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Over half of businesses are started by people who are already employed, a phenomenon called hybrid entrepreneurship (HE). Although research on hybrid entrepreneurship has increased in recent years, the diversity of perspectives has led to a fragmented literature that makes it difficult to advance our understanding of this phenomenon. We fill this gap by conducting an inclusive systematic review of research conducted on hybrid entrepreneurship. Our review integrates existing research in a framework of antecedents and outcomes of hybrid entrepreneurship. This enables us to propose opportunities for future research to contribute to areas that have been overlooked. In doing so, we contribute to the emerging literature on hybrid entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social entrepreneurship (SE) is often promoted as a solution to the pressing problem of extreme poverty. However, social entrepreneurship discourse still lacks a clear worldview. This has led to different discourse conceptualizations in different schools of thought, overlooking the potentially divergent implications of those differing interpretations. This article demonstrates how SE discourse could be conceptualized differently in the mainstream as opposed to alternative economic frameworks such as Ecological Economics (EE) and how these diverse interpretations could lead to different implications for theory and practice. To this end, the paper examines the different attributes of SE against the fundamental assumptions of neo-classical and Ecological Economics, applying the framework in Kuhn's Theory of Scientific Revolutions as a frame of analysis. Building on Kuhn's theory, this article argues that for SE to evolve as an effective tool for social change, it must distance itself from some of the fundamental assumptions of mainstream economics, where EE can provide valuable guidance moving forward. Finally, this paper proposes ontological SE assumptions: intrinsic motivation and ethical virtue drive entrepreneurs, organizations inspired by the goal of common good and spiritual leadership, and the market serves as an arena for cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the role of perceived ethicality in entrepreneurial action. We extend the entrepreneurial action framework and propose that well-intended entrepreneurs evaluate a potential opportunity on three dimensions: feasibility ("Can I?"), desirability ("Do I want to?"), and ethicality ("Should I?"). To theorize how ethicality assessment shapes the entrepreneur's belief-forming processes, we advance a novel concept integrating insights from moral philosophy: ethical ambiguity. Assuming that many entrepreneurs want to do "the right thing" yet face ambiguity concerning "what is the right thing to do," we develop a proposition-based model for how ethical ambiguity shapes entrepreneurial action. We posit ethical judgment as a function of attention, cognition, neutralization, and framing and propose individual factors that determine the ability to process ethical ambiguity and how different characteristics of an identified opportunity dominate the entrepreneur's cognitive processing. Our analysis opens a new research agenda connecting entrepreneurship and ethics literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurs go through intense time pressures in their daily lives, yet entrepreneurship research lacks an understanding of how daily time pressures impact entrepreneurs. In this paper, we employ experience sampling methodology and analyze multilevel data from daily surveys spread across 16 days from 87 entrepreneurs, leading to 1090 observations to examine how daily time pressures fatigue entrepreneurs by focusing on within-person dynamics. Further, we also examine the between-person dynamics and introduce a notion of willpower growth mindsets to entrepreneurship research. We depict the duality of this growth mindset by highlighting how it allows entrepreneurs to reduce the emotional consequences of time pressure yet exacerbate their physiological reactions to the emotional consequences they experience. Thus, this work makes important contributions to entrepreneurship theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accelerators are gaining popularity in the entrepreneurship ecosystem for accelerating new ventures by providing benefits such as learning, sorting, and signaling. However, existing empirical evidence on the accelerator outcomes does not consider the role of boundary conditions, such as institutional environments in which they operate. In this paper, we argue and test institutions' importance and empirically examine accelerators' impact on new venture performance using a generalized difference-in-differences technique on a worldwide accelerator database. At the baseline, the findings are consistent with previous literature, which shows a positive impact of accelerators on the revenues and equity funding of new ventures. However, we find that the positive impact is higher in countries with stronger institutions. This paper demonstrates that institutions are a crucial boundary condition for assessing the impact of accelerators on new ventures. These findings contribute to emerging empirical research that assesses the impact of business accelerators on new venture performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To transform students into entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship education increasingly advocates experiential learning through real venture creation. While classroom experiences are well-documented, a comprehensive study of interactions between students and entrepreneurship ecosystem actors is essential for enhancing educational programs. Embracing the entrepreneurship ecosystem perspective, widely endorsed by scholars, policymakers, and