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Background/Objectives: Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induces oxidative stress in the skin by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can lead to inflammatory conditions including erythema (a sign of sunburn). This clinical study aims to develop an instrumental evaluation method to determine the minimal erythema dose (MED) for UVR. Methods: Fourteen human subjects aged 27 to 57 years (48.93 ± 8.54) participated in this study. Six subsites were designated on the test skin site of each subject and irradiated with UVR at different doses. The examiner visually assessed erythema, determining the 'visual MED'. Additionally, the a* value (a chrominance parameter presenting greenness to redness) was measured using a spectrophotometer as an indicator of erythema. The a* values of the UVR-irradiated subsites were compared to the non-irradiated control value, and the differences were referred to as Δa*. The Δa* value of the subsites irradiated with UVR at the 'visual MED' was referred to as the Δa*VMED for each subject. The mean of the Δa*VMED values of all subjects was chosen as a criterion value for the 'instrumental MED'. The 'instrumental MED' was defined as the lowest dose of UVR that causes an Δa* value equivalent to the criterion value. The 'visual MED' and 'instrumental MED' values of all subjects were subjected to correlation analysis. Results: The mean of the Δa*VMED values of all subjects was 1.88 ± 0.8. The means of the 'visual MED' and 'instrumental MED' values (in J m−2 unit) of all subjects were 300.14 ± 84.16 and 303.29 ± 77.99, respectively. In Pearson correlation analysis, the 'instrumental MED' and 'visual MED' values had a very strong positive correlation with each other (r = 0.864, p = 0.000). Conclusions: This study suggests that the instrumental evaluation method of MED based on the spectrophotometric measurement of the a* values can complement or replace the visual evaluation method and that this method will be useful in monitoring skin tolerance to oxidative stress affected by prooxidant factors and defensive factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocular allergies are a group of diseases that affect the surface of the eye and are usually accompanied by type 1 hypersensitivity reactions. Purpose: to evaluate the clinical manifestations of allergic conjunctivitis and compare the effectiveness and comfort of using epinastine 0.05 % and olopatadine 0.2 % in its treatment. Material and methods. The comparative study involved 106 people: 45 female students (42.4 %) and 61 male students (57.5 %), divided into 2 groups. Group I (64 people, 128 eyes) with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) received olopatadine 0.2 %, 1 drop twice a day for 30 days, Group II (42 people, 84 eyes) with atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) received epinastine 0.05 % (Epinepta®) 1 drop twice a day for 8 weeks. The condition of the ocular surface was assessed using the OSDI (Ocular Surface Disease Index), and the severity of allergic symptoms was assessed in points using the SCORAD index (scoring atopic dermatitis). The control group III consisted of 20 students with dry eye syndrome (DES) of mild severity (according to the OSDI index) caused by visual work on a computer, who used no medications at the time of the study. Results. After treatment, the decrease in mean OSDI and SCORAD scores was more pronounced in group II. Patients receiving epinastine 0.05 % reported significantly less ocular discomfort and itching than patients receiving the alternative drug (olopatadine 0.2 %). In both experimental groups, the Schirmer test showed a statistically significant increase in the volume of total tear production (p < 0.05) after the treatment, which was more pronounced in group II (Epinepta®). Conclusion. Epinastine 0.0 5% (Epinepta®) can effectively relieve the main symptoms of the disease due to its high affinity for histamine receptors, minimizing the risk of developing dry eye syndrome.

