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• Two cyclophosphazenes with nitrophenole substitutients were synthesiszed, characterized, and structurally studied by x-ray crystallography. • Two new denderimers exhibited good antibacterial and anticancer activities. • The thermal behavior of two denderimers was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential thermal analysis. • Nitrophenolic substitutents quenched the fluorescence of phosphszene ring. This study introduces the synthesis and characterization of two novel nitrophenol-substituted phosphazene dendrimers, [N 3 P 3 (OC 6 H 5 NO 2) 6 ] (III) and [N 3 P 3 (OC 6 H 5 (NO 2) 2) 5 O]ˉ.C 6 H 16 N+.H 2 O (IV), derived from hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP). The structures of the compounds were determined using elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. The optical properties of the crystals were investigated by photophysical methods. The thermal properties of the compounds were measured by thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA). The antibacterial and anticancer properties of the compounds were tested based on the antibacterial tests against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 G(-)) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 G(+), Bacillus subtilis 2a ATCC 23,857 G(+)) bacteria, as well as the MTT assay test on K562 leukemia cells (ATCC: CCL-243) and MCF-7 breast cancer cells (ATCC: HTB-22). The presence of six homogeneous 2-nitrophenol substitutions in compound III reduces the fluorescence of the phosphazene ring. The results showed that compound IV has a higher fluorescence intensity and similar toxicity to MCF-7 and HDF cells. The structural differences and the number of nitro groups in the nitrophenol ligands account for these variations. Our results suggest that these cyclophosphazene derivatives have promising properties for biomedical applications and further studies are warranted to explore their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the development of thermal environmental barrier coatings (TEBCs) material, the factor of grain size is introduced into the high-entropy rare-earth disilicate for the first time. The (Yb 0.2 Tm 0.2 Lu 0.2 Sc 0.2 Er 0.2) 2 Si 2 O 7 with smaller grain size was prepared by one-step pressureless sintering method. Results of thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) reveal that thermal conductivity of (Yb 0.2 Tm 0.2 Lu 0.2 Sc 0.2 Er 0.2) 2 Si 2 O 7 bulk material is lower than that all existing EBCs and even most TBCs and potential TEBCs material, which is 0.686 W m−1 °C−1 at 1300 °C. Excellent thermophysical properties indicate that designed (Yb 0.2 Tm 0.2 Lu 0.2 Sc 0.2 Er 0.2) 2 Si 2 O 7 with small grain size can be used as a promising TEBCs material. • It is the first time to introduce the grain size into the thermal conductivity of high-entropy rare earth silicate materials. • The prepared (Yb 0.2 Tm 0.2 Lu 0.2 Sc 0.2 Er 0.2) 2 Si 2 O 7 has very low thermal conductivity than all existing EBCs materials. • (Yb 0.2 Tm 0.2 Lu 0.2 Sc 0.2 Er 0.2) 2 Si 2 O 7 with small grain size has excellent thermophysical properties and is a candidate for TEBCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Microencapsulation of PCM with SiO 2 by Sol-gel process. • PCM@SiO2 incorporation effectively reduced concrete pavement surface temperatures, crucial for urban heat management. • Up to 30% PCM@SiO2 replacement maintained concrete strength within Indian standards, suitable for construction use. • Enhanced thermal energy storage capabilities were observed with increased PCM@SiO2 content. This study investigates the potential of enhancing thermal performance in pavement concrete by integrating microencapsulated phase change materials (PCM@SiO 2) using a Sol-gel process for encapsulation. With a concentration range from 0% to 20% in 5% increments, the effects of PCM@SiO 2 on both the mechanical strength and thermal performance of concrete were evaluated. Although the addition of PCM@SiO 2 resulted in a compromise in mechanical strength, significant improvements in thermal performance were observed, demonstrating a promising approach to mitigating temperature stresses and the urban heat island effect in pavement construction. This balance between mechanical and thermal properties underscores the potential of PCM incorporation as a strategic material choice for innovative urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of bio-based building materials is a sustainable opportunity to reduce the environmental footprint associated with the construction sector. The achievement of this objective is primely achieved through the valorisation of vegetable waste, resulting in a reduction in the use of primary source material and waste generation. Within the scope of this study, the focus is directed towards research concerning the thermal, acoustic, and fire behaviour properties of bio-based building materials. This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis encompassing all documents meeting these criteria within the Scopus database, spanning two decades, from 2003 to 2023. The comprehensive analysis covered a total of 1081 documents, which were analysed. This analysis furnishes insight into various facets, including the temporal evolution of publications, journals boasting the highest publication counts and impact, influential research areas, countries with substantial contributions and their collaborative patterns, noteworthy affiliations, prolific authors, and seminal documents, alongside recurrent keywords. The objective of this comprehensive study is to provide a detailed analysis of the documents published up to the present day, in order to identify research gaps and potential opportunities in this field, to assist new researchers interested in the subject. The analysis reveals that bio-based building materials have gained substantial attention over the past decade. With each passing year, the published documents have increased their impact and become more specific, underscoring the growing importance of this subject. This evolution has also fostered a broader network of researchers engaged in this field. However, it is noteworthy that the characterization of these materials focuses predominantly on their thermal properties, while research avenues related to acoustic and fire properties remain less explored and present opportunities for future investigation. • This study contributes to identify research gaps and potential opportunities in the field of bio-based building materials. • Studies in bio-based building materials have shown an annual growth of the 25% since 2014, being a topic on the rise. • France and China are the countries with the highest scientific publication on bio-based building materials. • Keywords play a crucial role in making visible the research within bio-based building materials. • "Thermal Conductivity" and "Thermal insulation" are the most repeated keywords in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Mn-based oxides were acquired by calcining the precursors of MnCl 2.4H 2 O, MnCO 3 , MnO 2 , and KMnO 4. • The phase formation was influenced by the temperatures (400–1000 °C) and precursors. • The obtained phases were analyzed for their thermal and spectroscopic properties. • The nanostone was seen in the form of Mn 3 O 4 , while the nanorod-like shape was observed in Mn 2 O 3. • The Mn 3 O 4 phase exhibited a high NIR reflectance of 68 % in the solar region and 91 % in the color region. We examined how different calcination temperatures and precursors affect the formation of Mn-based oxides. The formation of these oxides was influenced by both the temperature (400–––1000 °C) and the type of precursors used (MnCl 2 ·4H 2 O, MnCO 3 , MnO 2 , and KMnO 4). When MnCl 2 ·4H 2 O was calcined at 800 and 1000 °C/3h, we obtained pure tetragonal Mn 3 O 4 phase materials. Calcining MnCO 3 at 600 and 1000 °C resulted in cubic Mn 2 O 3 and tetragonal Mn 3 O 4 phase materials, respectively. Heating commercial MnO 2 powder at 600 and 800 °C transformed it into cubic Mn 2 O 3 phase materials. At 400 °C, the tetragonal MnO 2 phase remained, but at 1000 °C, mixed Mn 3 O 4 and Mn 2 O 3 phases formed. Calcining KMnO 4 at 1000 °C/3h led to the formation of δ-MnO 2 materials. The morphological features of Mn 2 O 3 and Mn 3 O 4 materials exhibited different sizes and shapes, including nanostone-like, nanorod-like, and nanoflakes morphologies. The thermal analysis revealed significant differences in weight loss and thermal events, including exo and endothermic peaks. The Raman spectra and UV–Vis DRS measurements data support the formation of Mn-based oxides. The highest NIR reflectance for the various synthesized materials of Mn 3 O 4 phase indicates a reflectance of 68 % in the solar region and 91 % in the color pigment region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbide dispersion for reinforcement is an effective strategy to enhance the performance of tungsten (W). High-entropy carbides (HECs), when compared to conventional carbides, offer superior thermal stability, hardness, mechanical strength, creep resistance, and wear resistance. This study represents the first successful incorporation of (HfNbTaZr)C as a reinforcing phase into a W matrix, resulting in the formation of a W-HEC alloy. Compared to other carbides such as ZrC, HEC demonstrates improved coherency with the W matrix, resulting in a significant increase in plasticity and enhanced high-temperature stability. This innovative approach paves the way for alloy design in high-temperature applications such as nuclear fusion, providing fresh insights into the enhancement of mechanical properties and thermal stability. • A (HfNbTaZr)C HEC has been synthesized, for the first time, incorporated as a reinforcing phase into the W matrix. • The mismatch between HEC(200) and W(110) is 0.018, smaller than the W-ZrC alloy, indicating better coherence with