practitioners, this grounded theory paper addresses the research question: How do students' interactions with EE actors contribute to their development as entrepreneurs? Specifically, it explores the context, nature, and outcomes of these interactions. Conducting inductive qualitative research, we interviewed 44 students engaged in entrepreneurial projects as part of their studies. Results reveal that interactions with EE actors are contingent and subject to prerequisites. Once initiated, these interactions transcend mere business relationships, evolving into informal mentoring that establishes a significant learning space. The study delineates technical learning, interpersonal skill development, acquisition of tacit knowledge related to the entrepreneurial culture, and understanding the implicit rules governing EE operations as distinct learning outcomes for students. These outcomes are pivotal for comprehending the ecosystem in which students aspire to operate and persuading actors to join their entrepreneurial pursuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversification, a core focus of corporate strategy, is typically viewed as peripheral to the emergence of new ventures. But need it be so? This paper calls attention to the "born-diversified firm," which enters multiple industries at its incorporation. Born-diversified firms are unique relative to other new firms in that they do not pursue a singular opportunity but rather the efficient recombination of activities across industries. They are also unique relative to established diversifiers: whereas corporate diversification patterns have been shown to converge toward commonly observed, "efficient" industry combinations, new ventures are known for novel combinations with the potential to redefine efficient behavior. Integrating diversification arguments with theories of imitative and innovative entrepreneurship, I hypothesize a U-shaped relationship between strategic conformity—the relative prevalence of the new venture's industry combinations among diversified incumbents—and firm dissolution: born-diversified firms can succeed in very rare industry configurations or very typical ones more so than moderately common configurations. I also suggest that this pattern will be mitigated by industry portfolio changes, which are theorized to be more likely for firms with rarer industry combinations. I find evidence for the theory in a sample of over 74,000 born-diversified private firms incorporated in the United Kingdom observed from incorporation in 2017 through mid-2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial motivation literature has made giant strides, yet how it unfurls in the daily life of an entrepreneur largely remains a black box. In this study, we depict how the previous day's progress in the venture motivates the entrepreneur to expend efforts the next day via the mediating mechanism of affective state (as positive feedback) experienced in the morning by focusing on the within-person dynamics. Further, we explicate how learning goal orientation intensifies this feedback process and why it is important for entrepreneurs to be oriented toward learning rather than performance by focussing on the between-person dynamics. We execute this research by employing experience sampling methodology and analyzing multilevel data from daily surveys spread across 16 days (twice daily) from 87 entrepreneurs (n=1090 observation pairs). This paper makes important and critical contributions to entrepreneurship theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Responding to the call for recalibrated entrepreneurship research that embraces the pluralism of entrepreneurial activity and is open to contextually grounded theorizing, this paper investigates the lived experiences of women entrepreneurs in a violent conflict zone. Although such contexts may seem 'extraordinary' relative to the stable and benign settings underlying the vast majority of extant scholarship, unfortunately, such environments are 'ordinary' for the millions of people who live within them. Adopting an inductive theory-building approach, we analyzed qualitative data collected from interviews with 30 women who had launched businesses in Libya—a country that has become one of the most dangerous in the world after the 2011 Arab Spring uprising. Our findings illuminate the indeterminate everyday dangers that exist for women entrepreneurs in such a context, the tactics that they implement as attempted coping/surviving mechanisms, and the consequences for themselves, their businesses, and other citizens. Collectively, the emergent insights from our study not only extend—but also challenge—several taken-for-granted understandings about entrepreneurship, derived primarily from Western theory and research, in which entrepreneurs are presumed to operate in environments of relative peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper conceptualizes entrepreneurship as a design domain with different degrees of ill definedness and develops hypotheses regarding the merits of industry and venturing experiences. It posits that industry experience of founders is more beneficial to entrepreneurial performance when the ill-definedness is higher due to originality impetus or when ventures' focus is on standardized products offered to large audiences. On the contrary, it argues that venturing experience of founders is better for the performance when the ill-definedness is lower due to functionality impetus or when ventures focus on customized products offered to smaller audiences. Analyses conducted with a panel dataset capturing 3,703 German firms and 12,384 firm-year observations between 2008-2018 offer support for the hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we propose and test a dynamic perspective on informality suggesting that