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• Buildings potential for climate change mitigation is high. • Mitigation actions in the buildings sector can have significant social and economic values. • These enable the achievement of 4 SDGs, reinforce 7 other. • And are linked to the achievement of 5 SDGs (SDG3, SDG7, SDG8, SDG11, and SDG13). • Trade-offs were identified for 9 SDGs. Buildings are responsible for a big part of total GHG emissions; therefore, their climate change mitigation potential is high. But research shows that mitigation actions in the sector can have significant social and economic values beyond reduction of energy consumption and the associated GHG emissions. This paper summarizes these multiple impacts of mitigation actions in buildings, which are related to microeconomic and macroeconomic effects, health impacts, environmental benefits, better management of natural resources, impacts on social well-being, and energy security implications, and assesses their interactions (synergies and trade-offs) with the UN SDGs. The findings of our analysis show that climate change mitigation actions in buildings enable the achievement of 4 SDGs, reinforce 7 others, and are inextricably linked to the achievement of 5 SDGs, namely SDG3: good health and well-being, SDG7: affordable and clean energy, SDG8: decent work and economic growth, SDG11: sustainable cities and communities, and SDG13: climate action. On the other hand, trade-offs were identified for 9 SDGs, with rather minor implications, which can be further eliminated with the implementation of appropriate policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change adaptation and mitigation remain critical to achieving sustainable development while reducing climate vulnerability, particularly among climate-exposed and sensitive regions. Yet, achieving a balance between climate-resilience pathways, high economic productivity, high human development, and energy efficiency appears complex, leading to potential trade-offs. Here, we examine the overarching effect of the diversified energy portfolio, socio-economic drivers, and governance adaptation readiness on Climate change vulnerability across 212 economies. Contrary to the poor conventional panel techniques reported in the existing literature, we employ novel machine learning and dynamic panel estimation techniques that control for chaos, nonlinearity, mutual coupling, and heterogeneity in dynamic systems. The convergent cross-mapping causality technique reveals mutual coupling effects between energy portfolio, governance readiness, socio-economic drivers, and climate change vulnerability. The rapidly increasing population and increasing demand for resources under the business-as-usual society and economic structure that normalizes unsustainable development pathways due to weak governance structures create ineffective climate-resilient policies that lead to unabated emissions with consequences on climate change. The effect of social and governance readiness leads the transformation process to attain sustainable development. Thus, high social and governance readiness spurs climate resilience through climate change adaptation and mitigation to achieve sustainable development. Alternative (renewables) and nuclear energy have displacement effects on fossil fuels, yet, the magnitude of displacement is not large enough to replace future fossil fuel consumption. Conversely, a low-carbon future is still attainable by replacing the fossil energy portfolio with more natural gas and carbon-abatement technologies. Our study demonstrates that energy innovations are useful climate-resilience pathways that lessen climate change vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainability paradigm has gained global attention, and the same has been expected from the economies having increasing levels of environmental footprints over the past couple of decades. This research aims to investigate the nexus between clean energy technologies and climate change mitigation among the top ecologically pollutant (TEP) economies during 1996–2020. The research incorporated other drivers of climate change, including energy efficiency, industrialization, and sustainable policies through environmental regulations. The methodological context covers the necessary preliminary tests and the Method of Moment Quantile Regression (MMQR). The preliminary results indicate that TEP economies are interdependent with the heterogenous slope coefficients, stationarity data trends, and cointegrated relationships. The findings from the MMQR unveiled that clean energy technologies tend to mitigate climate change from 0.10th to 0.70th quantiles. Relatedly, energy efficiency reduces the environmental burden across all the quantiles except for the 0.10th one. Conversely, industrialization and economic growth cause an upward shift in climate change among TEP economies across all the quantiles, suggesting a need to shift production-based economies to more service-intensive ones. However, the study found no significant evidence for the nexus between sustainable environmental policies and climate change. The robustness checks also validate the MMQR estimations; however, their parameters' magnitude substantially varied. These outcomes encourage policymakers to implement holistic strategies supporting energy innovation, technologies, and efficiency improvements while controlling the adverse effects of industrialization and traditional growth models. [Display omitted] • Mitigating climate change needs a universal call. • A novel approach, MMQR, has