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[Display omitted] Macrophages are known to depict two major phenotypes: classically activated macrophages (M1), associated with high production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and alternatively activated macrophages (M2), which present an anti-inflammatory function. A precise control over M1-M2 polarization is a promising strategy in therapeutics to modulate both tissue regeneration and tumor progression processes. However, this is not a simple task as macrophages behave differently depending on the microenvironment. In agreement with this, non-consistent data have been reported regarding macrophages response to magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs). To investigate the impact of both tissue microenvironment and MNPs properties on the obtained macrophage responses, single-core (SC) and multi-core (MC) citrate coated MNPs, are synthesized and, afterwards, loaded with a macrophage polarization trigger, IL-4. The developed MNPs are then tested in macrophages subjected to different stimuli. We demonstrate that macrophages treated with low concentrations of MNPs behave differently depending on the polarization stage independently of the concentration of iron. Moreover, we find out that MNPs size and morphology determines the effect of the IL-4 loaded MNPs on M1 macrophages, since IL-4 loaded SC MNPs favor the polarization of M1 macrophages towards M2 phenotype, while IL-4 loaded MC MNPs further stimulate the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] This study presents a comprehensive community data-driven surface complexation modeling framework for simulating potentiometric titration of mineral surfaces. Compiled community data for ferrihydrite, goethite, hematite, and magnetite are fit to produce representative protolysis constants that can reproduce potentiometric titration data collected from multiple literature sources. Using this framework, the impact of surface complexation model type and surface site density (SSD) on the fit quality and protolysis constants can be readily evaluated. For example, the non-electrostatic model yielded a poor data fit compared to diffuse double layer model and constant capacitance models due to the absence of known surface charge effects. Regardless of the choice of iron oxide mineral, pK a1 decreased with increasing SSD while the opposite tendency was observed for pK a2. This newly developed framework demonstrates a method to reconcile community data-wide potentiometric titration data using Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable data principles to produce mineral protolysis constants that improve robustness of surface complexation models for applications in metal sorption and reactive transport modeling. The framework is readily expandable (as community data increase) and extensible (as the number of minerals increase). The framework provides a path forward for developing self-consistent, comprehensive, and updateable surface complexation databases for surface complexation and reactive transport modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yolk-shell porous Fe 3 O 4 @C anchored on graphene nanosheets (Y-S-P-Fe 3 O 4 /GNs@C) with fast electron/ion transport channels, exhibits excellent rate capability and cycling stability. The assembled Y-S-P-Fe 3 O 4 /GNs@C//LiFePO 4 full-cell delivers a high energy density of 341.0 Wh kg−1 at 37.9 W kg−1. [Display omitted] Iron oxides have been widely studied as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high conductivity (5 × 104 S m−1) and high capacity (ca. 926 mAh g−1). However, having a large volume change and being highly prone to dissolution/aggregation during charge/discharge cycles hinder their practical application. Herein, we report a design strategy for constructing yolk-shell porous Fe 3 O 4 @C anchored on graphene nanosheets (Y-S-P-Fe 3 O 4 /GNs@C). This particular structure can not only introduce sufficient internal void space to accommodate the volume change of Fe 3 O 4 but also afford a carbon shell to restrict Fe 3 O 4 overexpansion, thus greatly improving capacity retention. In addition, the pores in Fe 3 O 4 can effectively promote ion transport, and the carbon shell anchored on graphene nanosheets is capable of enhancing overall conductivity. Consequently, Y-S-P-Fe 3 O 4 /GNs@C features a high reversible capacity of 1143 mAh g−1, an excellent rate capacity (358 mAh g−1 at 10.0 A g−1), and a prolonged cycle life with robust cycling stability (579 mAh g−1 remaining after 1800 cycles at 2.0 A g−1) when assembled into LIBs. The assembled Y-S-P-Fe 3 O 4 /GNs@C//LiFePO 4 full-cell delivers a high energy density of 341.0 Wh kg−1 at 37.9 W kg−1. The Y-S-P-Fe 3 O 4 /GNs@C is proved to be an efficient Fe 3 O 4 -based anode material for LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The pseudocapacitive metal oxide anchored nanocarbon-based three-dimensional (3D) materials are considered attractive electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitor applications. However, the complex multistep synthesis approaches raise production costs and act as a major barrier to the practical real-world field. To overcome this limitation, in this study, an easily scalable and effective fabrication approach for the development of iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4) anchored highly porous carbon nanotube hybrid foam (f- Fe 3 O 4 /O-CNTF) with micro/mesoporous structure was suggested to improve the durability and energy storage performance. The surface morphology-tuned f -Fe 3 O 4 /O-CNTF (f -Fe 3 O 4 /O-CNTF(M)) was fabricated through electromagnetic interaction between the anchored magnetic Fe 3 O 4 on the CNT surface and the applied magnetic field. The obtained results clearly demonstrated that the changed surface morphology of the f -Fe 3 O 4 /O-CNTF(M) strongly affected the meso- and micropore structure, electrochemical performance, and durability. Consequently, the f -Fe 3 O 4 /O-CNTF(M) showed an almost 120% enhanced specific surface area and nearly 1.9 times increased specific capacitance compared to that of the f -Fe 3 O 4 /O-CNTF. Furthermore, the changed surface morphology successfully prevented the re-aggregation of the initial structure and significantly improved durability. As a result, f -Fe 3 O 4 /O-CNTF(M) showed outstanding cycling stability, maintaining almost 100% capacitance retention after 14,000 cycles. Consequently, the assembled symmetric supercapacitor device delivered an energy density of 20.1 Wh·kg−1 at a power density of 0.37 kW·kg−1 with good cycling stability. These results suggest that the f -Fe 3 O 4 /O-CNTF(M) can potentially be used as an electrode for supercapacitors with good durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with defect-free FeO x , the ultrafine FeO x in the FeO x (0.03)@HG-110 with abundant surface defects shows lower energy barrier