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Background: Fibroepithelial polyps are benign tumors of mesenchymal and ectodermal origin. Regarding the localization related to the cutaneous region, they may affect the eyelid and periocular area. In veterinary medicine, polyps located in the urethra of dogs and monkeys, vagina of bitches and on the skin have been described. Fibroepithelial polyps may present as single to multiple nodules, exophytic to pedunculated, usually arising on a smooth surface of a common base. The aim of this paper is to describe the ocular and histopathological changes of a corneal fibroepithelial polyp of recurrent character in a dog. Case: A 20-year-old Lhasa Apso dog, with a history of progressive corneal neoformation in the right eye for 4 months. Patient was submitted to routine ophthalmic evaluation. At biomicroscopy, a discrete mucopurulent discharge was observed in the nasal corner, a nodule in the lower eyelid (± 3 mm), moderate conjunctival hyperemia, vascularization and corneal edema between 12 and 5 h, presence of a pinkish proliferative mass in 3 h, affecting the anterior stroma and opacity of the lens, Schirmer’s Tear Test (STT) 20 mm/min and intraocular pressure (IOP) 10 mm/Hg. In the left eye, the STT and IOP were within normal range (17 mm/min and 11 mg/Hg, respectively) and at biomicroscopy only lens opacity was observed. Given the presence of the neoformation in the cornea, the patient underwent lamellar keratectomy to excise the mass and third eyelid flap. The tissue was then submitted to histopathology. The histopathological examination showed a proliferation of fibrous component with areas presenting reactive fibroblasts, with acidophilic cytoplasm and with little volume and slight neovascularization, presence of hyperplasia of the lining epithelium and cells with round to oval nuclei, with inconspicuous nucleoli, compatible with fibroepithelial polyp, without evidence of malignancy. After 18 months, the patient presented recurrence of the condition with a history of slow evolution (about ten months). The ophthalmic evaluation showed lesions very similar to the initial one, describing a recurrence of the lesion. Discussion: Corneal neoplasms are uncommon in dogs. The clinical findings in patients with ocular neoplasms include irregular to nodular masses, gray to reddish in color, and typically associated with a vascular supply. These features are related to the type of tumor and its degree of evolution. There are reports in the literature of ocular neoplasms such as squamous cell carcinoma, papilloma, melanocytoma, fibrosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma. Related to fibroepithelial polyp with ocular involvement, there are rare reports in human literature and none in veterinary medicine. There is a human description of the presence of a polyp affecting the cornea associated with a corneal dermoid and e other cases of polyps of conjunctival origin. As far as treatment is concerned, the polyp should be surgically removed because of the possibility of recurrence, tissue metaplasia, or even transformation into a malignant tumor, as seen in the case reported here, in which even with surgical removal there was recurrence and metaplasia of the cells. Based on the histopathological findings, it can be concluded that this is a fibroepithelial polyp with a recidivating characteristic, not well described in the veterinary literature, with an atypical presentation affecting the cornea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Urethral tumors are uncommon in canines, represented predominantly by transitional cell carcinoma, marked by aggressive behavior associated with short life expectancy. Definitive diagnosis is achieved by histopathological analysis. Surgery associated with chemotherapy is the main therapeutic alternative. The aim of this paper is to report a case of primary transitional cell carcinoma of the urethra in a bitch, submitted to surgical treatment associated with conventional adjuvant chemotherapy and metronomic chemotherapy, achieving survival of 21 months, to date. Case: A 12-year-old bitch mixed breed was admitted at the Veterinary Hospital of Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), manifesting hematuria and urinary incontinence for one month. Physical examination indicated that vital parameters were within normal limits. Laboratory tests of blood count and serum biochemistry, urinalysis, culture, urinary antibiogram, and abdominal ultrasound were performed. The ultrasound image suggested a neoplastic urethral process. Because of the suspicion of neoplasm, a thoracic X-ray was performed, showing no evidence of metastasis. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdominal region was performed, revealing an expansive lesion in the urethra with loss of definition of the walls and urethral lumen extending to the level of the pelvic floor, measuring about 2.9 x 1.4 x 1.2 cm. After preanesthetic exams, the animal underwent resection and surgical anastomosis of the affected urethral region. The sectioned tissue was sent for histopathological analysis, with diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma. Adjuvant chemotherapy was performed using carboplatin at a dose of 250 mg/m², intravenously, every 21 days for 6 sessions. After completing the protocol, abdominal ultrasonography was performed again, which showed a cicatricial process in the urethral region of the surgical excision, with no sign of tumor recurrence. A metronomic chemotherapy protocol was then started with cyclophosphamide at a dose of 15 mg/m², daily for 6 months, with periodic oncological follow-up. At the end of the period, the animal remained under periodic follow-up with ultrasound exams performed at 2-month intervals, and has been free from recurrence for 21 months until now. Discussion: Urethral neoplasms account for 0.5 - 2% of all canine tumors, and are represented mostly by transitional cell carcinomas. Clinical signs of urinary obstruction and hematuria are the most common, as reported in the patient in question. The definitive diagnosis is by histopathological examination. However, imaging tests such as computed tomography are important in the initial investigation and surgical planning. The indicated treatment is surgical resection of the mass with subsequent adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The chemotherapy protocol associating cisplatin and piroxicam can achieve remission rates of 70%, but this association has a high nephrotoxic effect. In the present case, cisplatin was replaced by carboplatin in order to reduce the nephrotoxic effects of chemotherapy. The metronomic protocol using cyclophosphamide was used as maintenance therapy, at the end of the conventional chemotherapy protocol. Survival achieved was longer than that described in the literature in cases of transitional cell carcinomas in the urethral region. Therefore, multimodal therapy using surgery associated with conventional and metronomic chemotherapy, is an option in canines with urethral carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mycobacteriosis is caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Mycobacterium, with considerable zoonotic potential and risk to public health. Infection in dogs is rare and is usually associated with immunosuppression, resulting from eating meat or contact with contaminated soil or fomites. Dogs are also known as potential sources for the spread of atypical tuberculosis in humans and other animals. This paper aims to describe the clinical, cytological, histopathological, and molecular findings of a male canine seen at University Veterinary Hospital of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, with generalized lymphadenomegaly associated Mycobacterium intracellulare infection. Case: A 2-year-old male Lhasa Apso dog was referred to the University Veterinary Hospital in Cuiabá city, located in the Midwest region of Brazil. The patient had a history of intermittent claudication of the left pelvic limb for approximately 6 months and lymphadenomegaly with progression for approximately 2 months. The dog had wheezing and generalized lymphadenopathy (submandibular, axillary, and popliteal lymph nodes); cryptorchidism was also observed. A complete blood count revealed nonspecific results, and in the serum biochemical profile, the values of urea, creatinine, albumin, and alanine aminotransferase were within the reference range. No changes were observed on the radiography of the femurotibiopatellar joints. Considering the generalised lymphadenopathy, fine needle aspiration cytology and histopathological examination through biopsy of the lymph nodes was performed. On the cytology and histopathology, numerous negative images of moderately refringent bacillary structures distending the cytoplasm from the macrophages was found. The samples were also subjected to special Ziehl-Neelsen staining, which confirmed an accentuated and diffuse granulomatous lymphadenitis associated with alcohol acid-resistant bacilli. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the DNA of the lymph node fragment for the hsp65 gene, which was subjected to genetic sequencing and construction of a phylogenetic tree, with 99.77% genetic similarity for the species M. intracellulare. As treatment, doxycycline (10 mg/kg twice a day for 60 days) and enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg once a day for 10 days) were prescribed. However, the canine suffered car trauma leading to a fractured pelvis, which motivated the owner to opt for euthanasia at another veterinary establishment. Discussion: In the reported case, it was not possible to determine the source of infection, as the owners reported that the animal lived inside the house with only sporadic access to the street. The clinical signs manifested by this dog were nonspecific, and only the signs of generalised lymphadenopathy could be correlated with the signs expected in the infection with this mycobacterium. The hematological and biochemical laboratory findings were nonspecific, and it did not demonstrate the involvement of other organs. Considering the findings in cytology and histology, mycobacterial infection can be suspected. The diagnosis was confirmed through pathological and molecular findings. In this case, the PCR technique was used with partial amplification of the hsp65 gene and subsequent genetic sequencing, making it possible to identify a species like M. intracellulare (99.77% similarity). Due to euthanasia for another reason, it was impossible to monitor the dog’s treatment and investigate other changes in the post mortem examination, especially the pulmonary lesions frequently described in Mycobacterium intracellulare infection in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The nail is the horn-like structure of the fingertip. Pathologies in the nail and nail bed of cats and dogs may be primarily related to the nail or may be the clinical symptom of many systemic diseases. Symmetrical or asymmetrical localization of nail lesions may also give clues about the underlying diseases. Although nail pathology in dogs and cats has been previously described, there has not been a randomized clinical study in which nail diseases have been evaluated. Therefore, in this clinical study, it was aimed to randomly determine the nail lesions encountered in dogs and cats brought to our clinics with complaints of another disease and to evaluate the nail lesions encountered. Materials, Methods & Results: The material of the study was formed 26 cats and 35 dogs in different age, gender and breed, which was brought to surgery clinics for different reasons within 1 year and has randomized nail problems. Anamnesis was taken from the patient owners and all the nails of cats and dogs were examined with the help of a magnifying glass in terms of nail integrity, missing or excessive nail formation, nail lesions and pain presence, nail - nail bed and periconnective nail tissue swelling and exudation. All findings were recorded in the "Nail Pathology Follow-up and Evaluation Form". After nail lesions were divided according to their extremity, the nail lesions of all patients were 1st divided into 2 groups. Asymmetric and symmetrical distribution rates were determined for each nail lesion in groups. Then, with only 1 or more nail lesions in 1 extremity were grouped asymmetrically, and those with 1 or more lesions in multiple extremities were grouped symmetrically. Nail lesions caused by systemic disease were specifically treated and excessive and deformed nails were cut properly by preserving normal nail anatomy. In dogs, 59.56% of the nail lesions were located on the front limbs and 40.44% on the hind limbs, while 41.11% of the nail lesions in cats were located on the front and 58.89% on the hind limbs. In dogs, 62.86% of nail lesions were symmetrical and 37.14% were asymmetrical. In cats, the rates of symmetrical and asymmetrical nail lesions were 38.46% and 61.54%, respectively. In dogs, the nail lesion observed asymmetrically was onychomalacia, while the lesion observed symmetrically is onycholysis. The nail examination findings revealed the most common nail lesion was onychogryposis in 42.85% of the dogs. Onychogryposis was found on the forelimbs in 57.69% and was symmetrical in 60%. In cats, paronychia was the most common nail lesion with a rate of 50%. This lesion was observed asymmetrically in 76.92% of the cases and 56.25% of the cases were located on the front limbs. Discussion: The nails of cats and dogs are biomechanically and histopathologically different from those of humans. Although these terms are not sufficient for the specific diagnosis of the disease, they provide clues about the pathology. In dogs and cats, nails should be trimmed properly and at regular intervals to maintain foot health and help the locomotor system to function normally. Abnormally shaped or deformed nails predispose to gait problems, trauma and the development of some diseases such as pododermatitis. The nails, which are part of the locomotor system, are affected by many local and systemic diseases and nail lesions are often overlooked in clinical practice. In this randomized clinical study, nail lesions encountered in dogs and cats were evaluated comprehensively with their etiologies and clinical descriptions, and the importance of nail diseases in small animal practice was re-emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An essential component in the treatment of critically ill patients is volume replacement, but excessive intravascular fluid administration is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Therefore, this intervention is only beneficial in patients who are fluid responsive, that is, when the individual has an increase in at least 15% of the stroke volume after a volume challenge administration. In addition, one of the determinants of fluid responsiveness is the systolic function, associated with the dynamic interactions between intravascular volume (preload) and vascular tone (afterload). Within this context, the aim of this study is to evaluate if conventional and advanced echocardiographic parameters of right ventricular longitudinal systolic function can assess fluid responsiveness in healthy spontaneously breathing dogs. The hypothesis was that some of these parameters would differ between responsive and non-responsive animals and could be used as a complementary measure for assessment of fluid responsiveness. Materials, Methods & Results: This is a prospective study with 22 healthy dogs over 1 year of age included. The animals were referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR) for elective neutering procedure. All dogs underwent conventional and advanced echocardiographic examination before and after administration of a volume challenge with 10 mL/kg lactate ringer intravenously for 20 min. The parameters evaluated were the fractional area change (FAC), the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), free wall longitudinal strain (LSt), and tissue motion annular displacement (TMAD). Based on the aortic velocity integral time variation, 31.82% of dogs were considered responsive and 68.18% were non-responsive to the volume challenge. For conventional echocardiography, TAPSE (mm/kg) > 1.35 (P = 0.018) had a good combination of sensitivity (85.71%) and specificity (86.67%), area under the curve value (0.814) and a relative smaller gray zone interval (1.04-1.66) for the identification of responsive dogs before volume challenge. Although, TAPSE (mm/m2) was also higher in the responsive dogs (P = 0.023) before volume challenge. As for advanced echocardiography, the TMAD (mm/kg) > 0.75 (P = 0.010) after volume challenge had the best combination of sensitivity (85.71%) and specificity (86.67%), area under the curve value (0.852) and a relative smaller gray zone interval (0.57-0.92) for the identification of responsive dogs. The LSt (%) and TMAD (mm/m2) were also significantly higher in responsive dogs (P = 0.031; P = 0.011) after volume challenge. Discussion: Some of the echocardiographic parameters for assessing right ventricular systolic function differed between responsive and non-responsive dogs proving to been useful in the fluid responsiveness evaluation. To the author's knowledge, this is the 1st study to investigate the right ventricular systolic function in the assessment of fluid responsiveness in healthy, spontaneously breathing dogs. TAPSE and TMAD showed some advantages in terms of execution, although TAPSE (mm/kg) > 1.35 before the volume challenge had the power to predict fluid responsiveness without the need of a fluid administration, which can be seen as a great advantage, especially for patients with volume overload. However, it is also necessary to perform this type of evaluation in individuals with hemodynamic