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The genus Scadoxus (family: Amaryllidaceae) is native to Africa and it comprises a great variety of ornamental, medicinal, and poisonous plant species. In India, it is represented by only a single species, Scadoxus multiflorus. The genus has a wide range of traditional uses. However, scientific validation of the traditional uses requires extensive pharmacognostic research along with toxicity and safety evaluation. Various scientific databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were utilized to search the research articles for this review. This review work is a comprehensive study of the genus Scadoxus about its taxonomy, geographical distribution, traditional uses, phytochemistry, toxicity, and pharmacological activities for the first time. [Display omitted] • This review followed the articles during the period of 1958 – 2022 (64 years) and aims to give a piece of comprehensive knowledge about the genus Scadoxus for the first time. • The African genus, Scadoxus , is rich in various bioactive compounds but its phytochemistry and pharmacological activities are still now underrated. • Most of the species are concentrated in various regions of Africa, especially in South Africa. A single member has worldwide distribution and is also found in India. • Pharmacological activities like antimicrobial, cholinesterase inhibitory, cytotoxic, antioxidant, neuroprotective, immunostimulatory, and analgesic activities are reported here. • A special concern is needed to conserve the single representative, Scadoxus multiflorus , of this genus in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article is a comprehensive review of Gardenia gummifera , a well-known traditional Indian medicinal plant with various benefits. This tree is a type of deciduous plant that falls under the Rubiaceae family. This family is one of the largest groups of flowering plants, making it the fourth-largest in the world. Additionally, this tree has been used for both medicinal and culinary purposes, in addition to its medicinal significance. This review also brings a new perspective in all aspects and emphasises the importance of these species. For the most part, electronic data sets were utilised as the essential hotspots for screening related articles and applying related search terms. To date, G. gummifera have no or little attention and few phytochemical and pharmacological studies. Previous phytochemical investigations have confirmed an array of chemical compounds, including the dikamaliartanes A–F, eight new cycloartane triterpenes 1, 6, 8 and 10. Two well-known triterpenes (cycloartenone and 25-hydroxycycloart-23-en-3-one) and three other substances. The literature available to date on G. gummifera confirms the basis for some of the traditional uses and its remarkable pharmacological effects. The G. gummifera has proven to be a good source of triterpenes, especially dikamaliartanes. However, the uses of G. gummifera to treat various diseases need different pharmacological studies before applying or starting clinical trials. [Display omitted] • Gardenia gummifera is a plant species that belongs to the Rubiaceae family and can only be found in India. • Gardenia gummifera can be precious resources in the field of food and medicine, and also cosmetics. • Gardenia gummifera has many new compounds, especially many new dikamaliartanes, and two other well-known triterpenes (cycloartenone and 25-hydroxycycloart-23-en-3-one) have been isolated. • This review is based on extensive research in scientific databases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to examine the rate and characteristics of retracted articles in infectious diseases and clinical microbiology. Using the Retraction Watch Database, we conducted a cross-sectional study for retracted publications categorized as 'Infectious Disease' or 'Microbiology' until June 30 2022. We included publications for which citation information was available through the Web of Science database. Study characteristics, retraction trends and number of citations before and after the retraction year were analysed. Overall, 1004 retracted publications were included, retracted between August 1968 and June 2022. The number of retractions climbed through the years, peaking in 2020–2021. A total of 614 retractions originated from USA, China, and India, of total 183 736 PubMed publications from these countries. Overall, 378 (38%) were retracted because of errors; 182 (18%) because of plagiarism; and 142 (14%) because of falsification/fabrication. Specific reasons included 'concerns/issues about data' (158, 16%); 'duplication of image' (127, 13%); and 'unreliable results' (116, 12%). Of the 347 retractions during 2020 to June 2022, 91 (26%) were COVID-19 related. Fifty of 895 (5.6%) first authors had two retracted papers, and 14 (1.6%) had ≥2 retractions. Of 824 publications cited at least once, 466 (57%) were cited more often after retraction. Retractions of infectious diseases and clinical microbiology publications are increasing. Concerning reasons such as plagiarism, falsification/fabrication and errors are not uncommon. Nonetheless, these publications continue to be commonly cited after being retracted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]