been applied. • Both clean energy technologies and energy efficiency reduce ecological footprints. • Industrialization and economic growth disturb the sustainability paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Forest residues, a renewable energy, have great potential to substitute fossil fuels to reduce enormous pressures of energy shortages in mitigating climate change. However, it is a challenge to quantify forest residues at a fine spatial scale due to large spatial variations of forest species and lacking of suitable research methods. In addition, the natural decomposition of forest residue is often ignored in future greenhouse emission prediction, • We estimated the total forest residues in China reached 152.13 million t in 2018. The forest residues had faster decomposition rate (annual natural decomposition value of carbon from forest residues) in the first ten years, and then gradually decreased. In the first 14 years, the half forest residues was decomposed. The national contribution to climate change (CCC) from forest residues over one-hundred-year reached 49.27 million t CO 2 eq. The peak values of the provincial annual CCC were reached within 15 years and we found that the highest annual CCC occurred in the second year since the natural decomposition. • There are two major contents. First, a method is put forward to downscale the reserve of forest residue to county-level administrative unit. Prior to this, the resolution of the estimations was generally at provincial level. Obviously, more refined data was conducive to encourage the utilization of biomass by providing references for policymakers and investors. Second, a new index was implemented to assess the contribution of the natural decomposition of unused forest residues to climate change. • We estimated that CCC caused by their natural decomposition reaches 4.927 million t CO 2 eq, which was 0.96%−6.5% of other carbon emission sources (i.e. staple crops, inland water) in China. From a global perspective, such carbon emission was 0.015% of global wetland carbon emissions and 1.59% of global peat land carbon emissions. • Our study provides new data to support future climate mitigation, reducing the significant uncertainty in related research, and will make researchers, policymakers, and investors recognize the great potential of forest residues as an energy source and the significant contribution of their natural decomposition to climate change and promote carbon neutrality transition. Under the energy shortage and emerging climate change caused by fossil energy, forest residues were encouraged to be used as an energy resource. However, it is a challenge to quantify the forest residue at the fine spatial scale due to the available data and suitable research methods. We aimed to quantify the available forest residues in China at the county scale and clarify their potential contribution to climate change (CCC). The availability of forest residues reached 152.13 million t in 2018 in China. The CCC accumulated by natural decomposition of forest residues over one-hundred-year had reached 49.27 million tCO 2 eq. The peak values of provincial annual CCC were reached in the first 3 years in the southern region. The top four counties of CCC were all from Yunnan Province. The energy utilization of forest residues is of great significance to the management of forest resources. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Future projections indicate an expansion for both food and energy demands, which can increase pressure on land use, while there is an urgent global need for climate change mitigation. Bioenergy is foreseen as key option to meet future energy demands and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, however its sustainability depends on locations and regional characteristics. Simultaneously, agricultural production models that co-produce food, feed, and energy offer sustainability synergies and co-benefits, but site-specific sustainability assessments of their large-scale implementation are missing. This study presents a bottom-up approach to assess spatially explicit sustainability aspects of bioenergy-livestock integrated systems (BLI) in Brazil and shed light on their contribution to future energy demands, to climate change mitigation targets, and their impacts on selected ecosystem services, including bioenergy production, climate change mitigation, reduction of food competition, biodiversity conservation, and avoided deforestation. The proposed integration considers livestock intensification and use of biofuels by-products as animal feed supplement, taking advantage of synergies between these two value chains. The expansion of the BLI system in the Center-South region of Brazil produce up to 89 billion liters of ethanol, enough to meet future domestic ethanol demands from multiple shared socioeconomic pathways and generating surpluses for export. This production takes place on 16 million hectares of pastureland within the Sugarcane Agroecological Zoning, excluding the Amazon and Pantanal biomes, and biodiversity hotspots. BLI expansion mitigate up to 250 million tonnes of CO 2 eq and generate 15 billion dollars of profits. The best locations to maximize the selected ecosystem services are west of São Paulo, east of Mato Grosso do Sul, and the south-central region of the states of Goiás. This study may encourage the formulation of enhanced public policies for the integration of bioenergy and livestock value chains and guide a sustainable large-scale deployment of BLI systems. • Bioenergy and livestock integration (BLI): co-production of food, feed and energy. • BLI systems: 89 billion liters of ethanol and 250 million tonnes of CO 2 eq mitigated. • Enough ethanol to meet future Brazilian demands and surplus to be exported. • Biomass expansion only on pastureland inside Sugarcane Agroecological Zoning. • Without land displacement and deforestation of native vegetation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cool roofs offer a passive solution to reduce cooling demand in buildings. However, they increase heating demand in cold seasons. The annual energy-saving potential of cool roofs greatly depends on climate characteristics and may change over time due to global warming. This is particularly important for cool and mild temperate climates, in which the cool roofs' cooling benefits may exceed their heating penalties in the future. To understand the impact of cool roofs on building energy demand for each climate and to explore their future energy-saving potential, these roofs should be evaluated under both present and future climates. Accordingly, this study aims to: 1) quantify the energy savings (or energy penalties) of cool roofs under a wide range of present climate conditions (from cool to hot climates); 2) evaluate cool roofs' energy-savings potential under future climates; and 3) predict when (and under which climate change scenarios) cool roofs will improve buildings' thermal performance in the future for cool or mild temperate climates. Results showed that cool roofs reduce annual energy loads by up to 14% and 22% in tropical and subtropical climates under present and future climates, respectively. For cool and mild temperate climates, while cool roofs increase the building's total energy demand under present climates, it is predicted that they offer energy-savings in the 2050s and 2070s for Canberra and Melbourne, respectively. Understanding the present and future impacts of cool roofs is essential for the implementation of appropriate climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies for residential buildings in each climate. • Cool roofs' (CRs) energy-saving potential is calculated in cold and warm climates. • The impact of climate change on CRs' energy-saving potential is predicted. • In cool climates, CRs' cooling reductions may exceed heating penalties in the future. • In the future, CRs can save up to 8% on energy demand in cool, temperate climates. • Cool roof adaptation pathways are suggested for each climate zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limiting global warming well below 2 °C requires substantial increase in the installation of low-carbon electricity generation technologies (EGTs). EGTs however require several critical materials and materials associated with considerable energy, water and CO 2 emissions. This paper assesses the implications of materials and energy efficiencies for climate change mitigation potential of global energy transition scenarios (GETS). The analysis is carried out using a dynamic material flow-stock model for 21 materials and 15 scenarios combining GETS developed by international organizations including International Energy Agency (IEA) and Greenpeace (GP), materials scenarios, and energy, water, and emissions intensities scenarios. Materials related CO 2 emissions are expected to constitute between 4% and 14% the emissions reported in the IEA Sustainable Development scenario, while expected to be between 10% and 28% in GP Advanced Revolution scenario. Increasing material efficiency and reducing emissions intensities (driven by increasing energy efficiency, renewable technologies in energy supply mix, and recycling) reduce cumulative emissions by 73.2% and 26.3% respectively, while both reduce emissions by 79.5%. Increasing materials efficiency in EGT, energy and water efficiency in mining activities mainly for iron, aluminium, and nickel, and recycling, combined with careful selection of EGTs are significant to realize the full potential of GETS in climate change mitigation. • Materials and energy efficiencies implications for climate change mitigation potential of energy scenarios are assessed. • Dynamic material flow-stock model for 21 materials and 15 combined materials and energy scenarios are used. • Materials related CO 2 emissions constitute between 4% and 14% of emissions reported in IEA Sustainable Development scenario. • Increasing material efficiency and reducing emission intensities reduce cumulative emissions by 79.5%. • Increasing materials efficiency and recycling, and careful selection of EGT are significant for climate change mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strict energy performance requirements have reduced the building's operational energy use and related environmental impact in the past decades. Consequently, the embodied impacts of buildings gained importance, and hence focussing on the life cycle impacts has become essential to further reduce the environmental impact of buildings. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an internationally accepted method used for this purpose. Current LCA studies of buildings typically look at their whole life cycle but ignore potential changes in operational energy use due to climate change. However, the latter is expected to influence the operational energy use of buildings to a significant extent. This paper aims to improve the assessment of the operational phase by including variations in the yearly operational energy use caused by climate change and expected changes in the electricity mix as a strategy for climate change mitigation. This adapted dynamic assessment method is used to assess a Belgian office building. The results indicate that a Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 climate change scenario causes a decrease of 18 % for the end use of gas for heating and an increase of 32.4 % for the electricity use for cooling and ventilation. For the case study, the reduction of the environmental impact due to the decrease in gas use compensates the impact increase due to the higher electricity use. An increase in environmental impact in future would however occur if both heating and cooling are provided by electricity. Furthermore, depending on the changes that will occur in the electricity mix, the global warming potential of the office building will change by −13 % for an electricity mix dominated by renewables and by + 10 % for one with mainly production by gas compared to the situation with the current mix. However, the inclusion of a more extended list of environmental indicators shows that the overall environmental impact will only reduce by 4 % or even increase by 7 % compared to the situation with the current mix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global increasing trend in total greenhouse gas emissions in recent decades has triggered the need for climate-related development financing. This study analyzes the effects of climate-related development mitigation finance and renewable energy consumption on greenhouse gas emissions in the Congo Basin. Using panel data from 2002 to 2020, panel regression estimates empirically reveal (1) a minimal significant increase in greenhouse gas emissions with respect to an increase in climate-related development mitigation finance (2) An increase in climate-related mitigation finance significantly promotes the consumption of renewable energy (3) An increase in renewable energy consumption reduces greenhouse gas emissions (4) An increase in renewable energy consumption reduces the effect of climate-related mitigation finance on greenhouse emissions. This study suggest the continuous flow of climate-related development mitigation finance from donor countries and bodies to developing countries on a more regular basis and the putting in place of a mechanism that tracks climate funds to ensure that they are effectively used in generating renewable energies such as solar, hydroelectric, biomass, wind and geothermal energies. • Climate-related development finance and renewable energy consumption in GHG emissions reduction in the Congo Basin. • Climate-related development mitigation finance increases renewable energy consumption and GHG emissions significantly. • Renewable energy consumption triggers a decline in greenhouse gas emissions. • Climate-related development finance reduces GHG emissions through increased renewable energy consumption. • The energy consumption structure is transformed from non-renewable to renewable energy due to climate mitigation finance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The bottom-up dynamic building stock model builds upon individual buildings from GIS datasets. • The model integrates material flow analysis, building energy modeling, and life cycle assessment. • More than 90% of GHG emissions can be reduced if all strategies are deployed together. • Energy transition plays a key role in decarbonizing the building stock. • Material-related strategies contribute much less to residential decarbonization than energy-related strategies. Decarbonizing the building stock plays an important role in realizing climate change mitigation targets. To compare the decarbonization potential of different strategies, this study presents a spatiotemporal bottom-up dynamic building stock model that integrates material flow analysis, building energy modeling, and life cycle assessment. It can simulate future building stock evolution at the component level and track the associated material flows, energy demand and generation, and GHG emissions with the consideration of both endogenous factors (e.g. building energy efficiency upgrade) and exogenous factors (e.g. policies, occupant behavior, and climate scenarios). The model is applied in the residential building stock of Leiden, a municipality in the Netherlands. Results show that annual GHG emissions are reduced by about 40% under the reference scenario while annual GHG emissions can be reduced by about 90% under the ambitious scenario where all the decarbonization strategies are simultaneously implemented. Natural-gas-free heat transition and renewable electricity supply are the most effective strategies, respectively reducing the annual GHG emissions in 2050 by an additional 21% and 19% more than the reference scenario. Rooftop PV, green lifestyle, and wood construction have similar decarbonization potential (about 10%). Surplus electricity can be generated if rooftop PV systems are installed as much as possible. The decarbonization potential of demolition waste recycling is much smaller than other strategies. The model can support policymakers in assessing the decarbonization potential of different policy scenarios and prioritizing decarbonization strategies in advance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing CO 2 emissions progressively moves up on national and international political agendas. Hopes for "carbon neutrality" heavily rely on renewable energies, especially wind and solar. However, actions against climate change are not at zero cost and can exert large negative environmental and social impacts. The land footprints of wind, solar and hydropower are dozens to hundreds of times larger than other alternatives