Background/Objectives: Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induces oxidative stress in the skin by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can lead to inflammatory conditions including erythema (a sign of sunburn). This clinical study aims to develop an instrumental evaluation method to determine the minimal erythema dose (MED) for UVR. Methods: Fourteen human subjects aged 27 to 57 years (48.93 ± 8.54) participated in this study. Six subsites were designated on the test skin site of each subject and irradiated with UVR at different doses. The examiner visually assessed erythema, determining the ‘visual MED’. Additionally, the a* value (a chrominance parameter presenting greenness to redness) was measured using a spectrophotometer as an indicator of erythema. The a* values of the UVR-irradiated subsites were compared to the non-irradiated control value, and the differences were referred to as Δa*. The Δa* value of the subsites irradiated with UVR at the ‘visual MED’ was referred to as the Δa*VMED for each subject. The mean of the Δa*VMED values of all subjects was chosen as a criterion value for the ‘instrumental MED’. The ‘instrumental MED’ was defined as the lowest dose of UVR that causes an Δa* value equivalent to the criterion value. The ‘visual MED’ and ‘instrumental MED’ values of all subjects were subjected to correlation analysis. Results: The mean of the Δa*VMED values of all subjects was 1.88 ± 0.8. The means of the ‘visual MED’ and ‘instrumental MED’ values (in J m−2 unit) of all subjects were 300.14 ± 84.16 and 303.29 ± 77.99, respectively. In Pearson correlation analysis, the ‘instrumental MED’ and ‘visual MED’ values had a very strong positive correlation with each other (r = 0.864, p = 0.000). Conclusions: This study suggests that the instrumental evaluation method of MED based on the spectrophotometric measurement of the a* values can complement or replace the visual evaluation method and that this method will be useful in monitoring skin tolerance to oxidative stress affected by prooxidant factors and defensive factors.

In order to explore the correlation of 3 different methods of evaluating the degree of skin redness, 45 healthy Chinese subjects aged 18~45 were recruited to attend a human efficacy evaluation test. An emulsion product which declares soothing and repair efficacy was used each time in the morning and evening for 4 weeks. Three methods, including visual assessment, image analysis and instrument measurement, were taken to test the related indexes of skin redness degree respectively. The improvement of skin redness and the correlation of 3 methods were evaluated by comparing the changes of each index before and after using the product. The results show that the face redness degree score and the image analysis a* value significantly reduce at all time points after using the sample (P < 0.05), while the instrument probe a* value significantly reduce at the time point after using for 2 weeks (P < 0.05). The correlation coefficient of the face redness degree score and the instrument probe a* value is more than 0.33 and less than 0.67, and the significance level is less than 0.01. Therefore, the sample has soothing and repair efficacy for improving skin redness, and the methods of visual assessment and instrument measurement present moderate positive correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the influence of microwave pretreatment (MWP) for 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 s, and ultrasound pretreatment (USP) for 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min, on the drying time, effective moisture diffusivity (Deff), rehydration rate, color indexes (lightness, redness, and yellowness), and total color change (ΔE) of eggplant slices during dehydration in a hot-air dryer. The results demonstrated that USP significantly reduced the drying time (higher water loss) of eggplant slices (p

In recent years, the use of alternative strategies to reduce the meat microbial load has been explored, among them the application of UV-C radiation and essential oils, seeking not to affect its sensory quality. In this study, the effect of the application of rosemary essential oil (REO) (5 %) and UV-C light (dose: 0,56 J/cm2) individually and combined on the colour stability of beef (Longissimus dorsi muscle) was studied. Four groups of samples were used: treated with UV-C light (I), with REO/lactic acid solution (R), with both treatments (I+R) and without treatment (C). Samples were stored at 0, 4 and 8 °C for 20, 14 and 8 days, respectively. To monitor surface colour changes, the parameters lightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) were obtained using a computer vision system and the total colour change (ΔE) was calculated. L* did not show significant changes (p>0,05) in any of the situations studied, with the a* coordinate being the one that best represented the observed changes. The greatest decrease in this parameter was observed in samples (C) and (I), while the application of REO allowed the a* value to be maintained without significant variations. Regarding ΔE, it presented a similar trend to a*, showing the capacity to delay the oxidation of the REO/lactic acid solution. In conclusion, the application of UV-C light together with the REO/lactic acid solution would delay the deterioration of the surface colour of fresh meat during refrigerated storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curing produces a characteristic pink color during meat processing through the production of nitrosyl myoglobin (NOMb), which requires nitric oxide (NO). Nitrites and nitrates in coloring agents are crucial NO sources; however, a reducing agent is necessary to facilitate their chemical conversion to NO. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the reducing properties of whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) on the reddening of cured meat products. Cured and cooked sausage models were treated with WPH, which enhanced the reddening of the meat color and increased the a* value in the models compared with that of the controls. Additionally, ethanol-extracted WPH induced Fe3⁺ reduction, lowered oxidation–reduction potential, and decreased nitrite (NO2−) levels. Moreover, ethanol-extracted WPH promoted the formation of NOMb in myoglobin solution. This effect was also observed when ethanol-extracted WPH treated with maleimide was used, implying that certain peptides rather than the thiol group of WPH are involved in promoting NOMb formation. Furthermore, the peptides that decreased NO2− levels were isolated from ethanol-extracted WPH, identified, and synthesized. These synthesized peptides, particularly the FFVAPFPEVFGK peptide, showed NO2−-reducing activity. Hence, WPH may promote the coloration of cured meat products through the reducing potential of the peptides contained within. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in significant societal changes, particularly for individuals with sensitive skin. To address this issue, the researchers explored traditional medicine and identified Potentilla anserina extract as a potential solution due to its anti-inflammatory and moisturizing effects. This research investigated how this extract influences skin hydration, barrier function, and itching. The findings revealed that the extract had a hydrating effect by elevating Aquaporin-3 (AQP3) expression. Additionally, the study demonstrated that the extract improved skin barrier function, with Filaggrin (FLG) expression being approximately three times higher (p < 0.001) in the Potentilla-anserina-extract-treated group compared to the control group and the genes associated with itching being reduced. In this process, we researched and developed HPβCD (hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin)-Liposome containing Potentilla anserina extract, gradually and sustainably releasing the active components of the Potentilla anserina extract. During four weeks of clinical trials involving individuals wearing masks for over 6 h a day, a moisturizer containing Potentilla anserina extract demonstrated a notable reduction in skin redness. Hemoglobin values (A.U.), which serve as indicators of skin redness, showed decreases of 5.06% and 6.74% in the test area inside the mask after 2 and 4 weeks, respectively, compared to the baseline measurements. Additionally, the moisturizer containing Potentilla anserina extract notably decreased Trans Epidermal Water Loss (TEWL), with reductions of 5.23% and 9.13% observed in the test area inside the mask after 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. The moisturizer, especially in the test area treated with the extract-containing moisturizer, significantly enhanced skin hydration compared to the control group. The Corneometer values (A.U) exhibited notable increases of 11.51% and 15.14% in the test area inside the mask after 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. These discoveries emphasize the potential of Potentilla anserina extract and its utility in tackling skin issues caused by mask wearing, including enhancing moisture, fortifying the skin's barrier, and alleviating itching. These results indicate that moisturizers incorporating specific ingredients provide greater benefits compared to conventional moisturizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato products containing lycopene can improve the quality of meat products during storage. However, few studies have compared the effects of different tomato products, including tomato paste (PAS), tomato powder (POW), and strained tomato, on meat quality. Herein, under two storage conditions (5 days at 37 °C under fluorescent light and 15 days at 4 °C), thiobarbituric acid values associated with lipid oxidation decreased in sausages prepared using all three tomato products compared to control sausages without tomato products. Tomato products also increased the redness of sausages stored at 4 °C. Texture analysis showed that only sausages prepared with POW and PAS exhibited decreased hardness and increased springiness compared to the control on day 10. Tomato products comparably improved the quality of cooked sausages regarding lipid oxidation and discoloration during storage whereas the texture depended on the product type, suggesting the use of tomato products as natural food additives in meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The main objective of this study is to explore the efficacy of olopatadine 0.1% treatment in the resolution of symptoms of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) among the Indian population. Methods: This single-center, prospective cohort study involved 234 patients with VKC. Patients were treated with olopatadine 0.1%, twice daily for a period of 12 weeks and then followed up in 1st week, 4th week, 3rd month, and 6th month. The extent of relief in the symptoms of VKC was measured using total ocular symptom score (TOSS) and ocular surface disease index (OSDI). Results: In the present study, the dropout rate was 5.6%. Total of 136 males and 85 females with a mean age of 37.68 ± 11.35 years completed the study. TOSS score reduced from 58.85 to 5.06 and the OSDI score reduced from 75.41 to 11.2 with statistical significance (P < 0.01) from 1st week to 6th week after olopatadine 0.1% treatment. The data showed relief in subjective symptoms of itching, tearing, and redness, and relief in discomfort in functions related to ocular grittiness, visuals like reading, and environmental like tolerability in dry conditions. Further, olopatadine 0.1% was effective in both males and females, and patients across ages 18–70 years. Conclusion: Based on TOSS and OSDI scores, the findings of this study validate safety and tolerability as revealed by low adverse effects and moderate efficacy of olopatadine 0.1% in reducing VKC symptoms in a broader age group (18–70 years) of both genders.