and higher OER activity. [Display omitted] • The FeO x (0.03)@HG-110 exhibits an OER overpotential as low as 342 mV at 10 mA cm−2. • The average particle size of FeOx is ca. 1.6 nm. • FeO x (0.03)@HG-110 possesses a low E a of 35.9 kJ mol−1. • The rate-determining step is *O → *OOH with the energy barriers of 0.79 eV. Development of earth-abundant and robust oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts is imperative for cost-effective hydrogen production via water electrolysis. Herein, we report ultrafine iron (oxy)hydroxide nanoparticles with average particle size of 2.6 nm and abundant surface defects homogeneously supported on oleum-treated graphite (FeO x (n)@HG-T), providing abundant active sites for the OER. The optimal FeO x (0.03)@HG-110 exhibits high electrocatalytic OER activity and excellent stability. Electrochemical testing results and theoretical calculations reveal that the outstanding OER activity of FeO x (0.03)@HG-110 is due to its stronger charge transfer ability and lower OER energy barrier than defect-free FeO x nanoparticles. This work demonstrates that the OER performance of oxyhydroxide-based electrocatalysts can be improved by surface defect engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hematite nanoparticles commonly undergoes isomorphic substitution of Al3+ in nature, while how the Al-substitution-induced morphological change, defective structure and newly generated Al–OH sites affect the adsorption behavior of hematite for contaminants remains poorly understood. Herein, the interfacial reactions between Al-substituted hematite and Pb2+ was investigated via CD-MUSIC modeling and DFT calculations. As the Al content increased from 0% to 9.4%, Al-substitution promoted the proportion of (001) facets and caused Fe vacancies on hematite, which increased the total active site density of hematite from 5.60 to 17.60 sites/nm2. The surface positive charge of hematite significantly increased from 0.096 to 0.418 C/m2 at pH 5.0 due to the increases in site density and proton affinity (log K H) of hematite under Al-substitution. The adsorption amount of hematite for Pb2+ increased from 3.92 to 9.74 mmol/kg at pH 5.0 and 20 μmol/L initial Pb2+ concentration with increasing Al content. More Fe vacancies may lead to a weaker adsorption energy (E ad) of hematite for Pb2+, while the E ad was enhanced at higher Al content. The adsorption affinity (log K Pb) of bidentate Pb complexes slightly increased while that of tridentate Pb complexes decreased with increasing Al content due to the presence of ≡ AlOH−0.5 and ≡ Fe 2 AlO−0.5 sites. Tridentate Pb complexes were dominant species on the surface of pure hematite, while bidentate ones became more dominant with increasing Al content. The obtained model parameters and molecular scale information are of great importance for better describing and predicting the environmental fate of toxic heavy metals in terrestrial and aquatic environments. [Display omitted] • Adsorption of Al-hematite for Pb2+ was studied via CD-MUSIC and DFT calculation. • Al-substitution increased total active site density of hematite from 5.60 to 17.60 sites/nm2. • Al-substitution in hematite enhance its surface charge and Pb2+ adsorption. • Presence of ≡ AlOH−0.5 and ≡ Fe 2 AlO−0.5 sites altered the log K Pb and E ads of Pb2+ on hematite. • Bidentate Pb complexes became more dominant on hematite with increasing Al content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides can have harmful impacts on the environment and living organisms. Thus, removing them from polluted water is crucial. In this study, a bionanocomposite of carboxymethyl tragacanth- grafted -poly(3-aminophenol)/zinc oxide@iron oxide (CMT- g -P3AP/ZnO@Fe 3 O 4) synthesized by in situ copolymerization as an efficient adsorbent to eliminate the acetamiprid pesticide from polluted water. The CMT- g -P3AP/ZnO@Fe 3 O 4 magnetic nanocomposite was analyzed utilizing various techniques including FTIR, EDX, FESEM, XRD, BET, CHNSO, and TGA. The results displayed that the resulting nanocomposite with maximum adsorption capacity (Q max) successfully removed the acetamiprid pesticide from polluted water under optimal conditions such as pH of 7.00, 5.00 mg of adsorbent, 20.0 min duration, and 400 mg/L acetamiprid concentration. According to the linear Langmuir isotherm, the Q max of the biosorbent was 833 mg/g. The experimental adsorption data fitted well with Temkin's nonlinear isotherm model. The adsorption kinetic data were closely related to the Weber-Morris intraparticle diffusion nonlinear model. After three repetitive cycles, CMT- g -P3AP/ZnO@Fe 3 O 4 can be outstandingly renewed and recycled without significant reduction in its adsorption efficacy, as evidenced by the adsorption-desorption experiments. In addition, the CMT-g-P3AP/ZnO@Fe 3 O 4 displayed the good antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. [Display omitted] • Antibacterial magnetic bionanocomposite based on carboxymethyl tragacanth synthesized. • Antibacterial magnetic bionanocomposite used as a sorbent for acetamiprid removal. • Maximum adsorption capacity of the bionanocomposite for acetamiprid was 833 mg/g. • Bionanocomposite showed good antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Stronger Fe-Al interactions decrease FeC x /FeO x ratio but increase Fe 5 C 2 /Fe 7 C 3 ratio. • High content of FeC x is benefit for improving CO 2 hydrogenation activity. • Fe 5 C 2 is more favorable for the formation of heavy hydrocarbons than Fe 7 C 3. • Fe 7 C 3 phase is partially transformed into Fe 5 C 2 during CO 2 hydrogenation. Different iron species exhibit distinct activity and selectivity in CO 2 hydrogenation reaction. Herein, by controlling calcination temperature, Fe-Al interaction in Na promoted Fe-Al catalysts has been regulated, which further leads to various compositions of iron oxide (FeO x) and iron carbides (Fe 7 C 3 and Fe 5 C 2) after CO activation and CO 2 hydrogenation reaction. The phase compositions and structures of Fe-Al catalysts are carefully distinguished by multiple characterizations, including XRD, XPS, MES and TEM, and the reactivity of different phases is studied with the combination of experiments (kinetics, TP and in situ DRIFTS) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. Our FeAl350 with the highest FeC x content shows the highest CO 2 conversion of 48.2% and the lowest CO selectivity of 10.1%, and FeAl900 with the highest Fe 5 C 2 / FeC x ratio presents the highest C 5+ selectivity of 44.6%. Finally, a correlation between different compositions of iron species with the activity and selectivity of Fe-based for CO 2 hydrogenation to olefins was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface chemistry of monoethanolamine (MEA) on oxide surfaces is investigated by Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy under different environmental conditions of pH, concentration, and ionic strength. [Display omitted] Chemical contaminants are becoming an increasingly greater concern for water quality and it is well known that interactions with geochemical interfaces impact the fate and transport of these contaminants in the environment. In this study, we investigated the interactions of one such chemical contaminant, monoethanolamine (MEA), with oxide surfaces, particularly titanium dioxide (TiO 2) and iron oxide (α-Fe 2 O 3). Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was used to probe the adsorption behavior of MEA on titanium dioxide (TiO 2) and iron oxide (α-Fe 2 O 3) nanoparticles as a function of pH and other environmental conditions including concentration and ionic strength. Both the extent and initial rates of adsorption of MEA on these oxide surfaces increases with increasing pH. Adsorption on these oxide surfaces increases with solution concentration until saturation occurs and MEA adsorbs more readily at higher pH. Furthermore, adsorption decreases with increasing ionic strength, demonstrating the importance of electrostatic interactions to this process. Based on these results, a mechanistic picture emerges for the interaction of MEA with titanium dioxide and iron oxide across a range of pH values. Overall, this study provides important insights into the surface chemistry and interactions between an alkanolamine and geochemical oxide interfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A weak electric field (WEF, 2 mA cm−2) was employed to promote Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycle on goethite-impregnated activated carbon (FeOOH@AC) filled in a continuous-flow column for enhanced Cr(VI) elimination from water. Surficial analysis and Cr species distribution showed that α-FeOOH of 0.2–1 μm was successfully synthesized and evenly loaded onto AC. Electron transfer from WEF to α-FeOOH was facilitated with AC as electron shuttles, thereby boosting Fe(III) reduction in the α-FeOOH. The generated Fe(II) reduced Cr(VI) and the resultant Cr(III) subsequently precipitated with OH− and Fe(III) to form Cr(OH) 3 and (Cr χ Fe 1-χ)(OH) 3. Therefore, the WEF-FeOOH@AC column exhibited a much lower Cr(VI) migration rate of 0.0018 cm PV−1 in comparison with 0.0037 cm PV−1 of the FeOOH@AC column, equal to 104 % higher Cr(VI) elimination capacity and 90 % longer column service life-span. Additionally, under different Cr(VI) loadings by varying either seepage velocities or influent Cr(VI) concentrations, the WEF-FeOOH@AC column maintained 1.0–1.5 folds higher Cr(VI) elimination and 0.9–1.4 folds longer longevity than those of the FeOOH@AC column owing to the interaction between FeOOH@AC and WEF. Our research demonstrated that WEF-FeOOH@AC was a potential method to promote Cr(VI) elimination from water and offer an effective strategy to facilitate Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycle in iron oxides. [Display omitted] • Weak electric field promoted Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycle on FeOOH@AC by transferring cathodic electrons with AC as shuttles. • WEF-FeOOH@AC could effectively eliminate Cr(VI) by adsorption, reduction, and sequestration. • The WEF-FeOOH@AC column also exhibited excellent resistance to shock Cr(VI) loadings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In aquifers, the sequestration and transformation of organic carbon are closely associated with soil iron oxides and can facilitate the release of iron ions from iron oxide minerals. There is a strong interaction between dissolved organic matter (DOM) and iron oxide minerals in aquifers, but the extent to which iron is activated by DOM exposure to active iron minerals in natural aquifers, the microscopic distribution of minerals on the surface, and the mechanisms involved in DOM molecular transformation are currently unclear. This study investigated the nonbiological reduction transformation and coupled adsorption of iron oxide minerals in aquifers containing DOM from both macro- and micro perspectives. The results of macroscopic dynamics experiments indicate that DOM can mediate soluble iron release during the reduction of iron oxide minerals, that pH strongly affects DOM removal, and that DOM is more efficiently degraded at low rather than high pH values, suggesting that a low pH is conducive to DOM adsorption and oxidation. Spherical aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (SACTS) indicates that the reacted mineral surfaces are covered with large amounts of carbon and that dynamic agglomeration of iron, carbon, and oxygen occurs. At the nanoscale, three forms of DOM are found in the mineral surface agglomerates (on the surfaces, inside the surface agglomerates, and in the polymer pores). The microscopic organic carbon and iron mineral reaction patterns can form through oxidation reactions and selective adsorption effects. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectra indicate that both synergistic and antagonistic reactions occur between DOM and the minerals, that the release of iron is accompanied by DOM decomposition and humification, that large oxygen- and carbon-containing molecules are broken down into smaller oxygen- and carbon-containing compounds and that more molecules are produced through oxidation under acidic rather than alkaline conditions. These molecules provide adsorption sites for sediment, meaning that more iron can be released. Microscopic evidence for the release of iron was acquired. These results improve the understanding of the geochemical processes affecting iron in groundwater, the nonbiological transformation mechanisms that occur at the interfaces between natural iron minerals and organic matter, groundwater pollution control, and the environmental behavior of pollutants. • DOM can mediate the release of soluble Fe from the reduction of soil iron oxide minerals. • Adsorption and oxidation of molecules occur on the mineral surface after DOM action. • Conversion of DOM molecules by minerals through decomposition and condensation, etc. • The release of Fe is accompanied by decomposition and humification of DOM. • Simultaneous synergism and antagonism in the reaction of DOM with minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The adhesion of dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria (DIRB) to iron oxides is an important process to initiate direct extracellular electron transfer. Iron oxides in natural environments are often coated by organic matter or silica (SiO 2) which alters their surface physicochemical properties. To investigate the influence of these surface coatings, we characterized the dynamic adhesion processes of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 to bare hematite, humic acid-coated hematite (hematite-HA), and SiO 2 -coated hematite (hematite-SiO 2) using Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM-D). The molecular-level process and mechanism were investigated using in