to fossil fuels, such as nuclear power. However, evidence-based calls to seriously consider nuclear power as part of the energy mix needed to get rid of fossil fuels are systematically ignored, as nuclear energy has been progressively ruled out from the energy transition debate, particularly in most advanced economies. Since first reports on the topic, habitat degradation still ranks as the largest driver of biodiversity loss (e.g. a 68% decrease in vertebrate populations since 1970), contributing between 4 and 14 times more than climate change. Climate action is a Sustainable Development Goal that must be addressed without compromising other Agenda 2030 targets, such as preserving biodiversity. Halting habitat degradation while fighting against climate change will require to seriously re-consider the inclusion of nuclear power into the energy mix for a truly sustainable development, particularly considering that the global energy demand has no signs of slowing down. Otherwise, we risk to degrade what is left of our already decimated nature in the name of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from energy consumption have become a major focus all over the world. Cities, especially, are playing an important role in responding to the challenges of global climate change. However, there is still a lack of case studies on the whole life stage (including energy import, production, and consumption) at the city level. This is the first study to systematically estimate the whole lifecycle GHG emissions of urban energy consumption in Macau using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. It identifies the main contributors, draws the balance framework diagram of energy GHG emissions, and proposes the effective reduction measures through a scenario analysis. The results show that the total GHG emissions of energy consumption in Macau increased from 2.10 × 103 kt CO 2 eq. in 2000 to 5.34 × 103 kt CO 2 eq. in 2018. In 2018, the energy-related GHG emissions in the import phase, production phase, and consumption phase were 3.37 × 103, 4.08 × 102 and 5.34 × 103 kt CO 2 eq., respectively. Since the return of Macau from Portugal to China (December 20, 1999), its GHG emissions from energy import have come to depend more on Mainland China, increasing from 71% in 2000 to 98% in 2018. For the consumption phase, indirect GHG emissions are more important, accounting for 75.3% of total GHG emissions in Macau. From the final consumption perspective, the gambling industry results in the largest GHG emissions (38.07% in 2018), followed by the transportation industry; while for the final energy consumption types, electricity consumption has become the predominant source. The scenario analysis shows that under an ideal scenario, the GHG emissions can be slowed down and will peak in 2033. [Display omitted] • It firstly estimates the whole lifecycle GHG emissions from Macau urban energy consumption. • The GHG emission dependence on the mainland China increases from 71% to 98% since 2000. • It draws the balance framework diagram of energy GHG emissions. • Gambling industry results in the largest GHG emissions in Macau. • Under ideal scenario, the GHG emissions will peak in 2033. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uptake of actions to mitigate climate change at the household level might crowd out subsequent policy at the national level, which is problematic because national policy often has a larger mitigation potential than individual household measures. This study analyses crowding out between the uptake of low-cost actions and the support for national climate change policy in the agricultural sector. In the experimental set-up, survey respondents were primed to think about the implementation of low-cost mitigation practices and subsequently asked to express support for national mitigation policy. The results show a crowding-out effect between individual mitigation measures and support for national policy. Individuals with high levels of worry show a stronger crowding out effect. This study contributes to building understanding of when and why crowding out occurs in order to help frame and communicate future climate change policy. • Individual mitigation measures crowd out support for national climate change policy. • Crowding out is stronger within the climate change domain than biodiversity domain. • Individuals with high levels of worry show a stronger crowding out effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Bioenergy-livestock integrated systems can alleviate pressure on land resources. • BLI has potential to meet global future biofuel demands and climate mitigation targets. • Production of feed using bioenergy by-products is techno-economically feasible. • Biofuels from integrated systems can reduce GHG emissions compared to fossil fuels. • There is still room to further explore the integration of bioenergy-livestock value chains. Bioenergy is seen as a key option to meet future energy demands and mitigate climate impacts. However, large-scale deployment of bioenergy can cause an additional pressure over land resources and correspondent sustainability impacts. Enhanced land management practices are fundamental to intensify land-based outputs under different climate mitigation scenarios. Bioenergy-livestock integration (BLI) is a win-win strategy to climate mitigation while ensuring food and fibers demands from the society by using bioenergy by-products as animal feed to release land to additional industrial crops production. This study comparatively assesses BLI opportunities in Brazil to better