alterations to allow better understand the applicability of these techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Trauma to the spine can lead to vertebral fracture, luxation or subluxation. Spinal injuries can cause partial or total loss of neurological functions. Neurologic signs of cervical spine injuries can range from mild pain to tetraplegia, and in cases of subluxation and instability, surgical treatment is usually indicated to stabilize the vertebrae. The aim of this study is to report the case of a dog with traumatic subluxation of the cervical spine that underwent surgical treatment to stabilize the cervical vertebrae. Case: A 7-year-old Shih-Tzu male dog, weighing 5.9 kg, was evaluated at a Veterinary Clinic with neurological signs suggestive of spinal injury. In the anamnesis, the owner reported that about 7 months ago the animal had suffered a domestic trauma, most likely due to a fall from a child's lap. It was reported that the animal stopped walking after the fall, and initially the dog was taken to a Veterinary Clinic, where the 1st care was performed. At that time, radiographic examinations of the spine in the lumbar region and of the hip joints were performed, where no alteration was observed. Seven months after the trauma, the neurological signs still persisted, and the owner raised funds to continue the treatment. The neurological examination revealed plegia in the pelvic limbs and paresis in the forelimbs, partially preserved nociception and signs compatible with spinal injury in the cervical region. Radiographic examinations of the cervicothoracic region of the spine demonstrated possible disc protrusion between cervical vertebrae C5-C6. A computed tomography scan of the same region was performed, which showed instability and subluxation of the spine, more pronounced between the C5-C6 cervical vertebrae, promoting extradural compressive myelopathy in this medullary segment, indicating the need for surgical stabilization. The technique of ventral vertebral application of screws fixed with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) was performed for vertebral stabilization. Access to the ventral surface of the bodies of the C5-C6 cervical vertebrae was performed, and 6 cortical screws (1.5 mm in diameter) were implanted, with 3 screws being fixed in each cervical vertebra. Subsequently, PMMA bone cement was applied on the screws and affected vertebrae. The dog started the rehabilitation in the 2nd week after the surgical procedure. In the physiatric evaluation the patient presented with ataxia and proprioceptive deficit, absence of superficial pain and presence of deep pain in all limbs. The physiotherapy treatment protocol instituted included photobiomodulation (laser therapy), pulsatile magnetic field and kinesiotherapy. The exercises performed initially were passive, evolving to assisted, free and isometric active. Discussion: This was a lesion in the cervical region of the spine, with large vertebral bodies and with the possibility of surgical access through a ventral approach, and therefore the technique of ventral application of screws fixed with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) was chosen. The surgical method was chosen because of its ability to stabilize the cervical vertebrae effectively and relatively simply. The PMMA was fixed to the screws and to the vertebral bone, forming a rigid and well-shaped structure, allowing the stability of the affected cervical region. After the physiotherapy sessions, the patient showed good outcome with fast and progressive recovery of ambulation, and adequate recovery of neurological and motor function after 40 days of surgery. In conclusion, the surgical technique used, associated with physiotherapy, proved to be effective in stabilizing the cervical spine and in recovering the neurological function of the dog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bite injuries are commonly found in small animal clinics, especially in male dogs, due to their habits of fighting and territorial disputes. In general, the lesions are treated with the use of compresses and bandages, however, it is extremely important to carefully evaluate the site, in order to carry out the appropriate treatment. In cases of tissue loss, an increasingly used practice is reconstructive surgery, which launches alternatives for treatment through flaps and skin grafts, promoting healing and satisfactory aesthetic repair. This report describes the case of a dog with a facial bite, treated with reconstructive surgery. Case: A 5-year-old male mixed-breed dog, with a body mass of 5 kg, was treated and submitted to a physical examination, due to the owner's complaint that he had been attacked by another dog, causing a bite on the face. On physical examination, the animal showed normal vital parameters, except for mild hyperthermia due to rectal temperature (39.5°C). On the face, it was possible to observe a lacerative lesion in the temporomandibular and masseteric regions, with loss of skin and muscle, in addition to having an aspect of infection and necrosis. To describe the hematological profile, a blood count was performed, showing no changes. In the biochemical tests, the present alteration was a slight increase in Alkaline Phosphatase (393.8 IU/L). Surgical treatment was indicated through facial reconstruction with a skin graft. After performing the antisepsis, the lesion was debrided, the edges were regularized and the injured tissue was curetted. For reconstruction of the defect, we used a flap obtained through a perpendicular incision at the base of the ear, in a caudal direction, and this flap was pulled and transposed over the wound. Flap synthesis was performed with 3-0 nylon thread. After surgery, a compressive bandage was performed, which was removed after 24 h. It was indicated to avoid exertion in the area and to return in 10 days for the evaluation of the surgery and removal of the stitches. Discussion: Traumatic injuries in animals are being increasingly reported, with male and non-neutered dogs being the most prevalent patients. This report is in line with other studies, with the patient's profile being a male dog, with an average age, in line with the literature. In general, in certain types of wounds, the affected animals can develop sepsis and even progress to death, however, in this case the patient did not show changes in vital parameters and in hematological tests. Reconstructive surgeries are performed with the aim of correcting skin defects and knowledge of the available techniques is important. It is also necessary to carry out a good planning, in order to avoid complications in the trans and postoperative period. In the present case, we chose to use a flap obtained through an incision perpendicular to the base of the ear, transposing it over the wound, in addition to relieving tissue tension through skin divulsion, increasing its elastic potential. The use of bandages is considered extremely important for the success of the surgical procedure, as it provides an efficient barrier against infections, trauma and adhesions. However, we emphasize the need to use ointments, gauzes and bandages concomitantly, in order to have the desired success in the postoperative period. In addition to proper surgical techniques, pain management and infection control are important for patient recovery. It is important to use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids to obtain analgesia, in addition to antibiotic therapy before and after surgery. The reported case demonstrated that lesions in dogs with skin loss can be reconstructed using skin flaps, with an excellent recovery and good prognosis, as was the case with the patient in this report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The treatments of osteoarthritis (OA) are commonly conservative and multimodal to relieve pain and improve movement. Intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid (IAHA) has been studied as a treatment option for OA in dogs. IAHA helps restore the viscoelasticity of the synovial fluid and relieves the clinical symptoms of OA. However, the efficacy of IAHA in dogs is still a controversial subject. This study aims to confirm the IAHA effect in dogs with spontaneous OA and to compare the effectiveness depending on the number of injections. Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty dogs with spontaneous OA were assigned to a single injection group (n=17) and a 3-weekly injections group (n=13). Dogs weighing less than 10 kg were injected 1 mL of HA to the OA joint, and more than 10 kg dogs were injected 2 mL of HA. In the case of the 3-weekly injections group, the same amount was administered 3 times at 1-week intervals. After the injection, physical and orthopedic examinations were performed to check for complications. Radiographic OA score was evaluated before and 3 months after the injection to confirm and to evaluate the progression of OA. Clinical symptom evaluations were performed on pre-injection, 1-, 2-, and 3-months post-injection. They consisted of the clinical lameness score by veterinarians and Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) by owners. Results were compared with unpaired t-test, repeated-measures ANOVA with Tukey's or Sidak's multiple comparison test, or Wilcoxon test, with P < 0.05. Patients had a median age of 9 years (range 3 to 16 years) and a bodyweight of 4.8 kg (range 2 to 48 kg). No systemic side effects or major complications were detected during the trial period. IAHA produced temporary pain and discomfort in 6 cases. There was no change in the radiographic OA score before and 3 months after injections in both groups, and the difference between groups was not confirmed. In both groups, the clinical lameness score significantly decreased at 1, 2, 3 months after injection compared with pre-injection. The score was lower at 3 months after the injection than at 1 month. The clinical lameness score had no significant difference between the groups. Similarly, CBPI was all decreased in the single injection group and 3-weekly injections group compared to pre-injection, and the score at 3 months post-injection was lower than at 1 month. No significant differences between the groups were found in CBPI. Discussion: Most studies on the efficacy of IAHA in canine OA have been conducted using an experimental model, so studies on spontaneous canine OA are insufficient. This study confirmed that IAHA improves clinical symptoms such as pain relief and movement improvement in spontaneous OA dogs using CBPI and clinical lameness score. In order to confirm the optimal IAHA protocol, a single IAHA and 3-weekly IAHA were compared. The result shows that clinical symptoms improved in both single and 3-weekly injections groups, but no significant difference was confirmed during the 3-month study period. These findings may suggest that a single IAHA may have a similar effect to multiple IAHA, and repeated injections are unnecessary. In humans and canine OA models, it is reported that the effect of IAHA was maintained for 6 months. This study showed that the effect of IAHA was maintained for 3 months study period and that clinical symptoms improved at 3 months than at 1 month. In conclusion, these findings suggested that IAHA improves clinical symptoms in dogs with spontaneous OA, and a single IAHA showed a similar effect to 3 weekly IAHA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cystocentesis is a percutaneous aspiration of urine directly from the urinary bladder. It is a routine procedure in veterinary medicine for laboratory urine evaluation and bladder decompression in dogs and cats. Although considered simple and causing minimal discomfort, it remains invasive with potential risks of complications. These complications include bladder rupture leading to abdominal contamination and peritonitis, as well as aortic and vena cava laceration, abdominal wall injuries, seizures, and syncope. There is a scarcity of epidemiological studies assessing risk factors and associated complications and, in this context, we aimed in this study to correlate risk factors with the main complications of ultrasound-guided cystocentesis in dogs and cats. Materials, Methods & Results: It was a prospective and multicentric study involving 410 animals (267 dogs and 143 cats) with clinical indications for cystocentesis. The animals were positioned in dorsal recumbency and restrained by either owner, technical staff, or both. Temperament (calm/docile or agitated/difficult to restrain), along with various data such as species, breed, weight, age, sex, needle length, number of attempts, volume of urine collected, ultrasound findings, and any complications during the procedure, were recorded. Animals were categorized into 2 groups, group with complications (GCI) and group without complications (GSI). Of these, 31 animals (8%) experienced complications after ultrasound-guided urine collection. Compared to agitated animals, there was an 86% reduction in the likelihood of complications in animals classified as calm and easy to handle. Repeated urine collection attempts increased the chance of complications by 110%, even in calm individuals, and each additional millimeter of needle length used for puncture increased the possibility of complications by 30%. Agitated animals restrained by their owner had a 71% chance of complications compared to 7% when they were restrained by the technical staff. Discussion: The data reveals a low probability of complications (8%) during cystocentesis, but it is crucial to consider the risk factors for each patient, as catastrophic outcomes can occur. Interestingly, older animals had a 14% lower likelihood of complications, likely due to increased adaptability and calmness. Proper restraint by a specialized team significantly reduced complication risks, even for agitated animals, which is a noteworthy finding not previously reported. Repeated attempts at urine collection increased complication risks, as did using longer needles, which could damage tissues and puncture vessels near the bladder. In this study, data regarding bladder filling was not included, potentially impacting the results and procedure difficulty. The absence of behavioral assessment scales to measure agitation or anxiety resulted in subjective assessments, lacking standardization. Ultrasound guidance during cystocentesis is valuable to minimize risks and should be considered. While the probability of complications is low, owners should be informed of potential risks, and sedation may be necessary for very agitated or uncooperative animals. In conclusion, ultrasound-guided cystocentesis resulted in complications in approximately 8% of cases. These complications can be significant, such as puncturing large vessels and rupturing the urinary bladder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cryptosporidium spp. is a zoonotic protozoan parasite that affects the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. The disease can cause acute and chronic diarrhoea and even death in both humans and animals. In this study, it was aimed to determine the prevalence and genotype distribution of Cryptosporidiosis in shelter dogs in Diyarbakır province located in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Materials, Methods & Results: The animal material of the study consisted of 100 dogs of different breeds and sexes. Faecal samples were collected from the rectum with disposable latex gloves and placed in individual sample containers. All of the samples were examined for Cryptosporidium spp. by Kinyoun Acid Fast and Nested PCR methods. In the Kinyoun Acid Fast staining method, firstly, smear preparations were prepared from fresh faecal samples, fixed in pure methanol for 1 min and allowed to dry. The slides were kept in Kinyoun Carbol-Fuxin for 5 min, dipped in 50% ethyl alcohol, shaken, washed in tap water, kept in 1% sulphuric acid for 2 min and washed in tap water. The slides were kept in methylene blue for 1 min, washed in tap water and allowed to dry. After drying, immersion oil was dripped and examined under a microscope at 100 magnification. DNA extraction was performed from all samples using GeneMATRIX Stool DNA Purification Kit according to the manufacturer's protocol. After Nested PCR analysis was performed. In the PCR step, primers 5'-TTCTAGAGCTAATACATGCG-3' and 5'-CCCATTTCCTTCCTTCGAAACAGGA-3' were used to amplify the 1325 bp gene region. In the nested PCR step, primers 5'-GGAAGGGTTGTATTTATTTATTAGATAAAG-3' and 5'-AAGGAGTAAGGAACAACCTCCA-3' were used to amplify the 826-864 bp gene region. As a result of both methods, a prevalence of 3% was determined. The infection rate was higher in males (3.57%) than females (2.27%) and in younger than 1 year (5.56%) than in older than 1 year (1.56%). The DNA sequences obtained from the sequence analysis of 3 positive PCR samples were analysed in BioEdit software. A phylogenetic tree was constructed with the data set created by using the 18s rRNA gene sequences obtained from the NCBI genbank database and the DNA sequences obtained as a result of the study, and it was shown which Cryptosporidium species the study samples were related to. Today, many Cryptosporidium species have been identified and most of these species have host adaptation. Although C. canis is the most common species in dogs, C. muris, C. meleagridis, and C. parvum have also been detected. Among these species, C. parvum is recognized as a zoonotic species infecting a wide range of mammals. In this study, DNA sequencing of nested PCR positive samples revealed that 3 samples were zoonotic C. parvum. Discussion: This suggests that dogs may be a reservoir for zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium. Consequently, it is recommended that people should be informed about the potential for transmission of this