the W matrix. • The W-HEC demonstrates outstanding plasticity at 600 °C, displaying total elongation of 33.0%, surpassing other W alloys. • The W-HEC hardness decreases is less than the W-ZrC after annealing at 1800 °C, demonstrating superior thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) is an emerging eco-friendly approach for recovering protein from broken black beans (BBB). This investigation explored the thermal and structural characteristics of BBB protein fractions recovered via PLE compared to the emerging technologies of ultrasound- and microwave-assisted extractions (UAE and MAE) and conventional heating-stirring extraction (HSE) using water and alkaline water (pH 9.0) as solvents. Alkaline water extractions exhibited superior protein yields and purity, resulting in protein aggregates of smaller sizes (<150 nm) in the BBB protein concentrates recovered by PLE and UAE. In comparison, larger aggregates of protein flour were formed when applying HSE (>450 nm), regardless of the solvent used. Nevertheless, heightened pH levels induced substantial modifications in protein conformation, reducing the denaturation temperature (T d) and enthalpy. β-strands and random coil conformations dominated the secondary structure, while α-helix was solely observed in alkaline PLE. The selection of the extraction technique had a pronounced influence on protein partial unfolding, leading to diverse protein profiles and properties. PLE (water) presented a viable and eco-friendly alternative for attaining protein recovery with high purity (86.7%) and thermal stability (T d : 78.7 °C, enthalpy: 207.20 J/g). BBB protein research advancements offer opportunities for sustainable and nutritious plant-based protein sources with global economic and social benefits. [Display omitted] • Alkaline water extraction enhances BBB protein yield. • Extraction technique influences protein unfolding and thermal stability. • Increased pH induces conformational changes in the protein, reducing T d and ΔH. • β-sheet and random coil dominate BBB protein structure; PLE (alkaline) shows α-helix. • PLE (water) provides eco-friendly protein recovery with high thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A hydrophobic Pba and a hydrophilic glycomonomer were polymerized. • The polymerization gave the corresponding water-soluble glycopolymer having Pba moieties. • Structural elucidation of the polymer was performed by 1H NMR. • The thermal property of the polymers was evaluated on the basis of TG-DTA measurement. • Uv–vis spectroscopic analysis of the polymer showed the characteristic absorption due to Pba. The first trial of incorporation of pheophorbide a (Pba) into a synthetic glycopolymer giving water-soluble ability was carried out, and the polymerization reaction of each monomer proceeded in DMSO to afford the desired glycopolymer having Pba side chains. Characterization of the polymer was performed by means of spectroscopic analyses and thermal studies, and the results supported the desired macromolecular architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La(Fe,Si) 13 alloys are prone to display burst-like phenomena at their first-order ferromagnetic transition, such as a latent heat decomposed into a succession of heat flux avalanches. For some extreme cases, these phenomena are so pronounced that they can yield recalescence/antirecalescence events. It turns out that these features are also highly sensitive to the technical specificities of the employed measurement systems. Here, we compare the thermal events at the first-order magnetic transition of LaFe 11.4 Si 1.31 Co 0.29 using magnetization, two differential scanning calorimeters and a thermometry probe specially designed for the present study. These techniques are complementary to each other, and allow to make a distinction between the properties influenced by thermal coupling and those more intrinsic to the compound or to the sample. A simple thermal model is built to account for the thermal lags in the different devices, and to provide insights into the dependence of the duration of the transition on the thermal sweep rate. Looking in closer detail at the development of the transition, we found evidence of a rate independent initial regime, followed by a second one along which the same shape of temporal profile is spread over a more or less long duration depending on the sweep rate. Possible underlying mechanisms corresponding to these regimes are discussed. [Display omitted] • Comparative study including rarely considered Tzero DSC and thermometry probes. • A thermal model describes the complex dependency of transition duration on sweeping rate. • Detailed thermometry measurements confirm the reproducibility of the transition path. • A rate independent initial regime is observed from DSCs and thermometry measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Analytical evaluation of TRTs influenced by groundwater flow. • More physically correct results and 43–77 % better fits to measurement data obtained. • Cheap and simple alternative to cumbersome, expensive modelling. • Groundwater flow quantification from TRT results. Proper design of larger ground source heat pump installations, and borehole thermal energy storages (BTES) requires determination of on-site thermal properties of the ground by performing a thermal response test (TRT). The effective thermal conductivity is an important design parameter from TRT that is determined from the line source equation. The line source equation does not include advection and may give incorrect results when groundwater flow is present. This study describes the development and application of a new analytical equation where advective heat in fractured, nonporous rock is accounted for. Including advective heat improves the fit to the measurement data (1.2–77 % better) when applying reasonable values for the thermal conductivity of the ground. The new analytical equation is applicable to all TRTs. Previous studies recommend comprehensive numerical modelling of boreholes affected by groundwater flow. The equation proposed here is an analytical alternative which does not require modelling and is a recommended and cost-effective alternative when groundwater flow affects the thermal properties measured in a borehole heat exchanger in fractured rock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Based on the SDC-IC standard, a integral analysis of thermal mechanical properties was conducted using a combination of elastic and plastic analysis methods • In ductile damage analysis, local plastic yielding occurs in the inner tube, but the overall load-bearing performance of the structure is good. • In non-ductile damage analysis, the T-tube unit have the immediate plastic flow localization, but there is no the immediate local fracture due to exhaustion. • From the perspective of transient cyclic thermal hydraulic analysis, the results show that there will be no ratcheting. To verify the mechanical properties of the helium-cooled T-tube divertor, based on the thermal hydraulic optimization of the T-tube divertor, a preliminary analysis was conducted through a combination of elastic and elasto-plastic analysis. The results show that for the M-type damage mode, the T-tube divertor exhibits a small-scale plastic yielding phenomenon, but this has no effect on the overall divertor. The T-tube divertor has local necking deformation but does not fail due to immediate local fracture, and the T-tube divertor has no creep rupture. For the C-type damage mode, the plastic strain of the T-tube divertor is not accumulated under cyclic loading, but in the fatigue analysis, the life of the divertor does not meet the design standards and further optimization is needed. The conclusion shows that the optimized helium-cooled T-tube divertor has good thermo-mechanical properties, and the safety of the helium-cooled T-tube divertor unit can be guaranteed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contemporary developments across automotive, aerospace, and military industries, there is an ever-growing demand for lightweight and robust polymer composites. In this study, a ductile epoxy resin, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), and silica nanoparticles were used to fabricate nano-fillers/epoxy composites and nano-fillers/silk fibers/epoxy hybrid composites through solution casting and hot pressing. Their mechanical properties and thermal characteristics were analyzed and compared, which show that: these nano-fillers can dramatically enhance the strength and stiffness of the ductile epoxy resin; however, this is achieved at the expense of its toughness and extensibility. CNT/silk fiber/epoxy hybrid composite has the highest tensile strength (81.10 MPa), Young's modulus (3.76 GPa) and impact strength (103.7 kJ/m2), while the CNFs-reinforced one exhibits the highest breaking energy (9.96 MJ/m3). These nano-fillers almost do not affect the thermal stability of the epoxy resin and silk fiber composites. In addition, the fracture modes of their reinforced composites were revealed by macroscopic and microscopic observations. • Reveal how different nano-fillers affect the mechanical behaviors of ductile polymer matrix. • Explore the optimal content of these nano-fillers in the polymer matrix. • Indicate nano-fillers do not affect the thermal stability of their reinforced composites. • Elucidate the composites' fracture modes introduced by silk fibers and different nano-fillers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of high-power and small-sized electronic components requires the emergence of heat management materials with high heat flux. Hence, Ti-containing filler was used to braze graphite film/Cu high heat flux composites. The microstructure and forming mechanism of joints were studied, the influence of temperature on joint formation was analyzed, and the influence of graphite volume fraction on the thermal properties of the composites were discussed. The results show that the main microstructure of graphite/copper joints are Cu(s,s), Ti 6 Sn 5 and CuTi 2. As the brazing temperature increases, the carbide layer (TiC) that affects the connection gradually thickens, from <0.5 μm at 800 °C to 3 μm at 850 °C, which deeply improve heat transfer of composite materials. The tensile properties of composites also increase with increasing temperature, maximum tensile strength 31.94 MPa can be obtained at 850 °C. Furthermore, the composites are proved to possess high heat flux during process of heat transfer, and the transfer rate was 1.77 times that of Cu, 3.72 times of Al. The temperature rise test carry out in hot bench intuitively demonstrating that the composites have faster heating rate. Al used 197 s to raise from 25 °C to 50.5 °C, Cu used 140 s, while 76.92 % graphite-contained composites only took 75 s in the same volume and experimental condition. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal protection and power generation are two of the major technical challenges in developing hypersonic vehicles with long-range/endurance. This research is aimed to provide a system for thermal protection and power generation for hydrocarbon-fueled scramjets. This study proposed a thermal management system based on fuel vapor turbine (FVT) and closed-Brayton-cycle (CBC) to generate power, and a bypass loop is connected with CBC in parallel to ensure thermal protection demand. A performance analysis model considering the combustor and cooling channels is established. The combustion and heat transfer process are described in a quasi-one-dimensional way, while FVT and CBC are described in a zero-dimensional form. Results indicate that large CBC power generation efficiency (η PG,CBC) and FVT expansion ratio (π FVT) can improve power generation with the same thermal protection performance. Because of the integrated variation law of cooling heat exchange and η PG,CBC , there exists an optimal value of fuel outlet temperature (T f 3) while meeting the thermal protection requirement. The high Mach number and low equivalence ratio both require a significant increase in the cooling capability of fuel, and it is feasible to sacrifice the power generation of the CBC subsystem to meet the thermal protection demand. • A thermal management system is proposed for hydrocarbon-fueled scramjets. • A model considering the combustion process and the heat transfer process is established. • There is an optimal value of T f 3 while meeting the thermal protection requirement. • It is feasible to sacrifice the CBC subsystem power generation to meet thermal protection demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Plastic pollution contributed mostly from packaging industry seeks a solution in eco-friendly alternatives. • Natural fiber composites could cater to versatile demands posed by carry bags. • Indigenous fibers like coir, cotton are used as hybrid reinforcement dispersed in recycled paper matrix. • Mechanical tests reveal better tensile, impact and water repellent properties over standard packaging paper. • Thermal analysis was carried out to shimmer light on thermal stability of the novel material. Increasing concern about environmental pollution has led researchers to find sustainable alternatives to synthetic counterparts. With the packaging industry accounting for 42 percent of plastics entering our marine systems, governments have also passed legislation banning single-use plastics. This paper essays the fabrication and experimental validation of hybrid bio composite with coir and cotton fiber reinforcement dispersed in paper matrix. Specimen with varying concentration of coir and different fiber length was validated against 150 GSM standard packaging paper material. The specimen constituted by 20 wt% coir was observed to have better tensile strength of 2.678 N/mm2, Izod higher impact value of 0.15 J compared to the standard sample which had tensile strength of 1.875 N/mm2 and lower Izod impact value of 0.10 J. Increasing coir content led to 142.4% higher water absorption and was not appreciable for making carry bags. The thermal stability characteristics of composite specimens were comparable to conventional packaging materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass system, with the following chemical composition xCuO∙(100-x)PbO 2 where x = 0, 5, 8, 10, 15, 20 mol% CuO, was successfully prepared using the melt-quenching technique. X-ray diffraction pattern indicated the amorphous structure for all samples. Density and molar volume were determined to evaluate the physical properties of the glasses. The evolution of the endothermic and exothermic process as CuO function was investigated by thermal analyses. The structural modifications induced by the incorporation of CuO in the lead host network were investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared, Raman, Ultraviolet-Visible and Electron paramagnetic resonance. The obtained results depicted the incorporation of Cu2+ ion enhances thermal stability and glass-forming ability of the lead glass. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis confirm high solubility of MoO 3 in copper-lead host matrix. It was found that copper-lead dioxide host matrix is a suitable as waste form for radioactive waste management applications to improve the solubility of MoO 3 in glass. • Novel heavy metal oxide (HMO) glass composition for nuclear waste management applications. • xCuO∙(100-x)PbO 2 where x = 0, 5, 8, 10, 15, 20 mol% CuO system was synthesized by melt-quenching method. • FTIR spectra exhibit the coexistence of the basic structural units of lead [PbOn] and [CuO n ]. • UV–VIS absorption bands and EPR spectra indicated the presence of isolate Cu2+ ions. • High solubility of MoO 3 in copper-lead glass, without any phase separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ionic surfactant was successfully studied upon experimental and theoretical analysis. • All spectroscopic data were confirmed with DFT- B3LYP /6311G++(d, p) computation. • Molecular structure was optimized and compared to the experimental asymmetric unit. • Thermal properties were investigated theoretically and experimentally. • Antibacterial tests demonstrated an excellent activity and a mechanism was proposed. The present study investigates the properties of benzethonium chloride compound using experimental analysis (NMR, FT-Raman/FTIR, TGA/DTG and DSC) and DFT method. Three molecular structures (BZT, BZT-Cl and BZT-Cl-H 2 O) were considered and optimized using 6–311++ G ** method. The computed theoretical shifts depicted an excellent matching with 13C and 1HNMR peaks, as well for FT-Raman and FTIR spectroscopic data. On the other hand, it was found that BZT-Cl compound has a higher polarizability (α) along z-direction when compared to BZT and BZT-Cl-H 2 O; while adding of chlorine and water molecule increase significantly the total first-order hyper-polarizability (β). The electrostatic mapping potential depicted that chlorine and water enhanced the nucleophile character. The HOMO-LUMO energies and reactivity parameters significantly change in BZT-Cl and BZT-Cl-H 2 O. Furthermore, the thermal analysis showed a good stability up to 160 °C. Finally, antibacterial tests against several strains demonstrated an excellent activity and a mechanism structure/activity was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Synthesis of novel statistical copolymers of isocyanates. • Synthesis of novel block copolymers of isocyanates. • Improvement of the thermal stability of polyisocyanates. • Mechanism of thermal decomposition of polyisocyanates. • Effect of macromolecular architecture on the thermal stability of polyisocyanates. The synthesis of statistical and block copolymers of n-hexyl isocyanate (HIC) and 2–phenylethyl isocyanate (PEIC), via coordination polymerization using a half-titanocene complex, was studied. The complex [CpTiCl 2 (O-(S)-2-Bu)] was employed as initiator of all the polymerization reactions. The homopolymerization of PEIC was initially attempted under various experimental conditions. The statistical copolymers were synthesized in different proportions of the two monomer units, and their reactivity ratios were estimated using the Fineman-Ross, inverted Fineman-Ross, Kelen-Tüdos and extended Kelen-Tüdos graphical methods, along with the computer program COPOINT. Structural parameters of the copolymers were obtained by calculating the dyad sequence fractions of the monomers and their mean sequence lengths. Furthermore, a systematic and detailed investigation was performed on the thermal degradation of the copolymers compared with the respective homopolymers, by Thermogravimetric Analysis, TGA, and Differential Thermogravimetry, DTG, within the framework of the Ozawa-Flynn-Wall and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose methodologies. It was concluded that the thermal stability of the copolymers was affected by the ratio of the two monomers in their structure and was increased with the addition of PEIC monomers. Additionally, the mathematical model of the mechanism through which the thermal decomposition of the homopolymer PPEIC takes place, was further investigated. Block copolymers PHIC-b-PPEIC were also synthesized via the same coordination polymerization approach and sequential addition of monomers starting from the polymerization of HIC. The samples were characterized by Size Exclusion Chromatography, SEC, and NMR spectroscopy. Their thermal decomposition profiles were studied by TGA and DTG measurements and were compared with the corresponding statistical copolymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we present a new borate, Ag 3 B 6 O 10 Br, as well as thermal properties of two recently reported members of M 3 B 6 O 10 X family, Ag 3 B 6 O 10 (NO 3) and Na 3 B 6 O 10 I. The structure of Ag 3 B 6 O 10 Br is non-centrosymmetric, Pnm 2 1 , and exhibits a new version of packing the ionic Ag–Br