Search

論文, The aim of this paper is to reconsider the usage of quasi-imperative in Russian, which has hardly ever been discussed in Japan, and to give an explanation that is easy to understand for native Japanese speakers. The quasi-imperative construction is characteristic of colloquial Russian, appears frequently in literary works, and is sometimes tested in "TORFL". It is, therefore, necessary for learners to become familiar with it, but it is rarely covered in Russian language teaching in Japan. In addition, previous research by Russian linguists has not been unified in its views, and the explanations are often confusing and difficult for non-native speakers to understand. This paper classifies quasi-imperative uses into six categories based on their semantic features: "optative", "conditional", "concessive", "deontic / epistemic", "possible / permissive", and "narrative". To make it easier for native speakers of Japanese to understand each usage, we give a brief explanation of its meaning in relation to the proper directive use or other uses, as well as mentioning similar usage in Japanese. This classification and explanation should make it easier for learners of Russian to understand almost all of the various uses of Russian quasi-imperative construction.

書評, This paper reviews the book Apokalypser. Undergange i litteratur og medier (Apocalypse. Going under in Literature and Media) written by Sune Weile and Mia Bang Nedergaard. The book was published by Dansklærerforeningens Forlag (publishing house of the Danish Teacher Association) in 2021. It examines how imaginations of the apocalypse have been treated in literature and media, primarily in Danish fiction. Among other things, it is highly appreciated how the book sheds light on the apocalypse in a wide range of texts. However, it is claimed that a clearer focus on how students are to analyze Danish fiction would have made the book more valuable. Finally, the paper questions the book’s emphasis on fiction rather than non-fiction.

【学術論文】, This paper focuses on the activities of the Kabir Project, which is building a web-based archive that includes poems by the 15th century poet Kabir, video recordings of musicians' performances, and a variety of interviews. The Kabir project started in 2003 as an art project of Shabnam Virmani, who has documented the performances of the musicians who sing Kabir's poems and produced documentary films and CD books on the subject. The project launched a website, Ajab Shahar, in 2020, where video, audio, and text data of recorded songs and interviews are available in a searchable format. This paper discusses how Ajab Shahar critiques contemporary society and the idea of the archive.

応用言語学における理論と実践 : 研究と教育を通して, Many face-to-face classes were moved online during the Covid-19 pandemic. In second language teaching, many teachers also had to make rapid transition from physically teaching at the classroom to teaching remotely online. It raised some concerns as most teachers made this transition without adequate preparation, knowledge, and training about how to teach online. Second language teachers’ability to teach online therefore becomes an important topic for all stakeholders including language teachers, researchers, curriculum developers, and administrators. This paper examines and conceptualizes second language teacher self-efficacy to teach online. Four latent constructs of online teaching self-efficacy were proposed after reviewing literature: pedagogy, technology, communicative language teaching and, self-management. This paper concludes with some remarks for online teaching and implications for future research in online self-efficacy for second language teachers.

テキストマイニングとデジタルヒューマニティーズ 2021, 本稿は，Latent Dirichlet Allocation(LDA) トピックモデリングが詩の韻律の分析にも応用できるかどうかを検証することを目的としている。LDAはテキストに隠された意味構造を検出する文体分析手法であり，現在では主に散文テキスト分析へ応用する研究が多い。LDAを用いた詩に関する研究は比較的少ない中で，Navarro-Colorado(2018)は，スペイン語で書かれた詩においてもLDAで韻を検出できる可能性を示唆した。しかし，英語では，綴り字と発音・音は必ずしも一致せず，また音節や音素の単位で押韻される例も数多く見受けられる。そのため，綴り字のままの英文テキストにLDAを適用することは，テキスト中の韻を検出するための最適な方法とはいえないと考えた。本研究では，英語の綴り字と音の不一致を考慮し，国際音声記号(IPA)で書かれたテキストと，IPAで書かれた語を母音と子音に分割したテキストの2種類のテキストを分析することにより，IPAテキストへのLDA適用の可能性，及びIPAテキストや音単位のテキストを分析する際の問題点を提示する。, This paper aims to investigate whether Latent Dirichlet Allocation(LDA) topic modelling can also detect the rhymes in poetry. LDA is a stylometric method that detects hidden semantic structures in texts and is now used primarily to examine prose texts. Among a relatively small number of studies on poems using LDA, Navarro-Colorado(2018) suggested that LDA can also detect rhymes in Spanish-written poetry corpus. However, speaking of the Einglish language, the spellings and the pronounciations/sounds do not always work correspond. Additionally, numerous rhymes can be found structured by the units of syllables or phonemes. Thus, applying LDA on raw English texts may not be the optimised method for detectig rhymes in texts. Considering the dissidence between spelling and sound of Einglish, this study analyses two texts-types, written in International Phonetic Alphabets(IPA) and a text of which all words in IPA are devided into vowels and consonants. Through the analysis and discussion of the emerging resurlts of LDA, this paper provides the possibility of employing LDA on IPA texts as well as issue of analysing IPA and more small-unit texts.