entrepreneurial informality can be a feedback mechanism to oppressive governments. We call this informality for good. We do this through the lens of institutional entrepreneurship (Bylund and McCaffrey, 2017) and following Williamson's (1998, 2000) 4-level institutional framework to suggest that entrepreneurs can take altering and evasive actions to send rebellious feedback to formal institutions. The context to develop our theorizing is the Nicaraguan 2018 insurrection, and we test our hypotheses through a decision-based experiment and a secondary data analysis. We find support for our hypotheses that suggests to us the existence of informality for good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, unforeseen events such as the COVID-19 pandemic or geopolitical tensions have changed the business environment around the world. In such uncertain times, entrepreneurs need to learn efficiently and adapt even more quickly. This paper focuses therefore on self-regulated entrepreneurial learning (SERL) and how it contributes to increasing innovative work behavior (IWB), a critical factor for entrepreneurial success. Recognizing the lack of research on SREL within the entrepreneurial context, this paper explores the connection between SREL and IWB, particularly under varying conditions of environmental dynamics, competitive intensity, and perceived innovation importance. The findings of this quantitative two-study approach (N=271) reveal a significant positive correlation between SREL and IWB, highlighting that entrepreneurs with robust SREL capabilities are more inclined toward innovation, especially in dynamic and competitive environments. This research not only fills a critical gap in entrepreneurial studies but also offers practical insights for educational strategies and policy decisions aimed at fostering en-trepreneurial growth and adaptability in a rapidly evolving global market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research shows inconsistent findings about the effect of indirect ties and common third parties. This paper conducts a more fine-grained analysis of indirect ties using venture capital investment data. Adopting a coopetition framework, this paper argues that the impact of indirect ties differs depending on whether common third parties are themselves included in the same partnerships and both internal network dynamics and external environment may moderate the effect of indirect ties. We found general support to our argument. This paper makes important contribution to the network formation literature and venture capital syndication research by revealing the varied effect of indirect ties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a microfoundations perspective on market creation and evolution, offering a unified market topology based on entrepreneurial opportunities: the Allocative, Discovery, and Creation Zones. These zones, representing different levels of information uncertainty (entropy), provide a framework for analyzing firms' evolution within the market. Incorporating insights from complexity science, the paper models the market as a complex adaptive system operating in near equilibrium, far-from-equilibrium, and chaotic modes. Furthermore, it introduces a firm typology based on decision-making logic (effectuation and causation) to analyze their behavior and evolution within the market zones. Lastly, the paper presents propositions with potential outcomes of diverse scenarios shaped by the presence of different firm types in various market zones, offering insights into firm evolution (entry, survival, pivoting, growth) and market dynamics (growth, new market creation, demise). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the entrepreneurial trajectory, entrepreneurs come across a number of opportunities. A few of these opportunities are pursued while others are abandoned. But what happens to the abandoned opportunities? Do they remain abandoned forever, or can such abandoned opportunities be revived. The purpose of this conceptual paper is twofold. First, building upon the literature in entrepreneurship, innovation, and creativity, this study proposes a novel opportunity lifecycle model which not only explains the lifecycle of ideas pursued, but also explains the life-after-abandonment of the abandoned ideas. This paper further proposes different modes of opportunity abandonment (opportunity death and opportunity hibernation), and theorizes various modes through which abandoned or dead ideas are revived (reawakening of hibernated ideas, metamorphosis, and reincarnation of dead ideas). In this way, this paper explains the transition of ideas from incubation to life and death, and highlights an important source of latent growth in form of hibernated and dead ideas. Lastly, this paper highlights practical implications and provides directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financially backing early-stage ventures requires potential investors to commit resources to founders and companies that are relatively unknown, with little track record, and often sparsely available information. At the same time, investment in startups with long-term potential for blockbuster success affords the earliest investors the opportunity for outsized return. Clues about a venture's long-term likelihood of success are thus particularly valuable; however, promises about potential in nascent startups may not translate into long-term performance. This paper draws on the growing literature on hype in entrepreneurship to elucidate the relationship between early hype and subsequent investment and long-term success in new ventures. The paper leverages granular data on startups, founders, and investors matched to measures of hype drawn from online search analytics surrounding demo days in 394 startups participating in the first 25 cohorts of the two