and covalent B–O frameworks. The non-centrosymmetry is induced by alternation of disordered and ordered borate "layers" normal to a. The Ag–Br sublattice is also strongly disordered and exhibits pronounced ahnarmonicity of thermal vibrations modeled using the Gram – Charlier series. Thermal behavior of Ag 3 B 6 O 10 Br, Ag 3 B 6 O 10 (NO 3) and Na 3 B 6 O 10 I was characterized using variable-temperature powder X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis. The thermal behavior of Ag 3 B 6 O 10 Br (α a = −0.5, α b = −7.4, α c = 41.5 at 200°С), Ag 3 B 6 O 10 (NO 3) (α a = 4.5, α b = 4.8, α c = 31.8 at 200°С), and Na 3 B 6 O 10 I (α a = 9.4, α b = −1.2, α c = 48.3 at 200°С) is strongly anisotropic due to the alignment of the hexaborate B 6 O 13 groups in the structure. [Display omitted] • A new non-centrosymmetric borate, Ag 3 B 6 O 10 Br was prepared. • Cationic [Ag 3 Br]3+sublattice shows strongly anharmonic displacement parameters. • Thermal expansion of Ag 3 B 6 O 10 X, X = Br, NO 3 , and Na 3 B 6 O 10 I is anisotropic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Dislocation loops are the main defect after irradiation of V-4Cr-4Ti. • Edge dislocations were found in the lattice images contributing to stress strengthening. • The irradiated samples exhibited different deformation behavior. • Aggregation of dislocation loops causes difficulty in activate slip system resulting in increased stresses. V-4Cr-4Ti was irradiated with V self-ions, and thermal properties, microstructure evolution and mechanical behaviour were analysed to elucidate the deformation mechanism of irradiation-induced defects. The results of the thermal analysis showed that no precipitates were produced during the irradiation process. Dislocation loops were the main defects after irradiation, and edge dislocations were found through lattice images with a lattice mismatch of 12.5%. The yield stress of irradiated samples increased, which may be due to interactions between dislocations during the deformation process. The deformation mechanism was discussed based on the Schmidt factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the critical issue of environmental sustainability, the application of nano-gelcoat has emerged as a promising approach to extend the service life and enhance the durability of glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites (GFRPs), thereby protecting the marine environment. Despite the extensive use of GFRPs in marine structures, their performance is significantly influenced by marine environmental factors. However, despite its potential, there is a lack of research on the experimental application of nano-gelcoat. To fully understand the underlying mechanisms and optimize the performance of nano-gelcoat application, more experimental investigations are required. In the present study, the hydrothermal aging of nano-gelcoat-coated glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites was investigated. Nano TiO 2 and nanoclay were used to enhance the performance of gelcoat. A three-month hydrothermal aging experiment was carried out in artificial seawater heated to 80 °C. Mechanical and water absorption properties of GFRPs and thermal, morphological and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) properties of nano-gelcoat were investigated. An ANOVA analysis was performed to establish if the experimental results were statistically significant. The long-term aging tests showed that the addition of nano-TiO 2 improved water resistance and maintained the mechanical properties of the composite. It also improved the melting point. [Display omitted] • An experimental nano-gelcoat application was conducted on glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite. • The effect of hydrothermal aging on the mechanical, thermal and structural properties was investigated. • The long-term aging tests showed that nano-TiO 2 is a good candidate for nano-gelcoat application. • The ANOVA analysis performed on the experimental results indicated statistical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • New heteroleptic neutral molecular complexes with rare coordination environment Fe(III) atom. • Thermal decomposition lead to production of nanoparticles α-Fe 2 O 3. • Complete structural characterisation with interesting system of non-covalent interactions. Using solvothermal syntheses three heteroleptic neutral complex molecules [Fe(acac)(bpy)Cl 2 ] (1), [Fe(acac)Cl 2 (phen)] (2) and [Fe(acac)Cl 2 (4dmbpy)] (3) (bpy = 2,2́-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, 4dmbpy = 4,4́-dimethyl-2,2́-bipyridine) were prepared from the acetylacetonate solution and characterized by chemical analyses and spectroscopic methods (IR and UV–Vis). All three complexes exhibit molecular structures with Fe(III) central atoms which are deformed octahedrally coordinated by one chelating N,Ń-donor ligand (bpy , phen or 4dmbpy), one chelating O,Ó-donor ligand acac and two olyhedr ligands. The crystal structures are stabilized by hydrogen bonds (complexes 1 – 3) and π-π interactions (complexes 1 and 2). The complexes exhibit rather high thermal stability up to about 200 °C. The first weight loss for 1 , 2 and 3 may correspond to decomposition of acac ligand. The residues of the thermal decompositions of the respective complexes 1 – 3 were formed by α-Fe 2 O 3 as shown by a combination of PXRD, SEM and EDX methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceramicizable phenolic resin matrix composites are widely used in aerospace fields, and their heat resistance rating can reach 1400 °C. To further improve heat resistance, HfB 2 -SiB 6 ceramicizable phenolic resin matrix composites were prepared, and their thermal properties and oxidative corrosion behaviour were studied. The results showed that the composites with 30 % SiB 6 had a ceramic yield of 69.69 % at 1600 °C, and their linear and mass ablation rates were as low as 0.004 mm/s and 0.043 g/s, respectively. XRD and thermodynamic calculation showed that there were complex reactions to form Hf ceramics and Si-B-N-O to prevent corrosion under high temperatures of about 2000–2400 °C. • HfB 2 -SiB 6 improves the heat resistance of ceramicizable phenolic resin composites. • Composites' linear and mass ablation rates are as low as 0.004 mm/s and 0.043 g/s. • The composites with 30 % SiB 6 have 69.69 % ceramic yield after 1600 °C treatment. • Complex reactions occur to form Hf ceramics and Si-B-N-O preventing corrosion. • Composites have heat resistance at 1600 °C and ablation resistance at 2000–2400 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's market is looking for materials that have high-strength properties and are biobased at the same time. This manuscript demonstrates the possibility of reinforcing polylactide (PLA) through the incorporation of two types of fibers to produce high-performance composites. PLA composites reinforced with aramid (AF) and basalt fibers (BF) were produced by injection molding (10 wt%, 15 wt% and 20 wt%). Manufactured materials have undergone extensive analysis including mechanical, thermal, thermodynamic and structural studies. The increase of the fiber content resulted in significantly improved mechanical properties of the materials. Composites with 20 wt% of the fibers exhibited an increase in Young's modulus of ∼160%, and improved tensile strength by 30% compared to neat PLA. Moreover, the results indicated that each type of fiber was responsible for enhancing specific mechanical properties. AF improved Young's modulus such that for composites containing only 10 wt% of this fiber, Young's modulus increased by ∼100%, while the same content of BF alone increased Young's modulus by 43%. In the case of tensile strength, composites with BF exhibited higher values than seen for AF with improvement of 19% compared to the case of AF where only 3% improvement was seen compared to PLA. Statistical analysis revealed that the additives had a significant impact on the change of both physical and mechanical properties. The thermomechanical tests followed a similar trend as the mechanical ones, such that a higher content of the filler caused an increase in the storage modulus. The simultaneous addition of AF and BF resulted in the same increase in the stiffness of the composites as the addition of the same weight value of expensive aramid fibers. The addition of fibers has not however changed the characteristic temperatures obtained during differential scanning calorimetry. The work presents the possibility of creating hybrid materials with tailorable mechanical and structural properties. We demonstrate that with different fibers it is possible to tune properties of polymeric composites and make them suitable for specific applications. [Display omitted] • Successfully fabricated high-performance polylactide based composites with aramid and basalt fibers. • Each of the additives was responsible for increasing different mechanical properties. • Aramid fibers are responsible for the increase in Young's modulus. • Basalt fibers are responsible for improving tensile strength. • Basalt fibers decreased the ability to absorb water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of SiO 2 -B 2 O 3 -V 2 O 5 -Fe 2 O 3 -Sm 2 O 3 glass and glass-ceramics are investigated using experimental and theoretical approaches. In order to gain insight into the thermal behaviour of the glasses, Sm 2 O 3 is systematically replaced with Fe 2 O 3 in the glass composition. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) curves of glass and glass-ceramics are obtained at various heating rates. The DTA-derived characteristic temperatures are used as inputs for different theoretical models. Sm 2 O 3 addition in place of Fe 2 O 3 increases the tendency of surface to bulk crystallization with glass formation tendency in the present samples. The highest activation energy of crystallization is observed for the 40SiO 2 -40B 2 O 3 -10V 2 O 5 -10Fe 2 O 3 (SM-0) sample. The activation energy is observed in the range of 220-425 kJ/mol. It is comparable to other glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of flame-retardant encapsulated electrospun core-shell fibrous membrane (ECSFM) is the key to ensure both high performance and safety of battery separator. However, there are lacks of simulation analysis on the thermal deformation behaviour of core-shell fibers, and stable, controllable, and batch preparation method of ECSFM, which makes it difficult to efficiently prepare ECSFM with higher safety. Here, the thermal deformation process of core-shell fiber was simulated to analyze the core and shell ratio with the best flame retardancy and thermal shutdown performance. The results showed that a high ratio of shell layer would make it difficult for the flame retardant in core layer to spill out in time, causing insufficient flame retardancy, while the low ratio would lead to the insufficient thermal shutdown performance of the ECSFM. The ECSFM was prepared by coaxial electrospinning with the optimal proportion of shell and core layer, in which the shell layer was polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and the core layer was triphenyl phosphate (TPP), and the optimized one (TPP@PVDF) had shutdown temperature (177 °C), a membrane rupture temperature (227 °C), and a short self-extinguishing time (1.82 s), while the unoptimized one could not thermal shutdown and had longer self-extinguishing time (2.13 s). Moreover, the batch preparation of TPP@PVDF was realized by sheath focusing multi-nozzle coaxial electrospinning, the output increased by 20.33 times compared with single coaxial electrospinning, and the comprehensive performance was better than commercial battery separator. This work provides a convenient method for the rapid fabrication of safe and high-performance battery separators. [Display omitted] • Core-shell nanofibrous membrane with both flame retardancy and thermal shutdown properties. • Simulation analysis on the thermal deformation behaviour of core-shell fibers. • Sheath focusing multi-nozzle coaxial electrospinning core-shell fibers. • Stable, controllable, and batch preparation method of core-shell fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate the intrinsic and rheological properties as well as the thermal stability of hydrophobically modified xanthan (HMX) obtained via green esterification using alkenyl succinic anhydrides (ASA) as grafting agents. A series of HMX differing in alkenyl chain length or grafting density were compared to the pristine xanthan (PX) and to each other's. According to the results of TGA, grafting alkenyl moieties present a stabilizing effect of the thermal properties of xanthan. Then, concerning the behaviour in solution, results clearly indicate that grafting decreases the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer due to the tendency of HMX to self-aggregation. In addition, rheological properties are enhanced showing an increase in both the zero-rate viscosity and relaxation time, and an improvement of the viscoelastic properties of HMX. Finally, a slight destabilization of the xanthan helical structure (so-called ordered conformation) in aqueous media was observed for HMX. [Display omitted] • Hydrophobically modified xanthan was obtained under mild and green reaction conditions. • Grafting alkenyl chain on xanthan improves the thermal stability of the polymer. • Hydrophobic grafted moieties induce an associative character to xanthan derivatives. • Viscoelastic properties of xanthan are improved with grafting alkenyl chain and/or increasing the grafting density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Point pattern analyses applied to thermal anomalies of a geothermal area. • From which shallow permeability and heat movement are inferred. • Two broad regions can be identified which present distinct subsurface conditions. Geothermal areas are studied with a diversity of techniques, including remote sensing (e.g. hyperspectral and thermal imagery) which can provide a time and cost efficient method to assess the surface of geothermal areas and infer subsurface processes. This study presents the analysis of thermal anomalies extracted from a single thermal infrared image covering Waiotapu Geothermal Field, New Zealand. Point pattern analyses were undertaken to assess any dominant orientations, and departures from randomness based on anomaly locations. The thermal anomalies present orientations that approximately align with nearby active faults, suggesting fault control in the Waiotapu Geothermal Field. Two distinct regions were observed, northern areas and southern areas. Northern areas show higher temperatures (i.e. >47 C°) and lower densities of thermal anomalies, with an orientation close to that of the whole field (∼ N22E°) and separation within cluster separations of ∼250 m, signalling to a high content of clays and proximity to the heat source. Southern areas exhibit lower temperatures (i.e. <47 C°) and a higher density of clustered thermal anomalies in a variety of orientations with clustering at all distances, indicating higher permeability at shallow depths. This is likely caused by a thinner litho-cap layer and a history of hydrothermal eruptions and collapse craters. Thermal imagery can therefore be used to infer the subsurface processes taking place at geothermal areas, elucidating information about the shallow permeability and heat movement. Our method can be applied to any other geothermal field for exploration to understand the shallow substrate and its control on porosity and permeability structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocellulose has been proposed by many researchers as a suitable bio-reinforcement material for the development of sustainable bio-nanocomposites in advanced applications due to its excellent properties. Conventional techniques for extracting nanocellulose from plant biomass are time-consuming and involve chemical wastage. This study aims to extract nanocellulose using simple processes with minimal consumption of chemicals in a minimum time. In the present work, cellulose nanocrystalline has been extracted from sisal fibers efficiently by chemical treatment assisted with steam explosion and mechanical grinding. The morphology of extracted sisal cellulose nanocrystalline (CNC-S) was analyzed by FESEM, whereas the DLS, TEM and AFM confirmed its nanosize. The average aspect ratio and zeta potential (ζ) of CNC-S were measured as 7.4 and −14.3 mV, respectively. The XRD analysis indicated that the crystallinity of the fibers considerably improved from 48.74 % for untreated fibers (UT-S) to 74.28 % for CNC-S. The chemical structure of the fibers was changed as hemicellulose and lignin were found to be eliminated after the chemical treatment which FTIR confirmed. From TGA-DTG results, it was observed that CNC-S has good thermal stability. It was also noticed that CNC-S did not show any antibacterial properties against E. coli and S. aureus due to the complete removal of lignin. This study suggests that the present extraction process can be considered as an efficient process to convert fibers into high performance nanocellulose to be used as potential reinforcing material in advanced applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Oscillatory thermal response tests can determine ground thermal properties with high accuracy • Testing duration is reduced compared to traditional in situ thermal response tests • Fitting with analytical model provides accuracy comparable to numerical simulations In situ subsurface thermal conductivity (λ) and thermal diffusivity (α) are critical parameters to design ground-coupled heat pump systems (GCHP). λ is conventionally determined from thermal response tests (TRT), whereas α is commonly selected from literature data or with laboratory analyses. Alternatively, both thermal properties can be assessed independently with an oscillatory thermal response test (O-TRT), which consists of heating the subsurface at an oscillatory rate and monitoring the resulting thermal perturbation. Due to their flexibility and relatively small radius, heating cables can be used to carry out tests in shallow unconsolidated deposits in the scope of horizontal GCHP design. The duration of the tests is short compared to vertical ground heat exchangers (fractions of a day) since the thermal resistance between the heating cable and the soil is negligible. The objective of this work was to develop an apparatus and an analytical approach to assess λ and α from an O-TRT carried out in shallow unconsolidated deposits. Nine different O-TRTs were performed in the lab for a dry standard material and five O-TRTs were performed in situ in a natural sandy deposit. After validation via numerical modelling, results show that the analytical approach using correction factors allowed the estimation of λ and α with an accuracy of < 2%. The study demonstrates that O-TRTs are a useful method to estimate both λ and α. Further testing in other reference materials and with different apparatus configurations is needed to enhance the experimental setup and extend O-TRTs towards new applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Coordination metal effect on selenates degradation is studied for the first time. • NaFeSe releases crystallization water harder than NaCoSe. • Degradation mechanism of NaFeSe shows Na2SeO3 and FeSeO3 as intermediates. • Thermal decomposition of NaCoSe releases the mixed oxide of cobalt (Co3O4). • A good agreement between experimental and calculated mass loss is achieved. Thermal behavior of double selenates containing different coordination metal was evaluated at molecular level for the first time. It was achieved via a combined experimental (TGA, DSC) and theoretical (NBO, QTAM, RDG) study on Na 2 Fe(SeO 4) 2 ·2H 2 O (NaFeSe) and Na 2 Co(SeO 4) 2 ·2H 2 O (NaCoSe). The releasing of crystallization water is an endothermic process which continuously undergoes for NaFeSe. For comparison, NaCoSe released crystallization water in a single act. Thermal degradation of the anhydrous NaFeSe proceed with formation of the intermediates FeSeO 3 and Na 2 SeO 3. However, CoSeO 3 and Na 2 SeO 3 were not registered in the TGA and DSC of NaCoSe. Instead of this, Co 3 O 4 was formed. Structural, NBO, QTAM and RDG shown that the thermal effects were due to different nature of the intramolecular interactions between coordinated water and metal center as well as between selenate anions and coordination metal. It is worth noting that theoretically calculated mass loss correlated well with the experimentally registered one. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fast method for microwave processing and measurement of dielectric and thermal properties of materials as a function of temperature has been developed (MW-DETA). Unlike previous approaches, the method provides totally new quantitative measurements of the thermal parameters, which are fundamental for calculating the specific heat and in particular, the energy requirements of electrification of materials processing via microwave heating. The in-situ measurement of dielectric properties of the sample with temperature, together with the precise numerical modelling of the thermal process, provided the necessary information to quantify the thermal and microwave losses and, therefore, the precise amount of power delivered to the sample that is converted into heat. Compared to conventional calorimeters, microwave heating reduces the experimental time and improves the uniformity of heating, which leads to a fast and reliable method to determine the thermal properties of the material under test with different operation modes, either constant or variable heating rates. The functionality of the thermal parameters measurement system has been demonstrated by heating and measuring a ceramic sample of Macor up to 400 °C. Accuracy reached in the thermal process has been validated by comparison with a conventional DSC analysis. [Display omitted] • A novel fast microwave calorimeter with quantitative energy measurement is developed. • Energy consumption in the calorimeter including thermal and microwave losses is evaluated. • EM coupled with thermal simulation determines heat transfer and temperature distribution. • 0D model accurately predicts temperature evolution and thermal parameters. • Comparison with DSC measurements validates the proposed microwave calorimetry method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets to improving the fire safety of polymers has been intensively explored in recent years. The phosphorus-rich construction, inherent layered structure, and ease of surface modification contribute to the highly efficient flame-retardant performance of BP nanosheets. Reported results confirmed that BP nanosheets and BP-based hybrids could reduce the release of heat, suppress fire spreading, and reduce the emission of smoke and toxic gases during the combustion of polymers. However, the poor air and moisture stability, severe synthesis conditions, and difficulty to scale up limit their wide application. Up to date, there is no review about BP-based flame retardants for improving the fire safety of polymer nanocomposites. In this review, we summarize the proposed, preparation approaches, surface modification methods and improved air stability, and flame-retardant mechanisms of BP nanosheets and flame-retardant BP nanosheets/polymer composites. The fire safety of polymer nanocomposites is discussed to specifically illustrate the functions of BP nanosheets. Lastly, the limitations and the outlook of using BP nanosheets as flame retardants are presented. [Display omitted] • Recent progress in BP for improving fire safety of polymers was summarized. • Surface modification methods of BP were reviewed. • Flame-retardant mechanisms of BP hybrids were discussed. • The application prospect of BP in flame retardant field was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the effect of severe plastic deformation on the structure, mechanical and thermal properties as well as crystallization process of a Zr 62.5 Сu 22.5 Al 10 Fe 5 alloy. High pressure torsion (HPT) induces local atomic changes and accumulates the formation of inhomogeneous chemical regions. The mechanically treated alloy structure is generally complex. The residual glassy matrix contains nanocrystalline particles. The structural changes observed during the HPT process lead to significant changes in the crystallization process. The effect of shear strain on crystallization of the Zr 62.5 Сu 22.5 Al 10 Fe 5 alloy and its properties was studied in detail using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) methods. • HPT leads to the formation of an inhomogeneous amorphous structure. • High strain radically changes the process of thermal solidification of the alloy. • Inhomogeneous amorphous structure is the reason for the high increase in hardness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • NEPCMs is the excellent thermal energy storage material. • Preparation of NEPCMs is a simple and cost-effective process. • NEPCM coated leather shows a 4.0 °C higher than control leather in cold conditions. Leather as a material is well known for its application in cold climatic conditions. However, its use is challenged in extreme cold weather conditions. To make leathers suitable for such applications, they must be treated with phase change materials (PCMs) known for thermal energy storage (TES). Nano and microencapsulation enhance the thermal and mechanical properties of the PCMs by increasing the heat transfer area and preventing the leakage of PCMs. In this study, we have used silicone oil as PCM, which was encapsulated using PMMA through emulsion polymerization. The synthesized nano-encapsulated PCM (NEPCM) has been characterized by FT-IR, DSC, DLS, FE-SEM, and HR-TEM analysis. The synthesized NEPCMs have particle size in the range of ∼ 150–220 nm. The optimised NEPCM has been coated on the leather surface to enhance the leather application in extreme cold weather conditions and the coated leather offers excellent cold insulation property up to 4.0 ± 0.2 °C higher than control leather in extremely cold weather test conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the relationship between the microstructure and the resulting mechanical and thermal properties of copper (Cu)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composites produced by spark plasma sintering as a function of rGO content (varying from 0 to 0.4 wt%). At the lowest rGO loading (0.025 wt%) the strength of the composite was double that of unreinforced Cu, with higher rGO fractions showing progressively lower improvements. Unexpectedly, the composites displayed a tensile yield drop (discontinuous yielding) on straining in contrast to the unreinforced Cu, ascribed to the influence of rGO nanoparticles pinning dislocations, causing a shortage of mobile dislocations. At loadings below 0.1 wt% rGO, the Cu-rGO interface was free of cracks, impurities, and voids, and the composites contained nano-sized Cu grains and well-distributed rGO nanoparticles with negligible agglomeration. However, at loadings beyond 0.1 wt% rGO, pores and rGO agglomerates were observed. The results suggest that an effective dispersion of rGO is critical, and the primary strengthening mechanisms relate to microstructure refinement, load transfer strengthening, and dislocation pinning. This work points to the efficacy of very low loadings in significantly improving strength with only a minor decrement in thermal diffusivity (<10%), opening up a number of applications. [Display omitted] • Graphene layers, amorphous carbon layers, and carbon nano-onions were revealed. • The rGO-Cu interface exhibited some dislocations without apparent cracks or voids. • rGO loading doubled the yield strength relative to unreinforced Cu. • The composites unexpectedly exhibited a yield drop upon the onset of plastic strain. • The thermal diffusivity was reduced by no more than 10% for the composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Metal-free and air-tolerable insertion polymerization using sulfoxonium ylides as monomers. • Polythioethers with good thermal properties. • Insertion polymerization features mild condition, easy operation and broad substrate scope. Insertion polymerization represents a concise approach to construct carbon-heteroatom bonds in the main chain. Despite some momentous efforts have been devoted to transition-metal catalyzed insertion polymerization, the metal-free insertion polymerization remains elusive. Herein, the fascinating metal-free and air-tolerable insertion polymerization using sulfoxonium ylides as monomers has been disclosed, furnishing a plethora of polythioethers and aromatic polyamines with carbon-heteroatom bonds in the main chain (yield up to 99%, Mn up to 20100). The insertion polymerization features mild condition, easy operation and broad substrate scope. In addition, thermal analysis demonstrated the polymers exhibited good thermal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triphenylamine single crystal was grown by the modified low-temperature vertical Bridgman technique. Physical, structural, and optical properties such as thermal stability, transmittance, crystalline nature, and crystalline perfection of the triphenylamine crystal were investigated. The orientation of the grown crystal was analyzed by PXRD analysis. It reveals that the grown crystal has (043) plane direction. The crystal perfection was studied through HRXRD analysis and it is found that full-width half maximum of the grown TPA crystal is 70 arc-sec. Thermal stability, melting, and freezing points of the grown crystal are analyzed by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses. The UV–Vis–NIR analysis was used to determine the optical transparency and cut-off wavelength