situ Attenuated Total Reflectance - Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometry. We found that MR-1 formed a rigid bacterial layer on bare hematite. Coating with HA or SiO 2 decreased the surface cell density during the initial adhesion stage, and compromised the stability of the subsequent bacterial attachment. The FTIR combined with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) analysis showed that C-moieties of polysaccharides dominated interactions in initial adhesion on HA and SiO 2 -coated hematite. In the longer term, the HA coating hindered the adsorption of amide, but promoted the binding of polysaccharide C-moieties to hematite. We concluded that, in general, both the HA and SiO 2 coatings reduced the attachment of MR-1 on hematite. These results advance our understanding of the roles of surface coatings on microbe-mineral interactions, which has significant implications for a series of biogeochemical processes in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Access to detailed information on cells loaded with nanoparticles with nanoscale precision is of a long-standing interest in many areas of nanomedicine. In this context, designing a single experiment able to provide statistical mean data from a large number of living unsectioned cells concerning information on the nanoparticle size and aggregation inside cell endosomes and accurate nanoparticle cell up-take is of paramount importance. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is presented here as a tool to achieve such relevant data. Experiments were carried out in cultures of B16F0 murine melanoma and A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines loaded with various iron oxide nanostructures displaying distinctive structural characteristics. Five systems of water-dispersible magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) of different size, polydispersity and morphology were analyzed, namely, nearly monodisperse MNP with 11 and 13 nm mean size coated with meso -2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid, more polydisperse 6 nm colloids coated with citric acid and two nanoflowers (NF) systems of 24 and 27 nm in size resulting from the aggregation of 8 nm MNP. Up-take was determined for each system using B16F0 cells. Here we show that SAXS pattern provides high resolution information on nanoparticles disposition inside endosomes of the cytoplasm through the structure factor analysis, on nanoparticles size and dispersity after their incorporation by the cell and on up-take quantification from the extrapolation of the intensity in absolute scale to null scattering vector. We also report on the cell culture preparation to reach sensitivity for the observation of MNP inside cell endosomes using high brightness SAXS synchrotron source. Our results show that SAXS can become a valuable tool for analyzing MNP in cells and tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Influence Cu on WGS catalysts under ambient (2 bar) and industrial (25 bar) conditions. • Mössbauer spectroscopy used for phase identification. • Cu doping favors ferrihydrite at the expense of hematite in the precursor. • Cu forms a metallic phase at the surface after activation, enhances WGS activity. • Copper does not affect the Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio in magnetite unlike chromium. Copper promotion of chromium-doped iron oxide prepared via co-precipitation for high-temperature water–gas shift (WGS) catalysis is investigated. Low-temperature Mössbauer spectra demonstrate that copper doping delays hematite (α-Fe 2 O 3) formation in the fresh catalyst, favoring the formation of small crystallites of ferrihydrite (Fe 5 HO 8 ∙4 H 2 O). Catalysts are treated under industrial WGS conditions at 360 °C (activity evaluation) and 450 °C (ageing) at 2 and 25 bar. Mössbauer spectra show that chromium is incorporated in octahedral sites of the active magnetite (Fe 3 O 4) phase, resulting in a partially oxidized structure. Copper doping did not affect the bulk magnetite structure of the activated catalyst, which points to the presence of a separate copper phase. Near-ambient pressure XPS shows that copper is in the metallic state. XPS of discharged catalysts evidenced that reaction at elevated pressure resulted in the surface reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+. Copper promotion enhances CO conversion under high-temperature WGS conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Iron oxide nanoparticles have been extensively studied for a wide variety of applications. However, there remains a challenge in developing hierarchical magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as existing synthetic techniques require harsh, toxic chemical conditions and high temperatures or give poorly defined product with weak magnetic properties. In addition, drug loading is limited to post-loading methods such as chemical conjugation or surface adsorption that have poor loading efficiency and are prone to premature drug release. We report a facile biomimetic method for making iron oxide nanoparticle-loaded silica nanocapsules based on a bimodal catalytic peptide surfactant stabilized nanoemulsion template. Iron oxide nanoparticles can be preloaded into the oil phase of the nanoemulsion at tunable concentrations, and the excellent surface activity of the designed bimodal peptide in combination with sufficient electrostatic repulsion promotes the stability of the nanoemulsions. Biosilicification induced by the catalytic peptide module leads to the formation of silica shell nanocapsules containing a magnetic oil core. The bioinspired silica nanocapsules encapsulating iron oxide nanoparticles demonstrate the next-generation of magnetic nanostructures for drug delivery applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Luminescent magnetic nanocomposites are of interest because of their promising applications in the biomedical field. This article reports the preparation of silica-coated lanthanide terephthalate complexes, Ln-TA (Ln = Tb and Eu) containing luminescent magnetic nanocomposites. Cubic-shaped iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized through the thermal decomposition of the iron-oleate complex. Then, polymerization of tetraethyl ortho silicate in a water-in-oil reverse microemulsion in the presence of previously prepared iron oxide nanocubes and a terbium (Tb3+)/europium (Eu3+)-terephthalate (TA) complex was performed to obtain luminescent magnetic Fe 3 O 4 @Ln-TA (Ln = Tb, Eu)/SiO 2 nanocomposites. The size (8.9 nm) and cubic shape of magnetic core were determined via transmission electron microscopy and the superparamagnetic behavior using a vibrating sample magnetometer. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy found that the luminescent Tb-TA and Eu-TA complexes were incorporated in the magnetic silica nanocomposites. The nanocomposites, Fe 3 O 4 @Ln-TA/SiO 2 , exhibited distinct luminescent green and red emission peaks and showed promise as a T 1 contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging. [Display omitted] • Tb/Eu Terephthalate complex and cubic shaped Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles were incorporated together in a uniform silica matrix by water-in-oil (w/o) reverse microemulsion. • The well-defined core-shell nanocomposite synthesis was influenced by the number of solid particles in microemulsion and TEOS amount. • The nanocomposites Fe 3 O 4 @Ln-TA/SiO 2 exhibited distinct green and red emission peaks. • The luminescence property of the nanocomposites was influenced by the nature of the suspending media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tofacitinib (TOF) is gaining recognition as a potent therapeutic agent for a variety of autoimmune disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. Ensuring precise drug concentration control during treatment necessitates a rapid and sensitive detection method. This study introduces a novel electrochemical sensor employing a composite of nanodiamond (ND), copper aluminate spinel oxide (CuAl 2 O 4), and iron (II, III) oxide (Fe 3 O 4) as modified materials for efficient TOF detection. Extensive analyses using physicochemical and electrochemical techniques were carried out to characterize the morphological, structural, and electrochemical properties of the ND@CuAl 2 O 4 @Fe 3 O 4 composite. Thereafter, various voltammetric methods were utilized to evaluate the electrochemical behavior of the ND@CuAl 2 O 4 @Fe 3 O 4 -modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) concerning TOF determination. The fabricated electrode showcased superior performance in electrochemical TOF detection in a buffered solution (pH = 5), achieving a remarkably low detection limit of 7.8 nM and a linear response from 0.05 μM to 13.21 μM. Furthermore, applying the modified electrode as an electrochemical sensor exhibited exceptional selectivity, stability, and practicality in determining TOF in pharmaceutical and biological samples. Alongside the sensor development, this study conducted a thorough investigation using Density Functional Theory (DFT) for the geometry optimization of TOF and the TOF-ND complex. Consequently performed molecular docking studies using Janus Kinase 1 (JAK1) (PDB ID: 3EYG) and JAK3 (PDB ID: 3LXK) indicated higher interaction of the TOF-ND conjugate with the JAKs, reflected by binding energies of −12.9 kcal/mol and −11.7 kcal/mol for JAK1 and JAK3 respectively, compared to −7.0 kcal/mol and −6.9 kcal/mol for TOF alone. These findings illustrate the potential of the ND-based ND@CuAl2O4@Fe3O4 composite as a proficient sensing material for TOF detection and the merits of DFT in providing a detailed understanding of the interactions at play. This pioneering research holds promise for real-time TOF monitoring, which will advance personalized treatment strategies and improve therapeutic outcomes for patients with autoimmune disorders. • Developed novel sensor using ND@CuAl 2 O 4 @Fe 3 O 4 for Tofacitinib detection. • ND@CuAl 2 O 4 @Fe 3 O 4 electrode showcases superior electrochemical metrics. • Sensor proven effective in real-world pharmaceutical/biological samples. • Utilized DFT and molecular docking for TOF interaction mapping. • TOF-ND conjugate shows enhanced affinity towards JAK1 and JAK3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to geogenic (earth-derived) particulate matter (PM) is linked to an increased prevalence of bronchiectasis and other respiratory infections in Australian Indigenous communities. Experimental studies have shown that the concentration of iron in geogenic PM is associated with the magnitude of respiratory health effects, however, the mechanism is unclear. We investigated the effect of geogenic PM and iron oxide on the invasiveness of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). Peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages or epithelial cell lines (A549 & BEAS-2B) were exposed to whole geogenic PM, their primary constituents (haematite, magnetite or silica) or diesel exhaust particles (DEP). The uptake of bacteria was quantified by flow cytometry and whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on NTHi strains. Geogenic PM increased the invasiveness of NTHi in bronchial epithelial cells. Of the primary constituents, haematite also increased NTHi invasion with magnetite and silica having significantly less impact. Furthermore, we observed varying levels of invasiveness amongst NTHi isolates. WGS analysis suggested isolates with more genes associated with heme acquisition were more virulent in BEAS-2B cells. The present study suggests that geogenic particles can increase the susceptibility of bronchial epithelial cells to select bacterial pathogens in vitro , a response primarily driven by haematite content in the dust. This demonstrates a potential mechanism linking exposure to iron-laden geogenic PM and high rates of chronic respiratory infections in remote communities in arid environments. • Geogenic particles are linked to severe respiratory infections in Indigenous Australian communities, but the mechanism is unknown. • Particles containing haematite increased susceptibility of the airway epithelium to invasion by non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae. • Whole genome sequencing identified genes related to heme acquisition that were associated with this response. • This has implications for communities exposed to high levels of iron-laden particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methylene Blue (MB) is a cationic dye causing various health problems such as asthma, heartbeat, eye and skin irritation, nausea, and distress during prolonged exposure. In this regard, the green magnetite nanoparticle was synthesized using the extract of Prosopis farcta. The synthesized Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticle was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transforms Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The corresponding parameters, including the primary concentration of MB (5–65 mg/L), the dose of synthesized nanoparticle (0.025–0.925 g/L), solution pH (3–11), and contact time (20–60 min), were considered. Also, central composite design (CCD), as one of the response surface methodologies (RSM), was used for the related modelling and optimization. The particle size of the adsorbent was between 5 and 70 nm, and the nanoparticle has 206.75 m2/g of a specific surface, 6.1 nm of average pore size, and 0.3188 cm3/g of the total pore volume. The optimal conditions for MB removal by the nanoparticle were found to follow an initial MB concentration of 20 mg/L, 0.7 g/L of the nanoparticle dose, pH = 9, and a contact time of 50 min. The pseudo-second-order (PSO) and Freundlich models were the best kinetic and isothermal models for MB removal by the synthesized nanoparticle. Molecular modelling was used to optimize the MB molecular configuration and compute HOMO-LUMO energies, quantum-chemical descriptors, and molecular electrostatic potential to evaluate the nature reactivity of the MB molecule. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainable management of toner waste (T–raw) was performed via carbonization at 500 °C (T-500) and 600 °C (T–600) to produce iron oxide-nanographene nanohybrid (FeO-NG) for activating persulfate (PS) to efficiently degrade dyes (methylene blue, MB), antibiotics (sulfamethazine, SMZ), and pesticides (diazinon, DZN). Morphology, crystallinity, chemical structure, chemical composition, surface area, and pore size distribution of the synthesized materials were investigated using various analyses. High degradation ratios of MB were attained over a wide pH range (2–7), and the optimum operating conditions were determined. The FeO-NG/PS system was tested in different water matrices. MB degradation efficiency dropped from 80.13% to 78.56% after five succeeding experiments, proving the high stability of T–500. Trapping experiments proved the major role of sulfate radicals and the minor contribution of singlet oxygen. The toxicity evaluation of the treated and untreated MB solutions was conducted via measuring the cell viability, showing an increase in cell viability ratio after the degradation of MB. The degradation efficiencies of DZN and SMZ were 97.54% and 83.7%, respectively and the mineralization ratios were 74.08% and 60.37% at initial concentrations of sulfamethazine and diazinon of 50 and 100 mg/L, respectively. The high degradation efficiency of emerging micropollutants as well as the inexpensiveness, and facile synthesis of the catalyst boost the prospect of applying the proposed system on an industrial scale. [Display omitted] • 500 °C carbonization of toner waste yielded a porous and high surface FeO-NG. • FeO-NG can effectively activate persulfate to generate reactive oxygen species. • High degradation and mineralization of target pollutants were achieved. • Sulfate radicals were the dominant reactive species. • The toxicity of methylene blue decreased after the treatment by FeO-NG/PS system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Wealth from Waste' is an emerging concept, since it leads an effective waste treatment and waste recyclability. On the other hand, cost effective production iron oxide (IO) nanomaterials is still needed to develop, owing to their wide applications. Herein, we proposed a simple direct calcination method to prepare porous IO (Fe 3 O 4 and Fe 2 O 3) nanomaterials from waste toner powder. Characterization techniques reveal that a structural change happened from Fe 3 O 4 to γ-Fe 2 O 3 and γ-Fe 2 O 3 to α-Fe 2 O 3 at the calcination temperature of 500 °C and 700 °C respectively. Consequently, optical (band gap) and magnetic parameters of IO samples were significantly varied. The pigment characteristics of the IO samples were evaluated using Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) analysis. IO900 sample has shown good brown-red coloration (L* = 43.11, a* = 13.26 and b* = 5.69) and it also exhibited good stability in acidic and basic conditions. Practical applicability of IO pigments were also tested by mixing with plaster of paris (PP) powder. Further, porous IO samples were also used as catalysts in the reductive degradation of methyl orange (MO) dye in presence of excess sodium borohydride (NaBH 4). IO, prepared at 900 °C exhibited ∼99.9% reduction efficiency within 40 min. Recycling experiments indicated that IO900 possess good stability up to seven cycles. The present porous IO samples will become potential in pigment and environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conventional synthesis methods of magnetite nanoparticles by hydrothermal required high temperature and aging process, which results in an unstable magnetite phase. In this work, the focus is on producing magnetite nanoparticles by simple and sustainable titration methods with the variable in parameters on the precipitate growth rate and structure of iron oxide nanoparticles utilizing a single sulphate precursor. Iron salt precursor hydrolysis was faster at temperatures of 30 ​°C and 45 ​°C; hence the number of hydroxyl ions (OH−) needed to reach the equivalence point for the precipitate to form is lower, creating the highest percentage of magnetite nanoparticles. However, at 45 ​°C, larger magnetite nanoparticles were obtained hence higher magnetization through lower coercivity. Precipitating agent rate of addition increase leads to reaction sequence delay, favoring goethite nanoparticle formation and lower magnetization. The novel understanding of precipitation parameter synergistic effect has resulted in promising ferromagnetic and stabilization properties of magnetite nanoparticle synthesis. [Display omitted] • Precipitating parameters effect on the particle size and magnetism of Fe 3 O 4. • High rate of precipitating agents reduces the particle size and magnetism of Fe 3 O 4. • Synthesis at 45 ​°C and 5 ​ml/min gives the highest saturation magnetization hence with the smallest particle size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raspberry stalks-derived biochar (BC), magnetic biochar-iron oxide composite (BC–Fe) and its derivative modified with urea (BC–Fe–U) were synthesized, characterized and tested as(V) and Cr(VI) ion sorbents. The surface area of BC, BC-Fe and BC-Fe-U was 259, 163 and 117 m2 g−1, respectively. The structure of BC was dominated by micropores, while in BC-Fe and BC-Fe-U mesopores predominated. Based on the XRD results, it was found that the magnetic properties of the biochar-iron oxide composites are due to the presence of ferrimagnetic magnetite (Fe 3 O 4) and maghemite (Fe 2 O 3). The optimal pH of As(V) and Cr(VI) adsorption onto the studied sorbents is in the range of 2.3–5.7. Pristine biochar (BC) does not adsorb As(V) ions; however, it enables rapid adsorption of Cr(VI) with the static adsorption capacity of 19.2 mg g−1. The maximum static adsorption capacities of As(V) and Cr(VI) ions onto BC-Fe and BC-Fe-U are within the range of 13.5–16.3 mg g−1. For most adsorption systems tested, adsorption equilibrium is reached within 4 h, though even a few minutes is enough to reach half of the adsorption static value. Phosphates over 0.005 mol L−1 hinder adsorption of As(V) and Cr(VI) ions. Application of at least 5 mol L−1 nitric acid allows about 95% of Cr(VI) and As(V) to be desorbed from adsorbate-loaded BC-Fe material. For other materials, the desorption efficiencies are significantly lower. BC-Fe and BC-Fe-U materials were successfully used for simultaneous Cr(VI) and As(V) removal from river water. [Display omitted] • Raspberry stalks were converted to biochar, and modified with iron oxides and urea. • As(V) adsorption onto pristine biochar was negligible. • Iron