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Tract-tracing studies in primates indicate that different subregions of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) are connected with multiple brain regions. However, no clear framework defining the distributed anatomy associated with the human MTL exists. This gap in knowledge originates in notoriously low MRI data quality in the anterior human MTL and in group-level blurring of idiosyncratic anatomy between adjacent brain regions, such as entorhinal and perirhinal cortices, and parahippocampal areas TH/TF. Using MRI, we intensively scanned four human individuals and collected whole-brain data with unprecedented MTL signal quality. Following detailed exploration of cortical networks associated with MTL subregions within each individual, we discovered three biologically meaningful networks associated with the entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex, and parahippocampal area TH, respectively. Our findings define the anatomical constraints within which human mnemonic functions must operate and are insightful for examining the evolutionary trajectory of the MTL connectivity across species., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive Sciences has an institutional research agreement with Siemens Healthcare. N.W. holds a patent on acquisition of MRI data during spoiler gradients (US 10,401,453 B2). N.W. was a speaker at an event organized by Siemens Healthcare and was reimbursed for the travel expenses., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)