value of the TPA crystal. The optical parameters such as bandgap, reflectance, refractive index, and Urbach energy have been calculated using UV–Visible analysis. The maximum emission peak of the TPA crystal was observed at 379 nm through Fluorescence Analysis. The obtained crystal's nonlinear optical property (SHG efficiency) has been evaluated by utilizing the Kurtz and Perry powder second harmonic method. The result reveals that the grown TPA crystal is suitable for non-linear optical applications. [Display omitted] • Good quality TPA single crystal was grown by the modified low-temperature vertical Bridgman technique. • The orientation and crystalline perfection of the grown crystal have been investigated. The FWHM of the crystal is 70 arc-s. • The optical parameters such as bandgap, refractive index, and Urbach energy have been calculated. • Kurtz and Perry powder second harmonic method has been used to investigate the nonlinear optical property of the TPA crystal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new results on the relationships between impact damage energy and thermal property variations in carbon and glass fiber reinforced plastics have been obtained on "dry" composite samples, as well as on the samples subjected to thermal cycling and moisture saturation. The estimates of impact damage detection limit are presented, and the impact energy ranges where variations of effusivity and diffusivity linearly depend on energy are obtained. The experiments on the samples subjected to long-term moisture saturation and thermal cycling revealed no significant influence of these impacts on thermal property. It is concluded that thermal nondestructive testing may serve as a reliable tool for estimating severity of impact damage in aircraft composite structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The polycarbazole (PCz)/β-Manganese dioxide (MnO 2) nanocomposite was synthesized via facile in situ polymerization technique. • The as synthesized material was annealed at various high temperatures (300 and 600 °C) and time (5 h and 10 h). • The annealing of the material improved the thermal stability above 1200 °C with a negligible weight loss (4.1%). • The annealed material shows potential for high temperature applications. In the present work, the polycarbazole (PCz)/β-manganese dioxide (MnO 2) nanocomposite (PMO) was prepared by facile in-situ polymerization approach. The thermal stability of as synthesized material was annealed and monitored upto 1200 °C by TGA analysis and found that the material exhibited no significant weight loss (4.1%). Thus, the annealed material exhibits excellent thermal stability which indicates its great potential for various high temperature applications such as concentrated solar power trough system, high thermal energy storage material, turbine engines, hot and high speed aircraft structures, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new schiff base compound has been prepared via a condensation reaction. • A facile, one-pot method has been introduced to prepare the triazine compound. • The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system of the space group C2/c. • The thermal reactivity and stability were analyzed by a TG-DTA technique. • This compound exhibited photoluminescent emission at λ ex = 380 nm. A one-step condensation reaction of α-ketobutyric acid with diaminoguanidine in aqueous medium results in 3,7‑diethyl-1 H - [1,2,4]triazino [4,3- b ] [1,2,4]triazine-4,8‑dione. The newly formed compound was characterized by FT-IR, UV, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopic techniques. The single-crystal X-ray structure of the compound was studied and showed crystallization in a monoclinic system C2/c with a = 22.70(2) Å, b = 5.028(5) Å, c = 17.802(16) Å, α = 90°, β = 93.96(3)°, γ = 90°, Z = 8, and R1/wR2 [ I ≥ 2σ(I)] = R 1 = 0.0461, wR 2 = 0.0904. The structural units are surrounded by C H...O and N H...N interactions that generate zigzag patterns perpendicular to each other. The thermal reactivity and stability were analyzed by TG-DTA (thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis) in both air and nitrogen atmospheres. In air, the compound showed an endothermic decomposition followed by exothermic combustion via triazine intermediate. In a nitrogen atmosphere, the compound showed endothermic decomposition followed by continuous combustion to produce gaseous products. This compound exhibited photoluminescent emission at λ ex = 380 nm. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We present a new method to estimate the rock thermal conductivity along the borehole. • Under forced flow conditions, hydraulic connections between boreholes can be inferred. • In situ thermal conductivity values match lab-measured values. Thermal dilution experiments with Fiber-Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing (FO-DTS) were conducted at the In-situ Stimulation and Circulation (ISC) rock laboratory, at the Grimsel Test Site (GTS) in Switzerland. The experiment consists in replacing the total volume of a borehole with a warmer water and monitoring the rate of temperature increase and decrease during the heating and cooling periods, respectively. The changes in temperature monitored in depth and time under various hydraulic conditions and in different boreholes, are used to investigate the information provided by thermal dilution experiments in terms of groundwater flow and thermal properties in low-permeable fractured crystalline rock. The data analysis, and the use of analytical and numerical solutions for reproducing this data in the context of pure diffusion and advection–diffusion scenarios, lead to the following improvements and conclusions. (i) The formation thermal conductivity is estimated along the borehole by inverting the data collected under ambient conditions with a simple analytical solution. The estimated values are consistent with laboratory estimates. The method presents the advantage of requiring much shorter experiments than existing methods based on standard active-line-source (ALS) experiments, i.e., several hours versus the traditional 1–2 days. (ii) Hydraulically active fractures connecting boreholes are detected from experiments conducted under cross-borehole forced hydraulic conditions. (iii) The formation thermal conductivity and fracture flow velocity have a distinguished impact on the temperature anomalies for some ranges of these property values, implying that both properties can be estimated from well-parametrized experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A comparative analysis of Zn 1.88–2 x Mn 2 x Mg 0.12 SiO 4 and Zn 2–2 x Mn 2x SiO 4 was performed. • Lattice parameters of both solid solutions change nonmonotonically. • Melting points of solid solutions decrease with increasing manganese concentration. • The introduction of 6 at% magnesium reduces decay time by almost a factor of two. [Display omitted] The effect of magnesium introduction on the structural, thermal, and luminescent characteristics of Zn 2 SiO 4 :Mn at the fixed magnesium concentration of 6 at% has been studied. Zn 1.88–2 x Mn 2 x Mg 0.12 SiO 4 phosphors were synthesized by the solid phase method. The structural properties were studied using X-ray diffraction. The luminescent properties were characterized by the PLE and PL spectra. The charge state of manganese ions was determined by the XPS method. It was found that the Zn 1.88–2 x Mn 2 x Mg 0.12 SiO 4 samples at x ≤ 0.14 were single-phase. The unit cell parameters of the solid solutions changed nonmonotonically with increasing x. The change in the linear trend of the parameters occurred at x = 0.06, and was caused by the oxidation of a part of the Mn2+ ions to Mn3+. The introduction of 6 at% magnesium into the Zn 2–2x Mn 2x SiO 4 structure caused an inversion of the crystallographic positions in which manganese was predominantly oxidized. It was shown that the melting temperatures of the Zn 2–2x Mn 2x SiO 4 and Zn 1.88–2 x Mn 2 x Mg 0.12 SiO 4 solid solutions decreased with increasing manganese concentration, but were practically independent of the presence of magnesium. The structural phase transition α→β was recorded in the premelting region for all Zn 2–2 x Mn 2 x SiO 4 compositions. For the Zn 1.88–2 x Mn 2 x Mg 0.12 SiO 4 solid solutions, the α→β transition was registered only for x ˂0.06. The optimal photoluminescence intensity of Zn 2–2 x Mn 2 x SiO 4 shifted to the region of lower values of x with the introduction of magnesium and turned out to be maximum for Zn 1.76 Mn 0.12 Mg 0.12 SiO 4. The introduction of 6 at% magnesium reduced the decay time by almost a factor of two; for the sample with x = 0.06 the decay time was 0.654 ms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Lauryl alcohol-Capric acid (LA-CA) binary mixture is proposed for energy storage. • The melting temperature of LA-CA and LA-CA/CuO is 9.57 ℃ and 8.7 ℃, respectively. • The thermal conductivity of LA-CA/CuO is 17.56% higher than the LA-CA mixture. • DSC and TGA analysis show that the LA-CA/CuO PCM has excellent thermal stability. • LA-CA and LA-CA/CuO mixtures are suitable for cold storage applications. A novel phase change material (PCM) is proposed via the binary mixture of Lauryl alcohol-Capric acid (LA-CA) in the weight % of 53:47; later, the TiO 2 and CuO nanoparticles were added to the PCM mixture by 0.25 wt%. Chemical and thermal characterization of the LA-CA mixtures has been examined, and the results indicated that the stability of the mixtures is significant for thermal energy storage (TES) application. The Melting temperature of the synthesized PCM mixture is 9.57 ℃, and the latent heat is 159.4 J/g. After incorporating nanoparticles, the proposed LA-CA/CuO PCM's thermal conductivity is improved by 17.56% with a melting temperature of 8.7 ℃ and latent heat of 159.1 J/g. The thermal and chemical stability of the proposed LA-CA/CuO PCM is excellent even after 1000 cycles. The