oxides/urea modified raspberry-derived biochar adsorbed As(V) and Cr(VI) ions. • The sorption of Cr(VI) and As(V) was highly sensitive to the changes of pH value. • As(V) and Cr(VI) were efficiently removed from river water by adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design and development of inexpensive, portable, and eco-friendly electrochemical non-enzymatic sensors with high selectivity and sensitivity is pivotal in analytical chemistry. In this regard, we have developed a highly porous graphitic-activated carbon (GAC, derived from tamarind fruit shell biomass) coated iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3) nanocomposite (Fe 2 O 3 /GAC) for the efficient detection of rutin (vitamin p). Fe 2 O 3 /GAC nanocomposite was prepared using a facile green synthesis method and thoroughly characterized using SEM, XRD, and XPS techniques. As-prepared Fe 2 O 3 /GAC nanocomposite was deposited over a screen printed electrode (SPE) to fabricate Fe 2 O 3 /GAC/SPE and utilized as a non-enzymatic sensor for the electrochemical determination of rutin in food and environmental samples. The modified electrode was characterized using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques, which witnessed the excellent conductivity of the developed sensor. The fabricated Fe 2 O 3 /GAC/SPE nanocomposite exhibited a set of redox peaks in the presence of rutin, corresponding to the electrochemical redox feature of rutin (rutin to 3′,4′-diquinone). Further, the modified electrode displayed excellent electrocatalytic characteristics towards the oxidation of rutin, based on which a differential pulse voltammetry-based sensor was developed for rutin determination. The developed non-enzymatic sensor has shown prominent performance towards rutin detection in a wide linear range from 0.1 to 130 μM with an excellent detection limit of 0.027 μM. The enhanced electrocatalytic response could be ascribed to the synergistic effect of Fe 2 O 3 and GAC on the developed probe. Moreover, the developed sensor was successfully utilized for real-time detection of rutin in various samples. • Biomass-derived porous graphitic carbon-coated Fe 2 O 3 nanocomposite was synthesized. • Constructed a disposable electrochemical sensor by depositing Fe 2 O 3 /GAC on SPE. • Fe 2 O 3 /GAC/SPE efficaciously employed for the electrocatalytic oxidation of rutin. • Fe 2 O 3 /GAC/SPE exhibits good selectivity with excellent stability and sensitivity. • Successfully employed for real-time detection of Rutin (Vitamin-P) in aqueous samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excess tetracycline produced by livestock and poultry breeding industry not only pollute the environment, but also enter the human body with the spread of the food chain, which will produce drug-resistant genes and threaten human health. In this paper, the adsoption of tetracycline from wastewater using iron oxide under microwave oxidation condition was explored. The effect of initial pollutant concentrations, the dosage of iron oxide, pH value, and temperature on the hybrid treatment process was investigated. Under the normal iron oxide and microwave oxidation conditions, when the dosage of iron oxide was 40 g/L and 30 g/L, pH was 10 and the temperature was 318 K, the removal rate of tetracycline was significantly improved. The adsorption of tetracycline by iron oxide under the two conditions conformed to the Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second-order dynamics model. In addition, the associated adsorption mechanism was unveiled. Under the microwave oxidation condition, the hot spot effect generated by the microwave oxidation effect would rapidly increase its surface temperature to form the active center and the electrostatic gravity to promote the reaction. The results indicated that microwave oxidation could promote the removal of antibiotics by iron oxide in livestock and poultry breeding wastewater. • Rising the amount of iron oxide, pH, solution temperature can boost the removal rate. • The tetracycline adsorption by iron oxide conforms to the Freundlich isotherm model. • The tetracycline adsorption by iron oxide suits pseudo-second-order dynamics model. • Microwave oxidation could promote the removal of antibiotics by iron oxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agricultural practice of replacing chemical fertilizers with organic amendments (manure and/or straw) may have consequences for phosphorus (P) loss to the environment. Such a knowledge gap was examined using a ten-year field trial in calcareous soil containing four treatments with the equal annual P input but varied organic amendment combinations as follows: mineral fertilizer only as control (MF), mineral fertilizer coupled with manure (MM), mineral fertilizer coupled with manure and straw (MMS) and mineral fertilizer coupled with straw (MS). The soil P distribution, P fractions and speciation, Fe(III) reduction and P sorption kinetics were investigated using the chemical extraction, K edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure and Langmuir equations. The electronic shuttle capacity of soils and speciation of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) were also evaluated using electrochemical methods, three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectra methods. Results showed that soil Olsen-P and total P increased at depths of 20–40 cm in MM, MMS and MS treatments, suggesting that manure and/or straw addition significantly mobilized P in the soil profile. Manure and/or straw addition also decreased soil maximum P sorption capacity (S max) and increased the desorption rate at depths of 0–20 cm in soil across treatments. At a depth of 0–20 cm in soil of the MS treatment, the enhanced Fe(Ⅲ) reduction coupled with a decrease of Fe-bound P supports that Fe reduction dominates the mobilization of P. The transformation of Ca bound-P to Al/Fe bound-P in a depth of 0–20 cm in soil of the MM treatment may be due to the high proportion of humic-like substances in the DOM at a depth of 0–20 cm in soil of the MM treatment, which may have caused a slight/microsite acidification. These results can help to develop optimized fertilization practices to effectively mitigate P loss from calcareous soils with manure and/or straw addition. • Organic amendments coupled with mineral fertilizers were applied for 10 years. • Organic amendments addition enhances P mobilization in soil profile. • Organic amendments addition decreased soil P adsorption capacity. • Fe (Ⅲ) reduction mainly contributed to the P mobilization after straw addition. • Organic acid accumulation may contribute to the P mobilization after manure addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a promising technology for producing char material (hydrochar) from waste biomass. In the present work, a two-stage process was applied and optimized to obtain a composite Fe-loaded hydrochar