longest-running accelerators in the U.S. over the period 2005-2011 to examine the relationship between early excitement in demo day settings and subsequent performance outcomes through 2023. The results suggest that demo days lead to early hype where investors are drawn to the startups with the greatest initial buzz. While this facilitates short-term fundraising for these startups the long-term performance outcomes diverge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While previous research mainly focuses on the compensation loss of ex-entrepreneurs received from employers, i.e. the demand-side perspective, little attention has been devoted to examining how ex-entrepreneurs perceive expected compensation during job searches. Based on the Backlash Avoidance Model (BAM), from the Supply-side perspective, this paper explores that, as a minor and marginal group in the labor market, ex-entrepreneurs try to avoid social and economic penalties from being cross-border mobilizers and thus tend to lower their expected compensation compared to their nonentrepreneurial counterparts. We further investigate how regional entrepreneurial climate may moderate the relationship between entrepreneurial identity and expected compensation. Taking the resume information crawled by an online resume service provider from 2015 to 2016 in China, the study supports our hypotheses. This study contributes to our understanding of founding penalty from the supply-side., which helps us understand career identity as an important driver of expected compensation. Moreover, this paper generalizes application of BAM model to entrepreneurship and verifies that fear of backlash not only drives behaviors of female leader and ethnicity minorities but also influences other social group such as entrepreneurs. Moreover, we investigate the moderating role of regional entrepreneurial climate which reveals an important boundary condition of the BAM model in an entrepreneurship context. The conclusions of this paper provide practical insights into the management of career mobility of entrepreneurs, and hiring policies in the job market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solving societal challenges manifesting at the local level requires concerted efforts involving communities, enterprises, and support organizations. The process unfolding around these collaborations is called civic wealth creation (CWC)—defined as "the generation of social, economic, and communal endowments that benefit local communities". While research has repeatedly highlighted the potential of community entrepreneurship to generate civic wealth, it has not explored how this potential can be explained or leveraged. In this paper, we delineate four strategic orientations that characterize community entrepreneurship (i.e., holisticness, embeddedness, inclusiveness, and collectiveness) and describe practices used to enact these strategies along a spectrum from low to high. We theorize how, through the enactment of these four strategic orientations, community entrepreneurship can trigger a reinforcing process of CWC. Furthermore, by positioning community entrepreneurship as a strategic endeavor, we discuss how diverse types of organizations can, in different combinations and to varying degrees, capitalize on community entrepreneurship strategic orientations, thereby unleashing their potential to create civic wealth. Our paper makes important contributions to the literature on community entrepreneurship and CWC but is equally relevant to a broader audience of entrepreneurship and organization scholars and practitioners interested in investigating the richness of entrepreneurial endeavors for society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1989, the former communist Eastern European, Balkan region, and Baltic State transition economies have been extensively investigated by practitioners, policymakers, and researchers. Despite expectations of entrepreneurship as a key driver in these economies, existing research has not fully captured the mechanisms, phenomena, and pathways that enable or impede productive entrepreneurship in these emerging markets. This task remains particularly elusive due to the multiple levels at which these mechanisms operate. Therefore, this paper aims to do two things. First, it develops a three-element conceptual model based on existing developed economy entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) literature that illustrates the individual and combined effect of stakeholder alignment catalysts, entrepreneur mindset catalysts, and sociocultural catalysts in nurturing productive entrepreneurship. Second, it applies this model to systematically analyze transition economy research, identifying the combined multi-level effects of these key elements and mechanisms and how they can foster or hinder entrepreneurship. Although past research has broadly studied the three conceptual model perspectives individually, these findings offer new insights into the multi-level combined effects in the transition economy ecosystem context while also potentially applying to other emerging EEs in various states of evolution. The paper concludes with directions for future research to better understand the unique entrepreneurial challenges in these regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on Signaling Theory (Spence, 1973), this paper investigates how Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) influences the relationship between the communication of the family business brand and organizational attractiveness. Specifically, the paper analyzes the combined effect of the family business brand and CSR on applicants' perceptions of family firms and, consequently, on organizational attractiveness. Utilizing a 2 x 2 experimental design (Communicating the family business brand: yes-no; Communication