findings concluded that the novel PCM of LA-CA/CuO is a potential material for low temperature cold storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A facile way to prepare poly (lactic acid)/cardanol composite with high elongation. • High impact resistant poly (lactic acid) composite with low cost was developed. • Dicumyl peroxide was innovatively used to reduce the consumption of plasticizer. Grafting reaction between poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and cardanol was initiated by dicumyl peroxide at different compositions, and the mechanical, thermal properties were characterized. In absence of dicumyl peroxide (DCP), the PLA/cardanol blends showed a typical plastic behavior with increasing cardanol content, i.e. decrement of tensile strength, accompanied by increment of elongation at break, while the notched Izod impact strength kept low level until the cardanol content reached 20 wt%. When DCP was introduced into the blends, only 15 wt% cardanol content was needed to improve the notched Izod impact strength significantly. According to the thermal behavior testing results, the grafting of cardanol onto PLA chains might take responsibility for the further improvement of impact strength with less cardanol content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• New adamantane-based dicyanate ester is synthesized. • DSC polymerization kinetics is studied by isoconversional and model based methods. • Polymer is characterized by TGA, TMDSC, and TMA. • Improvement in thermal properties and kinetic changes are linked to structure. A new adamantane-based dicyanate ester has been synthesized. The kinetics of its thermal polymerization is studied by means of conventional and temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry. The kinetics is analyzed comprehensively by a combination of an advanced isoconversional and model-fitting method. Polymerization proceeds via transition from a kinetic- to diffusion-control regime, which becomes operative at the later stages of the process. The kinetically-controlled regime manifests itself as a quasi-one-step auto-catalytic reaction. A contribution of diffusion to the overall kinetic is accounted for by means of the Fournier model. The polymerization product possesses excellent thermal properties (the glass transition temperature of ∼370 °C and 5% mass loss temperature of ∼480 °C), which makes it a promising candidate for application in hot-section components for aerospace and military industry. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on an experimental investigation on the mechanical degradation of carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRP) subjected to long-term exposure of low-density electric field by passing direct current (DC) through cross-ply laminates. In this study, an in-house fabricated experimental setup is used to study the effects of long-duration electrical conduction through cross-ply CFRP laminates. The experiments are conducted under constant current conditions. The change in laminate resistance is measured by monitoring the voltage across the specimen. Meanwhile, the effects of Joule heating are measured by monitoring the surface temperature across the length of the composite sample. Both voltage and temperature measurements are made continuously through the duration of the experiment. Experiments are conducted for continuous three (3) and twenty-four (24) hour duration and for cyclic three-hour repeated duration. Combined loading-compression (CLC) mechanical testing, ultrasonic pulse-echo test and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is performed after electrical degradation to quantify mechanical and thermo-physical changes in the material. It is found that the electrical degradation leads to a 13%–15% reduction in compressive strength, 6%–7% reduction in Young's modulus in thickness direction, 3%–4% decrease in glass transition temperature, and 41%–45% increase in tan δ. Post-degradation electrical resistivity change in through-thickness and in-plane directions is also correlated to damage. Comparison of change in resistivities of electrically degraded samples to thermally loaded samples indicates that the primary degradation is in the form of delamination caused by Joule heating and localized dielectric breakdown of epoxy near the carbon fiber–epoxy interface. Additionally, X-ray computed tomography (CT) images confirm that damage accumulated in electrically degraded samples is a combination of thermal damage due to Joule heating and dielectric degradation between plies due to passage of electric current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Simultaneous Effects of ultrasonic irradiation and α-Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles (NPs) on crude oil properties were investigated. • The viscosity of irradiated oil with NPs was found to be less than that of irradiated oil without NPs. • The post-pyrolysis mass loss of the irradiated NP-added oil was greater than that of non-irradiated oil with/without NPs. • Regarding the thermogravimetric tests, the addition of NPs and the ultrasonic irradiation work in the opposite direction. In this work, the effects of ultrasonic irradiation assisted by α-Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles (NPs) on the evolution of viscosity and thermal properties of crude oil are evaluated. A viscous crude oil with a high amount of asphaltene (∼20% by mass) was used for ultrasonication over different exposure times and nanoparticle concentrations. The viscosity of the oil before and after ultrasonic irradiation was measured with and without nanoparticles. Experimental results indicated that the viscosity of irradiated oil containing nanoparticles at optimum conditions was lower than the viscosity of nanoparticle-free irradiated oil. The thermal behavior of the irradiated crude oil mixed with nanoparticles at optimum conditions was examined using the TGA/DTA methods. The results showed a non-complementary effect of ultrasonic irradiation and nanoparticles on the weight loss and the amount of residual oil at both the end of the pyrolysis and oxidation stages, representing that addition of the α-Fe 2 O 3 NPs to the crude oil and the ultrasonication of the crude oil work in the opposite direction. Based on the TG/DTA data, the kinetic parameters of the pyrolysis and oxidation reactions were estimated. It was found that the simultaneous use of ultrasonic irradiation and nanoparticles sharply decreased the activation energy of the oxidation reactions, but had almost no effect on the activation energy of the pyrolysis reactions. The results of this paper provide an insight into the effectiveness of in-situ combustion enhanced oil recovery, which depends on viscosity reduction and the rate at which heat is generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Influence of doping in ferroelectric properties of multiferroics. • Holmium doped BiFeO 3 give rise to distorted rhombohedral phase. • Variation of dielectric values with temperature and frequency. • AC conductivity and Impedance analysis of doped Bismuth Ferrites. • Enhancement in ferroelectricity of Ho- BiFeO 3 samples with P-E hysteresis loop. Multiferroic holmium doped bismuth ferrite samples, prepared by solid-state route method are analyzed in this study to understand the effect of Ho3+ in the crystal structure, thermal properties, dielectric behavior, ferroelectricity, and AC conductivity of bismuth ferrites. Preliminary structural analysis using XRD and refinement characterize to see the distortion in the rhombohedral type of structure with doping. Effect of holmium on morphology, using FESEM and compositional analysis using EDAX show more uniform and dense distribution of well-developed grains as well as a better phase formation with lesser secondary phase, for 80% holmium doped sample. Dielectric, AC conductivity, and impedance parameters variation with frequency and temperature are studied to investigate the electrical behavior of Ho-BFO. Emphasis on the effect of holmium doping on the ferroelectric nature of the doped BFO is further analyzed in terms of P-E loops. The temperature effect on the dielectric properties exhibits an anomaly corresponding to magneto-electric coupling in the samples; all these results are discussed here in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Boron nitride-doped expandable graphite (EG) microcapsule (BN-PMEG) was prepared. • BN improves the thermal conductivity of microcapsule. • BN and EG form an expressway network for heat transfer. • High thermal conductivity BN -PMEG reduces the risk of combustion of natural rubber. The flammable feature limits the application of natural rubber in building fields. Although expandable graphite (EG) microcapsule has good compatibility with natural rubber (NR), the organic wall material of microcapsule has the disadvantage of low thermal conductivity and increases the risk of combustion of NR. In this study, EG microcapsule was prepared via in-situ polymerization (BN-PMEG) whilst its organic shell with high compatibility and thermal conductivity was developed by boron nitride (BN)-doped. The composite structure and thermal performances were analyzed via scanning electron microscope test (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). Following this, the cone calorimeter test, limiting oxygen index test, vertical burning test, time to ignition test, tensile strength and fracture test were used to describe the fire behavior and mechanical properties. The results indicate that the BN is embedded in the PMMA shell and the diameter of BN-PMEG is 20–50 μm. According to the mechanical property and thermal conductivity test, BN-PMEG have better compatibility with NR than expansible graphite and increases the thermal conductivity of NR composites. Our work provides a new choice for designing and applying rubber composite materials in buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]