effective in removing arsenic from water. The first stage of carbonization of the biomass in acid conditions was followed by loading Fe 3 O 4 in the second stage into the hydrochar by alkaline co-precipitation. The effect on the kinetics and on the final yield of HTC induced by a variation of the initial acid pH (5.6, 2.0, and 0.5) was tested. Biomass hydrolysis initially decreased the hydrochar yield and released soluble organic species, responsible for the observed pH variation. This effect was more remarkable at the lower initial pH tested. Soluble organic compounds eventually underwent polymerization, with secondary char formation, an inversion of the pH trend and an increase of hydrochar yield and C%. The final pH attained was linearly related to the hydrochar C%, O/C ratio, and initial pH. Better carbonization performances were achieved at pH = 0.5, 200 °C, and 30 min reaction time, which resulted in 53% mass yield and 72 C%. This value is larger than those previously reported for processes conducted at higher temperatures, and it shows how the addition of acid allows working at lower operative temperatures. Fe loading gave better yields at lower hydrochar concentrations, producing an adsorbent with up to 74% Fe 3 O 4 , which adsorbed 2.67 mg/g arsenic. Its adsorption capacity was remarkably affected by the stirring method used, indicating that particle-to-particle interactions considerably influence the process. This effect should be better studied for improved applications in fixed-bed columns. [Display omitted] • Initial pH after biomass suspension is linearly related to final pH, C% and O/C. • Initial pH affects the kinetic behavior during hydrothermal carbonization. • Initial acid pH = 0.5 allows to attain hydrochar with 72% C after 30 min at 200 °C. • Fe precipitation yield is reduced at higher hydrochar concentration. • Fe 3 O 4 -hydrochar with 74% Fe 3 O 4 adsorbed up to 2.67 mg/g arsenic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript seeks to facilitate meta-analysis of cross-disciplinary ochre studies by advocating for a common vocabulary and clarifying the definition of "ochre" as used by archaeological scientists across cultural and geographic specialties. This work reviews the current state of ochre archaeometry, spanning the beginning of its major period of growth in the late 20th century through the present. Here, the focus is on the main areas of ochre archaeometry as represented in the published literature, with characteristic example studies and best practices for each. These areas include methodological approaches to characterization and provenience, instrumental data interpretation and its relation to experimental design and sampling, experimental archaeology, and chronometry. A key focus of this manuscript is highlighting emerging areas of research, such as biological processes and phenomena, and extant but understudied applications in the field including isotopic systems, genomic analysis, and experimental archaeology of ochre. [Display omitted] • The term "ochre sensu lato " is defined for worldwide archaeological studies. • Recent key advances, approaches, and methods in ochre analysis are discussed. • Best practices are identified for experimental design, instrumental analysis, and statistical data interpretation. • Future directions for the field and areas warranting method development are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lowering the reduction temperature of iron oxide is of great significance in applied engineering, but challenging to achieve in a hydrogen tube furnace as the partial pressure of hydrogen is limited to 1 ​atm. In this study CaH 2 was used as a drying agent to control the partial pressure of water vapor to lower the reduction potential of iron oxide. By comparing the extent of formation of the reduction product α -Fe in Fe 3 O 4 reduced under hydrogen with and without CaH 2 at various temperatures, the presence of CaH 2 was shown to lower the temperature required for complete reduction from 400 ​°C to 300 ​°C accompanied by an increase in the H 2 /H 2 O ratio of the outlet gas. Thermodynamic calculations indicated that the addition of CaH 2 increases the reduction potential, causing a higher production ratio of α -Fe. These findings indicate that CaH 2 promotes reduction by efficiently absorbing the water vapor generated during reduction. [Display omitted] • Hydrogen reduction of magnetite was conducted using CaH 2 drying agent. • CaH 2 lowered partial pressure of water vapor. • Reduction temperature was lowered by using CaH 2. • CaH 2 promotes reduction in temperature by absorbing water vapor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We developed and validated Carboxymethyl-dextran coated iron oxide nanoparticles (CION). • We disseminated a step-by-step protocol of our one-pot, cost-efficient synthesis protocol. • We performed several experiments in vivo , demonstrating the use of CION for functional and structural MRI applications. Superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles are robust contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used for sensitive structural and functional mapping of the cerebral blood volume (CBV) when administered intravenously. To date, many CBV-MRI studies are conducted with Feraheme, manufactured for the clinical treatment of iron-deficiency. Unfortunately, Feraheme is currently not available outside the United States due to commercial and regulatory constraints, making CBV-MRI methods either inaccessible or very costly to achieve. To address this barrier, we developed a simple, one-pot recipe to synthesize Carboxymethyl-dextran coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles, namely, "CION", suitable for preclinical CBV-MRI applications. Here we disseminate a step-by-step instruction of our one-pot synthesis protocol, which allows CION to be produced in laboratories with minimal cost. We also characterized different CION-conjugations by manipulating polymer to metal stoichiometric ratio in terms of their size, surface chemistry, and chemical composition, and shifts in MR relaxivity and pharmacokinetics. We performed several proof-of-concept experiments in vivo , demonstrating the utility of CION for functional and structural MRI applications, including hypercapnic CO 2 challenge, visual stimulation, targeted optogenetic stimulation, and microangiography. We also present evidence that CION can serve as a cross-modality research platform by showing concurrent in vivo optical and MRI measurement of CBV using fluorescent-labeled CION. The simplicity and cost-effectiveness of our one-pot synthesis method should allow researchers to reproduce CION and tailor the relaxivity and pharmacokinetics according to their imaging needs. It is our hope that this work makes CBV-MRI more openly available and affordable for a variety of research applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]