protozoan to humans and animals and that control programmes should be implemented, including the prevention of free entry of stray dogs into public places and homes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anophthalmia refers to the complete absence of an eyeball. It is a very rare congenital condition that affects all breeds of dogs, which may be unilateral or bilateral. Anophthalmia results from a severe developmental deficiency in the primitive forebrain, prior to the formation of the optic sulcus. This condition has a complex etiology, and chromosomal, monogenic, and environmental causes have already been identified. There might be an association between anophthalmia and other congenital abnormalities. This case report aimed to report the case of a male dog with bilateral anophthalmia associated with penile malformation. Case: A 3-year-old male mongrel dog was evaluated in a clinical consultation at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the Federal University of Piauí (UFPI) - Teresina - Brazil, with signs of anemia and diarrhea. His vaccinations were not up to date (multiple and anti-rabies), presented ectoparasites (ticks), and showed inappetence. The owner reported that the animal was blind from birth, was already well adapted to its environment, had the company of other animals, and had no access to the street. On clinical examination, the animal had a good body score. The eyelids were bilaterally present with normally developed eyelashes. Both the head and face had a symmetrical appearance, without structural abnormalities, and the palpebral fissures were narrow. When opening the eyelids manually, the presence of the conjunctiva was observed bilaterally, the orbits were shallow, and neither orbit contained the eyeball. Further inspection with an ophthalmic clinical flashlight did not reveal any other ocular structures. The initial diagnosis was suggestive of bilateral anophthalmia. Ultrasound examination of the ocular region confirmed the presence of bilateral anophthalmia. A general physical examination revealed a malformed penis with a persistent penile frenulum. Regarding systemic clinical signs (apathy, inappetence, diarrhea, and anemia), clinical and laboratory examinations led to the suspicion of verminosis. Discussion: The dog in this report had a good body score; however, this type of malformation can generate non-viable puppies. Anophthalmia is an extremely rare congenital ocular malformation, both in humans and companion animals, in which there are no ocular structures in the orbits, and these structures (orbits) in affected individuals are generally small and shallow, as seen in the dog in this report. Ultrasonographic examination confirmed the bilateral anophthalmic condition, being the most accurate method of diagnosing this congenital condition. The animal in this report presented with anophthalmia associated with penile malformation. This type of association until this case report has only been described in humans and mice, and is probably caused by a mutation in the SOX2 gene, which is responsible for the protein of the same name, which makes the maturation of ocular tissues in the primitive forebrain. Thus, it is likely that such congenital alterations are the cause of the malformations observed in this animal. Maternal vitamin A deficiency, a factor known to cause ocular malformations, may also be involved in the etiology of congenital diseases. Nutritional imbalances in dogs are common in the animal’s region of origin The dog in this report had a normal life. Although it is a condition that causes blindness, dogs can have a normal life and welfare, even with bilateral anophthalmia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bee sting poisonings are common in dogs, and toxic systemic presentation may represent a life-threatening condition. Apis mellifera venom is a complex mixture of melitin, apamine, phospholipase, hyaluronidase and degranulating peptides, that causes local injury at the site of inoculation and multiple organ complications, including hemolysis, kidney injury, muscular damage, cardiovascular and respiratory complications. The present work reports a complete and detailed description of a dog’s systemic toxic reaction to bee stings, including history, clinical signs, laboratory findings, emergency care and development, as well as possible association with later immunomediated arthritis. Case: A 6-year-old female German Shepperd suffered multiple bee stings. First care was conducted by a veterinary at the site, where he only received promethazine, meloxicam and dexamethasone. After 24 h and significant progression of symptoms, the animal was forwarded to a specialized veterinary hospital. The patient was evaluated throughout 9 days, and presented intense edema, respiratory distress, tongue necrosis and grade II of acute kidney injury. Extensive laboratory exams were conducted throughout the hospitalization. Main laboratory findings included polycythemia, leukocytosis by neutrophilia and monocytosis, thrombocytopenia and azotemia. Urinalysis evidenced turbid aspect, dark yellow color and intense proteinuria, reinforcing kidney damage. Abdominal ultrasound examination identified blood clots in the bladder, and liver with reduced echogenicity and echotexture, suggesting acute inflammation. Therapy aimed to stabilize the patient, control kidney damage and avoid anaphylaxis. Treatment included intensive care support, promethazine, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, dipyrone, methadone, metronidazole, ampicillin, clindamycin and tramadol. Following successful treatment, the animal presented immunomediated polyarthritis, possibly associated to both the poisoning and later diagnosed hemoparasitosis (both Erlichia and Babesia). Discussion: Massive bee attacks can cause severe complications, however, data regarding emergency care records are scarce. Based on clinical signs and laboratory findings, the patient presented toxic systemic reaction, including grade II of acute kidney injury and significant cardiorespiratory distress. Another important complication was tongue necrosis, that demanded attention and special supportive care, including feeding tube and specific feed. Treatment also focused in reducing edema and control possible anaphylaxis, providing analgesia and antibiotic therapy. Laboratory findings have been previously described, with evidence of immune-mediated reaction. Follow-up consultations revealed normal parameters, and an unusual presentation of claudication. Investigation concluded that polyarthritis could be responsible for such finding and may be a result of the deposition of immunomediated complexes in the joints, due in this case to the bee poisoning and later positive diagnosis for both Erlichia and Babesia. Systemic reactions to bee stings are complex, and full clinical and laboratory profile aid in both the prognosis and treatment options. Special attention must be given to tongue damage and supportive care is essential for maintaining feeding conditions. Arthritis should be considered as possible complication, reinforcing the importance of follow-up consultations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The diagnostic of neoplasia in dogs has risen significantly in the last years and this fact is mostly attributed to the longer life expectancy of these animals, which contributes to a greater chance of exposure to carcinogenic agents. In between the diverse tumors that could compromise skin, the mastocytoma is the third most commonly diagnosed neoplasia. It is characterized by being a form of neoplasia with round cells, these being the mast cells. The objective of the present study consisted in relating a case of cutaneous mastocytoma in a 7-year-old bitch mixed-breed treated at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the University of Uberaba (UNIUBE) - Uberaba, MG, Brazil. Case: The bitch initially presented a localized nodule external to the right ear pinna with cytology test suggesting a mastocytoma. The nodule was surgically removed and, posteriorly, an histopatholgy was not requested. After 5 months since the emergence of the nodule and a month after its surgical resection, the tutor noticed the presence of a new growth in the ipsilateral cervical region to the previous nodule. At this moment, the responsible veterinarian decided to refer the animal to an oncologist. During the appointment with the oncologist, alterations such as hyporexia and anemia were related, and the presence of a nodule in the right cervical region measuring 4.5 to 4 cm of diameter was verified. Material for cytologic evaluation of the neoplasia was collected and again the result suggested a mastocytoma. The new tumor was also surgically removed but was then referred to histopathological evaluation for diagnostic confirmation, grading and evaluation of surgical margins. The tumor was classified as an infiltrative