of CSR Practices: yes-no), the study tests whether CSR moderates the relationship between the communication of the family business brand and applicants' perceptions, such as compensation, advancement opportunities, prestige, and organizational justice, and examines how these perceptions impact organizational attractiveness. The results demonstrate that CSR communication acts as a moderator, significantly enhancing applicants' perceptions of compensation, advancement opportunities, and prestige. However, it is only the enhanced perception of prestige that positively affects organizational attractiveness. These findings contribute to the literature on family business branding and CSR by emphasizing organizational attractiveness from an applicant perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This dual-method dissertation-based paper combines a diary study with a multi-sited reflexive ethnography to explain how entrepreneurs displaced in the second phase of the genocide against the Rohingya people by the military regime in Myanmar maintain well-being by balancing resourcefulness and religiousness in the extreme context of the Kutupalang refugee camp. A 12-point, 6-week diary study of 70 refugee entrepreneurs lends support to both direct and dignity-mediated effects of resourcefulness on well-being. A multi-sited reflexive ethnography reveals limits to the well-being benefits of resourcefulness in extreme contexts by showing the negative moderating effects of religiousness. In a context where religious values and practices are both strong and visible, and religiousness offers a common modality of both individual and communal coping with enduring hardship, even small deviations from rituals can attenuate the direct and the dignity-mediated benefits of resourcefulness. The theorized trade-offs between resourcefulness and religiousness are empirically robust: they replicate for refugee entrepreneurs of different ages and genders; across types and locations of ventures; and at multiple levels of experienced distress and social obligations. This paper highlights two important boundary conditions for the literature on well-being. First, it reveals the previously under-theorized role of dignity in the maintenance of well-being by those who entrepreneur while displaced, explaining why refugee entrepreneurs who vest their ventures with the provision of peace, respect and/or stability derive supplementary benefits from the same acts of resourcefulness. Second, it suggests that acts of resourcefulness compete with acts of religiousness, especially for dignity-mediated paths to well-being maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the dynamics of workplace well-being during the transition to self-employment, with a focus on the role of job autonomy and household income. Drawing on the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, we propose a dynamic mediation-moderation model and develop hypotheses regarding the changes in workplace well-being before and after the self-employment transition. We argue that job autonomy plays a crucial role in influencing workplace well-being in self-employment during the transition period, while household income, particularly low-pay status, moderates this relationship. However, post-transition, the inherent demands of self-employment become more pronounced, diminishing the well-being benefits initially derived from job autonomy. By examining these factors, we contribute to the resource literature by identifying the resources fluctuation and interaction during and after the self-employment transition and shed light on the unique challenges faced by self-employed in different income contexts. The paper also highlights the importance of considering the dynamic nature of self-employment in well-being research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how digitalization affects family-owned businesses in Asia. It uses the ADO model to review the literature on digital technology integration in these firms. It finds that digitalization is influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, governmental initiatives, and business networks, but also poses challenges for management teams. It also notes that the adoption of advanced technologies and the transition of supportive networks are limited and need more research. It also calls for more attention to sustainability and corporate social responsibility issues. The paper provides a comprehensive review of digitalization in Asian family-owned businesses and suggests future directions for digital transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines an anthropological approach to entrepreneurial action. While the scientific approach, which involves the development and testing of hypotheses through experimentation, has been widely adopted in the literature, it has limitations in terms of developing holistic mental models and avoiding blind spots in uncertain environments. In addition, in the literature, there is support for broader methods of theorizing by entrepreneurs. Presenting an anthropological perspective offers a lens to examine alternative patterns of the reasoning behind entrepreneurial action. An anthropological perspective considers the social mechanisms and cognitive processes of entrepreneurial action. It employs participant observation and ethnographic methods to gain a more nuanced and empathetic understanding of customer needs. This approach also accounts for the relationship between the observer and the observed, and cultural dynamics within the entrepreneurial process are increasingly recognised in the literature, something not explicitly addressed in the scientific approach. By utilising anthropological methodologies and theories, entrepreneurs can identify and create value under conditions of uncertainty while accounting for social and cognitive