Meta-analysis study of the effect of transportation distance on physiological conditions, pre-slaughter and broiler meat quality was carried out to examine the magnitude of the effect and calculate the publication bias of the effect of transportation distance on physiological conditions, pre-slaughter and broiler meat quality. The materials obtained from 1123 studies and 622 relevant studies were selected from 62 journals for further analysis. Parameters observed related to physiological conditions consisted of blood glucose levels, corticosterone levels, and body temperature. Parameters of pre-slaughter conditions on arrival were observed from weight loss and mortality. Meat quality parameters were observed from the percentage of drip loss, pH, and meat color. Transportation distances are categorized into various moderator individual and combined distances, namely 180 km and combined distances (a collection of distances 180 km). The data obtained were tabulated and analyzed using CMA 3.7 software. The results showed a negative effect of transportation distances on physiological conditions, pre-slaughter and broiler meat quality with a moderate level of determination (est. 0.3-0.5) to strong on the parameters of physiological conditions, pre-slaughter and broiler meat quality. (est. 0.5-1.0). Publication bias was found in several parameters such as corticosterone levels and color (redness) did not show a significant egger's test result (p>0.05), which are potentially having an interfere with the interpretation of the study results. However the significant results of the Rosenthal analysis (p

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the distribution chain, distance between the abattoir and meat retailer, storage duration of meat at the meat retailer and meat retailer class on the physico-chemical quality of red meat. Beef (n = 150), pork (n = 150) and mutton (n = 150) samples were collected during the loading process of carcasses into refrigerated trucks, at the offloading point and during marketing to measure the effect of the distance between the abattoir and meat retailer, storage duration of meat at the meat retailer and meat retailer class (butcher, middle and high class) on the meat quality attributes. Meat quality attributes measured were; lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), pHu, cooking loss (CL%), Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF) and meat temperature (TM). The distribution stage had an effect (p < 0.05) on some of the meat quality attributes, specifically the a* values for all meat types during loading (18.5 ± 0.93), off-loading (15.8 ± 0.93) and display (20.2 ± 0.94) points. Abattoir to meat retailer distance had a significant effect on L*, a*, hue angle and chroma values (p < 0.05). Storage duration at the retailer point significantly affected L* and a* values of meat (p < 0.05). Meat retailer class affected WBSF and meat yellowness (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the distribution chain, distance between the abattoir and meat retailer, storage duration of meat at the meat retailer and meat retailer class all affect the physico-chemical quality of red meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pigmentation is often overlooked in zooplankton, since these organisms are mostly colorless to fit the translucid water medium. However, one of the dominant zooplankton taxa in aquatic ecosystems—copepods—often show a bright red‐orange or blue coloration owing to the accumulation of carotenoid pigments in some parts of their bodies. Even though there are many functional traits describing copepod's performance (e.g., size, feeding, and reproductive modes), it is surprising that the role of such a simple and visible trait as coloration has not been studied in a coherent manner yet. Here, by reviewing 95 studies, we demonstrate that carotenoid‐based pigmentation (mainly caused by astaxanthin molecules) is a widespread functional trait in freshwater and marine copepods. We propose a way to disentangle the complex and thus intriguing patterns of pigment expression along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients, addressing its relationship to diet quality and quantity, temperature, ultraviolet radiation stress, predation pressure, lipid metabolism, and