論文, The purpose of this paper is to clarify how the contact between Portuguese colonists and indigenous peoples during the colonial period in Brazil is reflected in the formation of the modern Brazilian language and culture. In order to achieve a multilayered understanding, we will approach this issue from the fields of linguistics, history and literature. Specifically, we will review the historical processes that led to this contact, understand how the contact between Portuguese and indigenous people has been portrayed in Brazilian literature, and also examine the influence of indigenous languages on the current Brazilian Portuguese language. Through this work, we will highlight the diversity of society, culture, and language in Brazil, a multi-racial and multi-ethnic country.

研究ノート, This paper discusses the whys, whats, and hows of teaching English–Japanese dictionary use in remedial English courses at university. After a brief introduction, I describe the context of this study. This study is based on my experience of teaching dictionary use in remedial classes. Next, I explain why I call for dictionary usage to be taught in some universities. It may be assumed that as long as learners know the alphabetical order and read Japanese, they can readily use English– Japanese dictionaries, even if they do not have a habit of using them, which is very often not the case when they are not familiar with the microstructure of dictionaries, in other words, how information is encoded and presented in an entry. Without microstructure knowledge and skills, users are often misled by dictionaries. This fact is illustrated by the results of my dictionary usage test, in which students answered mostly multiple-choice questions, first without dictionaries, and then with dictionaries. With dictionaries, the scores of students in remedial courses increased from 28% to 37%. Among cases in which they changed their answers with dictionaries, they switched from wrong answers to correct answers in only about 30 to 40% of the cases. Most surprising are the results of four questions that ask for a contextually appropriate meaning of a verb. The answers to all the four questions are not the meaning that is typically listed first in a dictionary entry, and such meanings are among distractors. The percentage of correct answers dropped from 23% without dictionaries to 13% with dictionaries. Furthermore, only 40% of the students who had chosen the right answer without dictionaries preserved their correct choice, and roughly the same number of them converted to first-listed distractors. As a result, the percentage of the first-listed distractors increased from 43% to 57%. Lastly, in only 4% of cases did students convert to correct answers. This teaches us that learners need to know how to use dictionaries to avoid being misled. Finally, I propose, in the case of dictionary teaching in remedial courses at university, to focus on how to disambiguate unclear words based on lexico-grammatical information in dictionaries. To that end, dictionary users need to recognize numerous correspondences within a dictionary, and between a dictionary and a text they are reading. I exemplify the disambiguation process, showing how adept users employ lexico-grammatical information to disambiguate an ambiguous word in a sentence.

論文, In this research paper main focus of the researcher is to show a new type of Hindi style called Hinglish. This new style of Hindi language is emerging as a result of social linguistic process Code Switching system. Code Switching is not new in Hindi. Because of it’s nature Hindi register has different kind of language sources or vocabulary or words and different kind of styles as well. From the beginning Hindi writers used two, three or more types of vocabulary for writing literature. 14th Century writer Amir Khusro used Persian, Braj and Khadiboli languages in his poetry and other prose writings. Hindi never was a unified language. Its nature from the beginning is diversified language. From last three decades not only Hindi but all Indian society is changing due to globalization process. Hindi language is also no exception. Hindi speakers using Hindi language with Code Switching or mixing English words or phrases in Hindi. English words are being used for two hundred years. But now not only number of words but ten to fifty percent words are coming from English language. This situation is often seen in cosmopolitan cities like Delhi and Mumbai. In Hindi movies, songs, advertisements and some newspapers people are using Hinglish as a new style of Hindi. So many English words are coming into Hindi apart from this some people are using Roman script for writing Hindi or Hinglish. Some writers are also discussing to change Hindi’s Devanagari script to Roman script.