processes. This paper contributes to the literature on the micro-foundations of entrepreneurship by providing an alternative explanation of how entrepreneurs generate information to produce value under conditions of uncertainty within a co-creative approach [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates: 1) the impact of negotiation rationales on the outcomes of initial role negotiations and 2) how these outcomes influence individual turnover rates in that role over time. I argue that the outcomes of these negotiations will leave a lasting "imprint" on the role being negotiated that creates a "zero-sum" dynamic between the turnover of role-creators and their successors. I also argue that this imprinting is more likely to occur when employees resort to certain rationales during these negotiations. Specifically, when role creators employ constraint rationales during their role negotiation, they will tend to be more successful at negotiating the role's parameters to align with their own unique skills; their own turnover will thus be reduced. Future role holders, however, will be disadvantaged because they will have expected (and be equipped to perform) a "typical" role; they will thus experience higher turnover. By contrast, initial employees who resort to disparagement rationales will be less successful in their role negotiations and will thus assume more "typical" roles; their turnover will therefore be higher. Future job seekers should thus be able to perform such roles well because they will align with what is considered "typical" in their industry; their turnover will thus be lower. This paper contributes to the literature on role formation by highlighting how the micro-level dynamics (rationales) of initial role negotiations impact their outcomes. It also contributes to the negotiations literature by both highlighting multilevel mechanisms through which negotiations influence organizational performance and responding to calls to study the long-term, and often unintentional, impacts of negotiation outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper seeks to address two key research questions: Does entrepreneurship education reliably forecast students' entrepreneurial intentions? if so, how and when does this predictive relationship occur? To answer these queries, we conducted a thorough, systematic search and review of empirical articles published between 2013 and 2023. A total of 35 papers meeting specific criteria—such as reporting empirical results, being published in English, and addressing the aforementioned research questions—were included in the analysis. The collective findings of these studies indicate a generally positive predictive relationship between entrepreneurship education and student entrepreneurial intentions. However, recent findings indicate that this connection may exhibit greater complexity than initially perceived. Notably, a range of mediators and moderators have been identified, highlighting instances where entrepreneurship education exerts an indirect influence on student entrepreneurial intentions. Although certain boundary conditions have been explored, additional research on moderators is deeply essential. The review underscores the need for more robust research designs to establish causality in this domain. Consequently, there is a crucial call to examine different facets of entrepreneurial education independently and assess complex relationships more comprehensively. This approach is imperative for gaining a nuanced understanding of the dynamics at play in shaping students' entrepreneurial intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As typically occurs in new venture creation, founders' biases play a crucial role not only in entrepreneurial founding, but also in the context of entrepreneurial exit. In this paper, we build an interpretive framework that offers an explanation for pursuing exit strategies administrated by hubristic founders. First, we posit that hubris affects founders' intentions and the performance threshold associated with entrepreneurial exit. Then, we claim that, when the firm shows performance below the expected threshold, hubristic founders are prone to escalate firm investments and insist on following strategic choices that have previously resulted in inadequate performance. This hubristic behavior is likely to lead to an entrepreneurial exit that falls into bankruptcy. Additionally, we argue that when a firm shows a performance above the expected threshold, hubristic founders prefer to walk out of the business by means of a financial harvesting strategy, thereby excluding stewardship behavior option in such conditions. However, in these conditions, founders' hubris becomes as well the key hurdle to close the financial harvest deal. Implications for entrepreneurial exit inquiry, hubris theory of entrepreneurship, and for practicing entrepreneurs are eventually presented and discussed. We conclude by mentioning the paper's limitations and suggesting some avenues for future inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we aim to unveil the complexity and dynamics of entrepreneurial stress by analysing accounts made by entrepreneurs who have experienced severe stress. We recognize stress as a complex multiyear phenomenon, the intricacies of which cannot be adequately captured through quantitative analysis of the relationships between individual variables. To this end, we apply narrative analysis to gain a deeper insight into the phenomenon of entrepreneurial stress. Our findings reveal the complex nature of stress and illuminate how entrepreneurs' beliefs and characteristics, such as optimism and self-efficacy can expose entrepreneurs to increased stress. The results of the paper contribute to the literature on entrepreneurial stress and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]