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Carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions from community-based consumption are a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions. However, little is understood about how demographic, socioeconomic, and household factors may contribute to community CO 2 emissions variation. Using traditional regression methods to model community emissions does not discriminate which of these factors are responsible for CO 2 emissions in high carbon emitting communities versus low carbon emitting communities, leading to policy development that does not consider emission variation across communities. To address this issue, we used quantile regression to model these effects on different quantiles of community emissions for 1451 communities across Canada and each province in 2015, respectively. The results showed that population, followed by affluence, were the most important variables affecting total community emissions, while affluence was the most important factor affecting per capita community emissions. However, the effect sizes were not consistent across quantiles, decreasing for population and increasing for affluence from low to high emission communities. Population density was significant across all communities except the lowest quantile communities, with the effect size increasing from smaller to larger communities. Additionally, our measure of poverty was significantly associated with increases in total and per capita emissions for all quantiles at the national level. Our finding that factors responsible for CO 2 emissions varied across communities of different quantiles suggests that successful emission reduction policies must account for the diversity of community characteristics, particularly considering variation in population and affluence. Our study also shows poverty alleviation is an effective means for CO 2 emission reduction and should be considered when adopting emission reduction policies. • We used quantile regression to model the variation in community CO 2 emissions. • Factors responsible for CO 2 varied greatly from low to high CO 2 emission quantiles. • Population and affluence affected CO 2 most but were inconsistent across quantiles. • Emission reduction policies must account for these community emission variations. • Poverty alleviation could have the co-benefit of limiting community CO 2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is strong evidence for climate change leading to a rise in temperatures and a change in precipitation trends. These environmental changes pose a threat to pavement infrastructure worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to modify pavement design procedures to consider climate change. In addition, it is necessary to consider suitable pavement materials for future climate. The objective of this study is to develop a framework for selecting an appropriate adaptation strategy to mitigate climate change impact. To fulfill this, the influence of climate change on long-term pavement performance in Canada has been quantified over sixteen Canadian pavement sections located over various provinces in Canada. In addition, the fundamental causes of pavement deterioration due to climate change were determined using ten different climate change models. Various adaptation strategies such as upgrading asphalt binder grade, increasing the thickness of asphaltic concrete layer, increasing the base layer thickness, and using stabilized base layers were analyzed to reduce pavement deterioration and to extend the service life of the pavement. Unlike the other studies, pavement temperatures were determined using Enhanced Integrated Climate Model (EICM) to determine the change in binder grade for the future climate in the adaptation process. The study found that by 2070 all examined locations will require an upgrade in binder grade and the majority will require an upgrade in mixture gradation. Furthermore, the east and west coast will be more vulnerable to climate change and require additional measures in comparison to Central Canada. Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island are the only locations that will need to consider a change in asphalt thickness while British Columbia is the only location eventually requiring a stabilized base. This study emphasizes the necessity of climate change adaptation strategies for Canadian asphaltic concrete pavements. [Display omitted] • Different combinations of adaptation strategies are necessary at each location. • The Canadian coasts generally require more adaptation measures than Central Canada. • By 2070, all Canadian provinces will require an upgrade in asphalt binder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]