研究ノート, This paper examines the structure and content of the history textbook, Tārīkh-e Hind (1913), written in Urdu by Muḥammad Iqbāl and Lālah Rām Prashād. Under the regulation of the colonial provincial government's textbook committee and the epistemological framework of colonial knowledge, the authors sought their own discursive strategies. Simply read, the historical narratives they wrote were reminiscent of the standard narratives of colonial bureaucratic intellectuals. Iqbal and Prashad divided India’s past into three main periods: the ancient Hindu period, the medieval Muslim period, and the modern British period. This framework of writing Indian history, dividing it into three periods, had been used by British historians such as James Mill and H.H. Wilson. Also, the geographical framework of the authors’ historical narrative was clearly based on the British Indian territory. As such, the historical narrative of Tārīkh-e Hind appears to be a derivative of colonial discourse. However, one can identify the authors’ own strategies in the narrative details, that is, a strong emphasis on the distinction between Hindu and Muslim pasts. Not only the ancient Hindu past, but also the Maratha past was written as an independent chapter. The glorious story of the Marathas, in which Shivaji played a central role, was told in Iqbal’s voice, not Tilak’s. In addition, Sanskrit and Muslim cultures were portrayed in stark contrast, emphasizing the latter's connection to traditions of the Arab and Persian world, outside the Indian subcontinent. Thus, while taking a pro-British stance, the text juxtaposed the Hindu and Muslim pasts. In doing so, it prepared a narrative of a de-territorialized Islamic community, and the story of Shivaji's Hindu kingdom was useful in portraying the past of the other.

テキストマイニングとデジタルヒューマニティーズ 2021, 本稿では, 歴代米国大統領による一般教書演説 (State of the Union Address)を対象として, そこで用いられている分離不定詞の特徴を分析する。具体的には歴代大統領による演説データを集積して約230 年分のコーパスを構築し, テクストデータにアノテーションを施して当該構造を抽出し, 使用の実態を量的・質的観点から探ってゆく。分析においては,検索して得られた用例の通時的頻度推移を観察したうえで, 比較的高頻度であった1960年代から2020 年までに焦点を当て, その期間に使用された分離不定詞の用法について複数の観点から検討する。本試論は, 一般教書演説を対象とした量的推移調査を基礎とした用例の文体論的分析を通して, 特徴的な分離不定詞の用法の一端を炙り出すことが目的である。, This paper describes and analyzes some of the features of split infinitive appearing in the State of the Union Address (SOTU). The investigation aims to shed light on some of the typical usages of split infinitive in political contexts. We construct a corpus by accumulating the data of speeches about 230 years from the end of the 18th century to the present, and annotate the text to extract the constructions’ examples. In the discussion, we combine quantitative and qualitative perspectives. Specifically, we observe the transition in the frequency of split infinitive examples and focus on the period from the 1960s to 2020, when a relatively large number of contexts are available, to explore the characteristics of usage from the extracted examples. As a result of the analysis, we get several clues to uncover a part of the usage of the split infinitive structure, which is characteristic of the State of the Union Address.

【学術論文】, The Shuo-wen jie-zi xi-zhuan （i.e. Xiao-Xu-ben）, written by Xu Kai in the Southern Tang era, consists of two portions. The first 30 volumes contain his annotations upon the Shuo-wen jie-zi which is the oldest existing dictionary, and are named “Tong-shi pian”. In the latter 10 volumes, Xu Kai's original argument is developed. This paper examines the features of Xu Kai's revision and annotations, focusing on compound ideographs and phono-semantic compounds which is included in the first portion, and comparing them with the Shuo-wen jie-zi revised by Xu Xuan.