subcutaneous mastocytoma presenting, additionally, compromised surgical margins. After its excision, the association with a chemotherapy treatment using a protocol of Vimblastina 2 mg/m², i.v. in unique dosage per section, associated with Predinisona 1 mg/kg, v.o, SID was indicated. Each section was realized with an interval of 7 days in between. Only 2 chemotherapy sessions took place. Because of the worsening of the clinical condition associated with a very weakened animal the veterinarian opted for the euthanasia of the animal. Discussion: The diagnostic of mastocytoma must be realized through the association of cytology and histopathology, in case histopathological evaluation is needed to confirm the obtained cytology result, to grade the tumor and to evaluate the compromising of surgical margins. In this sense, it was observed that the bitch was submitted only to cytology diagnostic when it presented the nodule in the ear pavilion. Yet, at the second approach realized by the oncologist, it was possible to realize adequate diagnose methods. However, the animal was not submitted to clinical staging of the mastocytoma due to the non-authorization of the exam by the tutor. Such measure is very important, as it reflects directly in the treatment and prognostic of the animal. Thus, image exams such as abdominal ultrasonography and chest X-ray should have been realized, as well as cytological and histopathological evaluation of the regional lymph nodes, in order to search for metastasis points in these places. As the data suggests, the importance of clinical staging of animals affected by this neoplasia and the importance of cytological evaluation associated with histopathology for a correct diagnosis, prognosis and mastocytoma treatment is noted. It is emphasized that many times veterinarians face impediment related to requesting all necessary exams coming from tutors, which compromises treatment success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In dogs with bacterial cystitis that is resistant to multiple antibiotics, resulting from repeated infections and antimicrobial administration, especially if the dog has impaired renal function and the induction of systemic side effects by intravenous or oral administration is a concern, intravesical instillation of antibiotics might represent an alternative treatment option. In human and veterinary medicine, a number of studies showed intravesical instillation of antibiotics is effective for the therapy multidrug-resistant bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI). This report firstly illustrates successful intravesical meropenem treatment of a UTI caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli with no systemic side effects in dog with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Case: A 15-year-old spayed female Maltese was presented with recurrent bacterial cystitis. The risk factors for the recurrent UTI were spinal cord injury and CKD which had been managed for 1 year. Ultrasound-guided cystocentesis was performed to obtain a urine sample for urinalysis, bacteriologic culture, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Bacterial cystitis caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli was diagnosed on the basis of bacterial culture, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Because the dog had CKD, reducing the clearance of meropenem, intravesical instillation of antibiotics was initiated. The intravesical instillation process consisted of the emptying of the urinary bladder, infusion of a diluted meropenem solution (8.5 mg/kg diluted in 20 mL of saline solution) into the bladder through a urethral catheter, and retention of the meropenem solution in the bladder for 1 h, and its removal. The procedure was repeated every 8 h. On day 8 of the intravesical instillation therapy, bactereologic culture yielded a growth of E. coli (50,000 CFUs/mL), which was less than previously obtained. the concentration of the meropenem solution being administered was increased to 17 mg/kg diluted in 20 mL of saline solution, to improve the effectiveness of the therapy. After 21 days of the intravesical meropenem instillation, the bacterial cystitis was resolved. One year after completion of the treatment, the dog is still alive without any recurrence of bacterial cystitis. Discussion: Because resistant uropathogens can cause zoonotic infections, effective therapy is important with increasing incidence not only for patients, but also for public health. Intravesical instillation of antibiotics can be an effective treatment method for dogs with urinary tract infection in which oral antibiotics are likely to be ineffective and injectable antibiotics cannot be a treatment option. The antibiotics can be administered directly to the affected location, and systemic side effects can be minimized by the impermeabtility of the bladder wall via intravesical instillation procedure. Meropenem is likely to accumulate in dogs with impaired renal function, leading to systemic side effects and the aggravation of CKD in old dogs. This report describes the successful treatment of multidrug-resistant E. coli infection by intravesical instillation of meropenem without any side effects in dogs with CKD. Therefore, clinician should consider the use of intravesical instillation of antibiotics which predominately excreted in the urine for the control of urinary tract infection caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria in dogs showing reduced renal function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Unlike other major reflexes contributing to hemodynamic homeostasis, the Bezold-Jarisch reflex (BJR) paradoxically decreases heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) despite hypotension. In the veterinary field, there are few reported cases of BJR induced by dopamine, which is often used to manage hypotension. Herein, 2 cases involving small dogs exhibiting BJR due to dopamine infusion during general anesthesia are described. Cases: Case 1: A 7-year-old, 7 kg, mongrel was referred for external skeletal fixator removal. The patient was premedicated with 0.3 mg/kg midazolam and 0.2 mg/kg butorphanol intravenously (IV). General anesthesia was induced with 6 mg/kg propofol and maintained with 1.6% isoflurane in oxygen. The patient was given 5 mL/kg/h of Hartmann’s solution IV. The respiratory rate (RR) was set to 9 breaths/min with a ventilator. The HR and MAP values were initially 120 bpm and 76 mmHg and gradually decreased to 70 bpm and 40 mmHg, respectively. The end-tidal CO2 partial pressure (ETCO2 ) was 39 mmHg, and the patient was administered 2.5 μg/kg glycopyrrolate IV. Then, 5 μg/kg/min dopamine was administered IV since the MAP did not improve. The HR, MAP, and ETCO2 increased to 113 bpm, 72 mmHg, and 47 mmHg, respectively. Subsequently, HR and MAP dramatically decreased to 50 bpm and 43 mmHg, respectively. A second-degree atrioventricular block was detected, prompting dopamine infusion discontinuation, and 2.5 μg/kg glycopyrrolate was again administered IV. Within 5 min, HR and MAP values normalized, and postoperative patient recovery was typical. Case 2: A 2-year-old, 8.6 kg, mongrel underwent surgery to correct a medial luxating patella of the right leg. The patient was premedicated with 0.3 mg/kg midazolam and 0.2 mg/kg butorphanol IV. Anesthesia was induced with 4 mg/kg propofol IV and maintained with 3% isoflurane in oxygen; 10 mL/kg/h of Hartmann’s solution was administered IV. Within 15 min, the patient’s HR and MAP values decreased from 120 to 107 bpm and 73 to 50 mmHg, respectively. The ETCO2 remained approximately 39 mmHg, and RR decreased from 20 to 17 breaths/min. Dopamine was infused at a rate of 5 μg/kg/min. After 10 min, the MAP slightly increased from 50 to 57 mmHg, but the HR dramatically decreased from 107 to 62 bpm and the RR also dropped to 12 breaths/min. Further, a second-degree atrioventricular block was observed. Dopamine infusion was immediately discontinued, and 2.5 μg/kg glycopyrrolate was injected IV. As the HR returned to 94 bpm, the atrioventricular block disappeared, and the RR increased to 15 breaths/min. After general anesthesia was terminated, the patient recovered well. Discussion: Among drugs used for anesthesia, propofol and isoflurane may lower the MAP and HR. Therefore, HR or MAP decreases at the beginning of anesthesia are likely due to the drugs. Considering half-life, it is unlikely that propofol provoked sudden HR or MAP decreases at about 25 min post-induction. Isoflurane may also be ruled out since the hemodynamic disorder depended on dopamine injection. Sudden decreases in the HR, MAP, or RR after dopamine injection are not generally expected dopaminergic or adrenergic responses, which likely occur due to the vagal cardiopulmonary reflex suggesting the BJR resulting from activation of cardiac mechano- or chemoreceptors. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports of dopamine-mediated BJR in young or middle-aged, small dogs. The BJR has been observed in older, larger dogs and humans. In the patients described, body condition score may be considered when estimating the cause of the BJR. Since they scored 8/9, it is possible that obesity increased the risk of the BJR. This report described the clinical features and treatment outcomes in young or middle-aged, obese, small-sized dogs, whose hypotension or bradycardia was exacerbated by dopamine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT), classified as a round cell tumor, is considered one of the oldest existing tumors. It affects dogs all over the world and has a contagious characteristic. Despite the good response to clinical treatment in most cases, it can sometimes have non-classical presentations and even different behavior. Thus, the present study aims to report 3 cases of atypical TVT treated at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the State University of Maringá (UEM) in Umuarama, Paraná, aiming to describe the epidemiology and clinical-pathological aspects, focusing on the diagnostic method used, the treatment of choice and the clinical follow-up of each case. Cases: Case records of 3 intact male mongrel dogs with atypical Transmissible Venereal Tumor (case 1: intranasal; case 2: intra-abdominal and case 3: cutaneous with lymph node metastasis) were reviewed regarding history, clinical signs, duration of clinical signs, examination findings, results and findings of complementary exams (hematological, biochemical, radiographic, ultrasonographic and cytological), treatment, follow-up and final result. Case 1: had an ulcerated mass in the nasal plane causing significant airway obstruction and respiratory difficulty. Case 2: had a lesion in a typical location (penile mucosa in the glans area) but with a large intra-abdominal mass in the lumbar paravertebral region, causing compression of important structures. Case 3: on the other hand, had cutaneous TVT with several ulcerated plaque lesions all over the skin, in addition to popliteal lymph node enlargement due to metastasis later confirmed by microscopy. All dogs reported were mixed breed, intact males with free access to the street. Despite the fact that each patient had their own anatomical tumor characteristics, they were all diagnosed through cytological examination and all classified as lymphocytic TVT. The standard treatment for this neoplasm was instituted; the chosen chemotherapy was vincristine sulfate at a dose of 0.75 mg/m2 intravenously every 7 days for 5-7 weeks. In addition, all 3 animals needed supportive treatment due to anorexia, bacterial contamination secondary to injuries, dehydration and pain. Discussion: Usually, TVT is not considered malignant, not causing metastasis, however it is now known that its behavior has changed a lot and more and more cases of metastatic or highly infiltrative TVT have been reported. The 3 cases presented in this report had epidemiological characteristics as mentioned in the literature, but the location, macroscopic and radiographic characteristics are uncommon for this neoplasm, that is, with an atypical tumor presentation. This demonstrates the importance of a good clinical evaluation and, especially, of the cytological exam, which was essential for the definitive diagnosis for the three cases presented. It is speculated that more “aggressive” cases of TVT may be correlated with the plasmacytic cytological type, however none of the patients described here had this cytological presentation. Thus, the clinician must be aware of the risk factors associated with this neoplasia, because even in non-classical presentations, the lymphocytic cell morphological characteristic was present and the patients responded well to the classic treatment, not requiring a change in chemotherapy protocols, however a special attention must be paid to the particularities involved in each presentation of the same tumor in different patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pelger-Huët anomaly (PHA) is characterized by morphological changes in all granulocytes, being more evident in neutrophils. Granulocytic function in these animals remains unchanged. Hereditary form of PHA should be differentiated from pseudo-PHA,a condition acquired from infections and/or inflammation conditions. Recognition of PHA is important to avoid misleading leukogram interpretation, since hyposegmentation of neutrophils can be confused with left shift, making it necessary to carry out diagnostic tests and treatment for the disease that is generating the deviation. The objective of this case report was to demonstrate the importance of laboratory diagnosis in PHA. Case: A 11-month-old bitch Basenji, was presented to perform preoperative evaluation for elective ovariosalpingohisterectomy at Veterinary Hospital (HUVET) of the Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF). Tutor reported that animal was healthy, vaccination status was current, had deworming protocol applied and had not made use of medications recently. Animal presented normophagy, normodipsia, normuria and normochezia. Upon physical examination, animal was alert consciousness level, with adequate hydration, hyperemic oral mucosa, a less than 2 s capillary perfusion time, normal lymph nodes (submandibular, pre-scapular, inguinal and popliteal), rectal temperature of 39.2°C, heart rate of 160 beats per minute and respiratory rate of 60 movements per minute, possibly due to the animal’s agitated state. Abdominal palpation showed no changes. Physical examination presented no alterations. Preoperative exams included complete blood count (CBC) and biochemistry profile (ALT, AP, glucose, creatinine, urea, total proteins and fractions). Samples were sent to Hospital’s Veterinary Clinical Pathology Laboratory (LABHUVET/UFF) for analysis. CBC was performed using automatic method. Blood smears were stained with hematological stain and then a cytomorphological evaluation was performed. The first CBC revealed 23% of neutrophils with nuclear hyposegmentation and 44% of neutrophils were bands. A follow up was performed after 9 months, and a Complete Blood Count was performed again in which 12% of neutrophils showed nuclear hyposegmentation with mature chromatin pattern, 40% of neutrophils were bands, 1% of meta-myelotcytes neutrophils, 1% of myelocytes neutrophils and, also, eosinophils with nuclear hyposegmentation. Animal was healthy, and had no alterations on physical examination suggesting a diagnosis of PHA. Discussion: Recognition of PHA is important to avoid misleading leukogram interpretation, since neutrophils hyposegmentation can be confused with left shift, which is considered severe with poor prognosis, making it necessary to carry out diagnostic tests and treatment for the disease that is generating the deviation. The diagnosis of PHA was considered by the shape of the leukocytes nuclei, without evidence of inflammatory disease, during the patient follow up. Therefore, this anomaly should be considered as a differential diagnosis of left shift, thus avoiding unnecessary clinical and therapeutic procedures. Guidance in face of this hereditary hematological syndrome is important. The responsible guardian of the animal must not allow it to act as a breeder in order to interrupt possible transmission of this anomaly to offspring, because there is a fatal form when it comes to homozygotes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pelvic limb claudication is a common problem in dogs. However, determining the location of the lesion can be challenging. Diagnostic imaging is essential for identifying and evaluating muscle injuries. Ultrasonographic evaluation is frequently performed to identify muscle injuries. Although some muscle changes have already been described as ultrasonography findings in veterinary studies, little is known about the standardization of these muscle structures, especially in hip muscles. The objective of this study was to describe the normal ultrasound anatomy of the lateral and medial muscles of the pelvic limb and establish an unprecedented protocol for the evaluation of these structures. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 4 lateral and 4 medial musculatures of the pelvic limb of dogs were evaluated using ultrasound. An initial ex vivo study (1st phase) was performed to delineate anatomical and ultrasonographic assessments. The 2n d experimental phase proceeded with the application of in vivo scanning. The same operator performed all anatomical and ultrasonographic assessments. The gluteus medius, vastus lateralis, tensor fasciae latae, sartorius, pectineus, gracilis, adductor, and rectus femoris muscles were evaluated in longitudinal and transverse planes. Ten paired hips from 5 cadavers consisting of 3 females (60%) and 2 males (40%) were evaluated during the ex vivo phase. The average age and weight of the dogs were 3.6 ± 0.87 years and 21.9 ± 5.2 kg, respectively. The in vivo study included 4 females (40%) and 6 males (60%), for a total of 10 healthy animals consisting of 20 hips; the mean weight was 30.11 ± 7.45 kg and the average age was 4.5 ± 2.75 years. All muscles maintained the same ultrasound pattern when compared with each other and between different groups in the in vivo study. The longitudinal section presented a hypoechoic structure permeated by thin hyperechoic longitudinal striations. The hypoechoic aspect was maintained, with striae identified as hyperechogenic points in the cross-sectional view. Discussion: B-mode ultrasonographic evaluation with a high-frequency transducer has facilitated the identification of the lateral and medial muscles of the pelvic limbs of medium and large dogs ex vivo and in vivo. This approach is an effective and safe way to access these muscles, and aids in the establishment of an unprecedented protocol for ultrasound evaluation of this region. Understanding the normal ultrasonographic anatomy is essential to identify muscle injuries such as contractures, tumors, ruptures, and stretch, which can lead to loss of muscle echogenicity and echotexture. Furthermore, ultrasound standardization reduces inter-observer error, facilitates technique reproducibility, assists in a more assertive assessment, and directs the patient's most appropriate therapy. In addition, anatomical dissection with the aid of acoustic gel injection into the evaluated musculature is essential to guide the examination because it allows the confirmation of the structures. In this study, the ultrasound scans of 6 fundamental muscles (gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae, gracilis, adductor, pectineus, and rectus femoris) for hip mobility and 2 knee muscles (sartorius and vastus lateralis) were standardized. Ex vivo evaluations facilitated the application of in vivo techniques, and no difficulties were found during these evaluatio [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a glycoprotein responsible for multiple cellular functions that includes cell-to-cell adhesion and signal transduction. Studies in human breast cancer demonstrated that its overexpression has been linked to a more aggressive histological phenotype. However, in canine mammary tumors, its use is still scarce and its function, remains unknown. The main goal of the present study was to characterize the expression of EpCAM in canine mammary malignant tumors and associate its expression with clinicopathological features. Materials, Methods & Results: Forty-eight canine mammary samples were analyzed in the present study and went through the Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) routine technique for histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. EpCAM expression was evaluated considering the total immunolabelling (TI) which consists of the addition of 2 parameters: proportion score (PS) and intensity score (IS). Thirteen (27.1%) cases showed weak expression, 9 (18.7%) were characterized by a moderate expression and 27 (54.2%) were classified as intense. EpCAM overexpression was described in 36 (72.9%) primary tumors and in 5 lymph node metastases (71.4%). Immunoreactivity was, mainly, characterized by a staining in the lateral cell membrane of luminal epithelial cells, both in primary tumors and lymph node metastases. The statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS Statistics, version 24. Clinicopathological features, such as histological grade (P = 0.027), intravascular emboli (P = 0.004) and lymph node metastases (P = 0.016) demonstrated to be associated with a more aggressive histological type. Intravascular emboli and lymph node metastases were also linked to a higher histological grade. Discussion: EpCAM overexpression has been described in the literature both in canine mammary tumors and breast cancer. While the results in breast cancer could be ambiguous, depending on the tumor subtype, in the present study our findings demonstrated that overexpression was present in more than 50% of the total cases evaluated. In addition, immunoreactivity was also in accordance with the literature that describes membranous staining as the most prevalent pattern type. It was not possible to correlate overexpression with histological type and histological grade. However, those clinicopathological features are essential to evaluate tumor prognosis. For instance, our results demonstrated that histological type was statistically significant with histological grade (P = 0.027), intravascular emboli (P = 0.004) and lymph node metastases (P = 0.016). Additionally, the Nottingham system was statistically significant with intravascular emboli (P = 0.033) and lymph node metastases (P = 0.006). These findings have also been described in similar studies using canine mammary tissues in bitches. When it comes to pattern of expression in primary tumors and lymph nodes metastases, our findings described that neoplastic cell presented the same phenotype in these 2 different locations. In addition, loss of expression was also described in cluster cells within the subcapsular area which reflects the idea that the expression of EpCAM molecule changes according to time, which could be translated into the multistep process of metastases. Finally, it demonstrates that the development of neoplasia is not something static, but rather dynamic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Volume replacement is considered an essential component in the treatment of critically ill patients, but excess fluid administration can be as harmful as the lack of fluid therapy. Therefore, the volume replacement is only beneficial in patients deemed to be fluid responsive, that is, when the individual has an increase in their stroke volume after administration of a volume challenge. This study aim to assess whether conventional and advanced echocardiographic parameters for assessing left ventricular systolic function are able to predict fluid responsiveness in healthy spontaneously breathing dogs. The hypothesis was that some of these parameters would differ between responsive and non-responsive animals and could be used as a complementary measure for assessment of fluid responsiveness. Materials, Methods & Results: A prospective study was carried out in which 22 client-owned healthy dogs over 1 year of age that presented to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital for elective neutering procedure were included. All dogs underwent conventional and advanced echocardiographic examination to obtain the left ventricular internal diameter in diastole normalized (LVIDDn), left ventricular internal diameter in systole normalized (LVIDSn), ejection fraction (EF) and shortening fraction (SF) according to the Teischholz methodology, global longitudinal strain (GLS) and tissue motion annular displacement (TMAD). There parameters were evaluated before and after administration of a volume challenge with 10 mL/kg lactate ringer intravenously for 20 min. Based on the variation in aortic velocity integral time, 31.82% of dogs were considered responsive and 68.18% were non-responsive to the volume challenge. For advanced echocardiography, TMAD indexed by body weight (mm/kg) > 0.89 (P = 0.004) and body surface area (mm/m2 ) >18.9 (P = 0.004) after volume challenge had the best area under the curve values (both 0.895) and smaller gray zone intervals (0.52 - 0.81 and 14.89 - 17.88) for the identification of responsive dogs. Although, TMAD (mm/kg and mm/m2 ) before volume challenge was also higher in the responsive dogs (P = 0.041 and P = 0.029). As for conventional echocardiography, the LVIDDn < 1.39 (P = 0.003) before volume challenge had the best area under the curve value (0.866) and the smallest gray zone interval (1.4 - 1.57) for the identification of responsive dogs. The GLS and the TMAD in milimeters (mm), percentage (%) and indexed by cubic root of weight (mm/∛kg) did not differ between the responsive and non-responsive dogs before and after volume challenge. Discussion: TMAD indexed by body weight (mm/kg) and body surface area (mm/m2 ) before and after volume challenge and the LVIDDn before volume challenge may be useful measures to complement the assessment of fluid responsiveness in spontaneously breathing dogs. This is the first study to use TMAD as a predictive parameter for fluid responsiveness in healthy, spontaneously breathing, dogs. Even it is an advanced echocardiographic technique, TMAD has advantages in terms of execution time and the fact that it is less dependence on image quality or operator experience. It is possible that in the future such variables may form a useful part of the evaluation of fluid responsiveness in dogs. However, more studies are needed to better understand the applicability of these techniques, especially in dogs with hemodynamic changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]