszka Zakrzewska-Bielawska [agnieszka.zakrzewska-bielawska@p.lodz.pl] (d)

Keywords Justice; Systematic literature review; Facet theory; Mapping sentence Highlights * This is a conceptual paper on market stakeholders' perception of marketing (in)justice. * For domain review we employed a systematic literature review (SLR), using automated textual analyses. * We reviewed justice and allied disciplines articles published between January 2001 and April 2021. * To conceptualize the marketing justice perception we used Facet (meta)Theory (FT). * The facets and corresponding elements were presented in a Mapping Sentence that served as a roadmap for future. * The paper ends with an extensive research agenda on novel important issue related to the justice perception in different marketing situations. Abstract Justice is a fundamental value in human life, which interfaces with multiple marketing issues. However, surprisingly, perception of justice has garnered scant attention hitherto in the marketing and consumer behavior literature. In contemporary society, with its advanced technologies and digital marketing media, new issues of justice have emerged that deserve close scientific scrutiny. The objective of this conceptual paper is to explore the domain of perception of (in)justice that might be related to marketing issues, to map the literature, conceptualize the domain, and point out new research avenues and opportunities in the field of marketing justice. To this end, a systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted, using automated textual analyses, focusing on work in the justice and allied disciplines published between January 2001 and April 2021. This procedure, coupled with a facet (meta)theoretical approach, revealed major elements for conceptualizing the sundry marketing aspects of justice. Indeed, the results show that marketing science and justice offer abundant opportunities for research on the interface between them. It is our hope, therefore, that the paper will stimulate a conversation in marketing scholarship on the hitherto largely overlooked role of justice perception in different marketing situations. Author Affiliation: (a) Coller School of Management, Tel-Aviv University, Israel (b) Graduate School of Business Administration, Bar-Ilan University, Israel * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 6 July 2022; Revised 10 January 2023; Accepted 19 January 2023 Byline: Jacob Hornik [hornik@tauex.tau.ac.il] (a,*), Matti Rachamim (b)

Keywords Internet of Underwater Things; Opportunistic routing; Route metric; Forwarder selection; Priority scheduling; Packet holding time Abstract Compared with traditional ocean monitoring technologies, such as cable seabed observation networks, the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) can provide real-time underwater environment monitoring and improve efficiency of data collection. Data collection is one of the most essential functions of IoUT, while it is very challenging to achieve efficient data transmission in IoUT. Opportunistic routing is considered to have great advantages and potential in mitigating the drawbacks of underwater communication and improving the performance of data transmission. Therefore, in this paper, the opportunistic routing protocols for IoUT are reviewed and summarized. Taking advantage of the broadcast characteristic of wireless underwater communication, opportunistic routing selects a group of suitable neighbors as potential forwarders instead of selecting only one or a few specific next-hop nodes as in conventional routing, thus improving the success rate of data packet delivery. Critical to routing performance is which nodes participate in data forwarding as forwarders. The nodes act as forwarders are determined by user-defined routing parameters, which are referred to as route metrics in this paper. First, route metrics of opportunistic routing are analyzed and a comprehensive classification of opportunistic routing protocols is discussed based on the route metrics. Then, opportunistic routing protocols for IoUT are further investigated and compared in terms of the adopted communication technique, data delivery ratio, transmission delay efficiency, energy efficiency, buffer efficiency, reliability, etc. Based on the comprehensive classification and comparison, existing problems and future research issues regarding opportunistic routing in IoUT are finally presented. Author Affiliation: (a) College of Internet of Things Engineering, Hohai University, 200 North Jinling Road, Changzhou 213022, China (b) Northeastern University, China * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 18 May 2022; Accepted 20 February 2023 Byline: Jinfang Jiang [jiangjinfang@hhu.edu.cn] (a), Guangjie Han [hanguangjie@gmail.com] (a,*), Chuan Lin [chuanlin1988@gmail.com] (b)

Keywords LEO routing; LEO SLA; Demand Island Abstract Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellations create a network that includes the satellites (as routing nodes) connected by Inter-Satellite Links (ISLs) and the terminals dynamically connected to one or more satellites. The combination of transient high rate changes in the network topology due to terminals handover, and the end-to-end high propagation time between the routing nodes presents a unique challenge for designing a guaranteed-bandwidth routing protocol that can support the frequent changes. In addition, terminals connected to multiple satellites can balance their traffic between multiple paths in a frame granularity based on the links conditions, and require real-time multipath guaranteed-bandwidth. Prior work focuses on end-to-end routing between multiple gateways and terminals and does not provide a multipath guaranteed-bandwidth service. This paper addresses the problem of sending traffic from a source terminal to a destination terminal connected through multiple satellites, while guaranteeing and enabling planning of the multipath service metrics (bandwidth and latency) and handling satellite handovers. A novel paradigm called Demand Islands is presented. This paradigm takes advantage of the geographical properties of the demand. The service area is split into geographical rectangles (Demand Islands), with a gateway (GW) located at the center of each island. Each Demand Island is dynamically associated with a set of satellites that cover it. We model the set of satellites as a grid. The routing algorithm uses the grid properties to provide real-time multipath guaranteed-bandwidth routing for the demand allocated to each terminal. Each satellite executes the algorithm to calculate the next hop for a received message in the time complexity of O(1). The analysis and simulation demonstrate the unique offering of the algorithm to route real-time guaranteed-bandwidth to terminals connected to multiple satellites. Author Affiliation: School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 21 April 2022; Revised 9 February 2023; Accepted 20 February 2023 (footnote)[white star] Preliminary version of this paper was published in IEEE ICC 2021. Byline: Oren Markovitz [orenmar@post.bgu.ac.il], Michael Segal [segal@bgu.ac.il] (*)