教材研究, Makala hii fupi ni sehemu ya mfululizo wa makala juu ya Utamaduni wa Kiswahili na Utamaduni wa Kiafrika kwa ujumla. Awamu hii tumekusudia kutolea ufafanuzi Misingi ya Lugha ya Kiswahili. Kama tujuavyo taaluma ya lugha ni uwanja mpana sana. Tukiangalia kwa mtazamo wa kimatumizi, lugha ni nyenzo muhimu ya mawasiliano, na katika mtazamo mpana zaidi lugha ni sehemu muhimu ya utamaduni wa watu. Lugha hutumika kuwatambulisha au kuwatofautisha watu kulingana na jamii wanamotokea. Kama ukiuliza Mswahili ni nani kwa mfano, jibu mojawapo ni, "mtu anayesema Kiswahili kama lugha yake ya kwanza". Lakini Kiswahili chenyewe ni nini? au Misingi ya lugha hii ni ipi? Makala hii fupi inakusudia basi kutolea ufafanuzi maarifa ya msingi juu ya lugha hiyo japo kwa muhtasari. Maudhui tajwa yanatarajiwa kuwanufaisha wakufunzi na wajifunzaji wa Kiswahili kama lugha ya kigeni katika kutajirisha maarifa yao na kuziba mwanya wa rejea zinazowalenga kundi hili juu ya lugha ya Kiswahili na utamaduni wa Kiafrika kwa ujumla wake. Makala hii pia ni sehemu nzuri ya kuanzia, ya kumpa mwanga mtu yeyote mwenye kiu au shauku ya kujua kuhusu lugha hii adhimu ya Kiafrika; Historia yake, asili yake, dhima zake kutoka zamani na sasa na hata kuzamia katika elimu ya nyanja zake za kitaaluma., This brief article is a continuation of series of articles on Swahili Culture and African Culture at large. This time we aim at giving brief description on the Foundation of the Swahili Language. As we know Language as an academic field is a very broad one. From a functional perspective Language is a basic communication tool and at large a very core aspect of people's culture. Language is essentially one of the key aspects in identifying or differentianting people of a given society. For example if we pose a question who is a "Swahili" person, we will hear a response like "A Swahili is a person whose mother tongue is Kiswahili". But what is this language really? or what are the Foundation of this Language? This article therefore is an attempt to provide a basic knowledge on the language in a nutshell. Such content is aimed to enrich the knowledge on Swahili Language for both instructors and learners of Swahili as a foreign language and knowledge of African Culture at large. This paper is also a good starting point for anyone who is keen or has interest in learning about this significant African language.

論文, In the Thai language, reduplication is a type of word formation that occurs with various functions, especially in nouns, verbs and adjectives. A lot of previous research has described the effects of reduplication on meaning variation. However although a few of those works have also mentioned to the effects of reduplication on functional shifts, there still has been no work focusing on the functions of reduplicated words. It is the purpose of this paper to study the characteristics of the functions of reduplicated words by analyzing the functions of nouns, verbs and adjectives in which reduplication occurs. The results will show the variations in the functions of words produced by reduplication, the direction of the functional shifts, the relations between functions and meanings, and the significant effect of reduplication on word formation as follows: 1) The variation in functions produced by reduplication: When reduplication occurs, some words retain their original function, but some lose it. In the former case, many reduplicated words can retain their original function while also functioning as a modifier as well. And in the latter case, all of the reduplicated words function as modifiers. 2) The direction of functional shifts: After reduplication, a lot of nouns and verbs shift to function as modifiers. In a similar way, in the case of adjectives that can originally function both predicatively and attributively; although a lot of them lose their predicative function, they still function as modifiers. Therefore, it is conceivable to make the claim that where functional shift occurs through reduplication, the direction of the shift will be in the same direction to be used as a modifier. 3) The relation between functions and meanings: Although some reduplicated words retain their original function, their meanings differ from the original primary meanings. Moreover, for reduplicated words which come to have multiple functions, the meanings conveyed by each function are not necessarily the same. 4) The significant effect of reduplication on word formation: As many reduplicated nouns, verbs and adjectives can be functioned as modifiers, it is possible to make the claim that reduplication significantly affects a variety of modifiers in the Thai language.