understand the sustainability issues of the alternatives for integration of these value chains, highlighting the key techno-economic and environmental aspects. When compared to conventional systems, the BLI systems present positive techno-economic impacts and lower greenhouse gas emissions, reaching mitigations up to 32 % and 22 % for meat and ethanol production, respectively. The expansion of BLI systems in Brazil could meet projected biofuels future demands, using less than 20 % of the expected area for this expansion. Potential expansion areas are concentrated in Center-South region of Brazil. BLI systems can be further advanced by including other synergies, such as codigestion of sugarcane vinasse and cattle manure, integration of flex ethanol plants with biodiesel plants, maximization of biofuels by-products as animal feed, and inclusion of novel promising alternative industrial crops such as macauba, sweet sorghum, energy cane and short rotation eucalyptus coppice. However, we identify many potential barriers including the operational complexity, specific know-how, and necessity of economic incentives. This study may provide important insights for strategic and integrated polices for both agricultural and livestock sections as the proper sustainability assessment of an early stage of the deployment of enhanced BLI systems may help to meet global future demands of energy while also contributing to climate change targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Wood-based substitution benefits are likely to decrease over time • Carbon residence has more importance in the future as an indicator • Energy use of wood should be reduced to increase climate benefits • Global agreement is needed to fund clean technologies and reduce fossil ones To obtain net climate benefits from intensified forest utilization in the short-term, the substitution impact of wood harvesting and increased carbon stocks of wood-based products should be higher than the forest carbon stock loss. However, the product specific substitution impacts change dynamically over time along with technological development, and long-term climate change mitigation strategies need to consider this, as well as the market forces. We identified future pathways enabling globally market viable environments for wood utilization scenarios in Finland resulting in net climate benefits in 2050. We I) indicated substitution impacts in 2050 applying future-oriented parameter modification based on LCA, and developed quantitative target scenarios by altering wood-based product portfolios to achieve required substitution, and II) identified pathways enabling scenarios by applying participatory backcasting. In the scenarios, a major shift from primary energy use to high added-value products including textiles, chemicals, composites and advanced biofuels, or long-lifetime construction products was needed and more lifecycles for wood products by recycling were required. The actions enabling market viable environment focused on the global level policies and consumer perceptions, while actions locally were limited and current production technology development oriented. We recommend multi-target backcasting together with LCA to analyse more synergies and trade-offs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy plays a crucial role in both climate change mitigation and adaptation in highly climate-vulnerable nations such as Nepal. This paper reviews various types of renewable energy technologies and their status, potential for adoption, relationship to climate change, and mitigative and adaptive roles in Nepal. Nepal has installed micro-hydro projects, solar power, improved cooking stoves, biogas technology, improved water mills, and wind energy to mitigate and adapt to climate change. There is a growing potential for renewable energy development in Nepal, such as hydropower, solar, wind energy, biogas, and improved cooking stoves. Roughly 70% of Nepal's energy consumption is generated from traditional energy sources while renewable energy accounts for approximately three percent. The gradual increase in the use of renewable energy has reduced greenhouse gas emissions and enhanced carbon sequestration. By adopting renewable energy technologies, Nepal has reduced emissions by 221,129 tCO 2 e from 2017 to 2018. Nepal's second Nationally Determined Contribution targets a 15% increase in national energy use from renewables with a reduction of 23% of CO 2 emissions by 2030 using biogas and improved cooking systems. Furthermore, a significant increase in the adoption of renewable energy has become a pivotal strategy in adaptation to climate change in social, health, and economic sectors resulting in time savings, alternative income sources, improved health and educational status, local job opportunities, and the promotion of social capital. The benefits of adapting to climate change and mitigating CO 2 emissions via renewable energy are significant at the local, national, and international levels. This study recommends that the government of Nepal focus work on energy policy reviews to address local energy demand and climate change issues by utilizing renewable energy resources at the local level, which has global implications. • Suitable, potential renewable energy technologies in Nepal. • The relationship between energy and climate change. • Relevant data on energy and climate change in tables and figures. • Social, economic, and environmental benefits of renewable energy. • Climate change adaptation and mitigation via renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]