Search

Honey bees use a complex form of spatial referential communication. Their “waggle dance” communicates the direction, distance, and quality of a resource to nestmates by encoding celestial cues, retinal optic flow, and relative food value into motion and sound within the nest. We show that correct waggle dancing requires social learning. Bees without the opportunity to follow any dances before they first danced produced significantly more disordered dances with larger waggle angle divergence errors and encoded distance incorrectly. The former deficit improved with experience, but distance encoding was set for life. The first dances of bees that could follow other dancers showed neither impairment. Social learning, therefore, shapes honey bee signaling, as it does communication in human infants, birds, and multiple other vertebrate species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have developed a new transfection vehicle uses dendrimers to deliver small interfering RNA (siRNA) to preosteoclasts in bone marrow to inhibit the fusion of preosteoclasts and suppress osteoclastogenesis. Team attached alendronate to poly ethylene glycole PEG chains covering core of the dendrimer to enable bone cell targeting, and the cross-linker included internal disulfide group that degrades after endocytosis to facilitate release of the Ribose neuclic acid RNA inside the cell.