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Climate change (CC) causes extreme meteorological events such as floods, droughts, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and extreme cold. CC may also damage public infrastructures such as drinking water systems (DWSs) and reduce water quality from source to tap. The objective of this review paper is to provide a critical analysis of (1) the impact of CC on the three components of the DWSs: source, treatment, and distribution; (2) the perspectives of DWS employees on CC impacts and adaptation solutions for maintaining water quality; and (3) decision support systems (DSSs) that could be used by DWS employees for CC adaptation. A bibliographic research was conducted using international databases and search engines. The search for scientific articles resulted in the selection of 5234 articles, 78 of which were analyzed in more detail for the elaboration of this scoping review. This review shows that the impacts of CC on water quality are significant, but DWS employees are not enthusiastic about developing adaption measures. This review also shows that DSSs can help DWS employees facilitate the CC adaptation process for the protection of source water, improve water treatment plant operations, and enhance routine management of water quality in the distribution system. Further research is needed to identify strategies that might increase the awareness of and interest in climate change impacts, adaptation, and the use of DSSs among DWS employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of icing involves the freezing of overflow layers, on ground or within streams, and results in ice bodies called "aufeis" that are common in most northern landscapes. Knowledge about aufeis is still limited despite the cold region engineering challenge they represent. Understanding the causes of overflow events leading to aufeis development represents a key for the prediction, mitigation, and management of this geohazard and can also support the planning and design of infrastructure in the North. This paper introduces a practical classification for the diverse range of overflow processes that generate aufeis, including under-represented processes, such as the instability of winter streamflow. Importantly, it distinguishes flow conveyance from water supply overflow processes and describes the temporal aspect of icing intensity. Finally, research topics are proposed to improve our understanding of aufeis, including their predictability, the impact of climate change on their occurrence and extent, and stream morphology–aufeis interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging pollutants (EPs) are the contaminants of concern in water systems. These are mainly due to anthropogenic activities and are not always removed during water treatment, eventually affecting the quality of water supply systems (WSSs). These pollutants vary from organic pollutants such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and flame retardants to inorganic pollutants, like heavy metals or illicit drugs. Currently, there is a lack of adequate research on the chronic health effects of these pollutants. In addition, climate change plays a role in immobilizing these pollutants. Consequently, considering the increasing effects visible in many countries, the rising levels of contaminants have strained the effectiveness of water treatment facilities. As water supply is an essential service to communities, it is necessary to ensure the reliability against risks of EPs. Therefore, it is important to protect the health and safety of consumers. Climate change has brought threats to water infrastructures, like many others. This review examined the effect of climate change on EPs in water supplies by providing a detailed review of the contaminants, evaluating their potential toxicity, and determining the appropriate water treatment technologies. The role of the WSS in EP immobilization was examined in addition to the potential effect of climate change. This review of different critical and relevant literature aids with the identification of current research gaps. Based on the identified gaps, a research framework was developed for the future investigation of EPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]