reproduction. We show that large‐scale variations in pigmentation are difficult to tackle because of the fundamental plasticity of this trait at short time scales (i.e., hours, days), and the most recent information about carotenoid bioconversion are addressed (genes and enzyme identification, and influence of microbiota). From this literature review, we hypothesize that pigments play a "Swiss‐army knife" role for copepod's fitness, useful in various ecosystem conditions owing to the strong antioxidant power and the finely‐tuned metabolism of astaxanthin. With larger antioxidant capacities (survival), higher metabolisms (growth), and more offspring in better condition (reproduction), red morphs appear more successful than their uncolored siblings. Also, the potential camouflage strategies allowed by red and blue pigmentation are discussed. We finally formulate new directions and future research fields from molecular to ecosystem scales. Routine quantifications of copepod's pigmentation through trait‐based approaches could be useful (1) to obtain an accurate copepod fitness indicator and (2) to better estimate the transfer of antioxidant to higher trophic levels in ecosystems, including humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The main objective of this study is to explore the efficacy of olopatadine 0.1% treatment in the resolution of symptoms of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) among the Indian population. Methods: This single-center, prospective cohort study involved 234 patients with VKC. Patients were treated with olopatadine 0.1%, twice daily for a period of 12 weeks and then followed up in 1st week, 4th week, 3rd month, and 6th month. The extent of relief in the symptoms of VKC was measured using total ocular symptom score (TOSS) and ocular surface disease index (OSDI). Results: In the present study, the dropout rate was 5.6%. Total of 136 males and 85 females with a mean age of 37.68 ± 11.35 years completed the study. TOSS score reduced from 58.85 to 5.06 and the OSDI score reduced from 75.41 to 11.2 with statistical significance (P < 0.01) from 1st week to 6th week after olopatadine 0.1% treatment. The data showed relief in subjective symptoms of itching, tearing, and redness, and relief in discomfort in functions related to ocular grittiness, visuals like reading, and environmental like tolerability in dry conditions. Further, olopatadine 0.1% was effective in both males and females, and patients across ages 18-70 years. Conclusion: Based on TOSS and OSDI scores, the findings of this study validate safety and tolerability as revealed by low adverse effects and moderate efficacy of olopatadine 0.1% in reducing VKC symptoms in a broader age group (18-70 years) of both genders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curing produces a characteristic pink color during meat processing through the production of nitrosyl myoglobin (NOMb), which requires nitric oxide (NO). Nitrites and nitrates in coloring agents are crucial NO sources; however, a reducing agent is necessary to facilitate their chemical conversion to NO. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the reducing properties of whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) on the reddening of cured meat products. Cured and cooked sausage models were treated with WPH, which enhanced the reddening of the meat color and increased the a* value in the models compared with that of the controls. Additionally, ethanol-extracted WPH induced Fe3⁺ reduction, lowered oxidation–reduction potential, and decreased nitrite (NO2−) levels. Moreover, ethanol-extracted WPH promoted the formation of NOMb in myoglobin solution. This effect was also observed when ethanol-extracted WPH treated with maleimide was used, implying that certain peptides rather than the thiol group of WPH are involved in promoting NOMb formation. Furthermore, the peptides that decreased NO2− levels were isolated from ethanol-extracted WPH, identified, and synthesized. These synthesized peptides, particularly the FFVAPFPEVFGK peptide, showed NO2−-reducing activity. Hence, WPH may promote the coloration of cured meat products through the reducing potential of the peptides contained within.

While changes in Chinese Communist Party (CCP) recruitment are generally described as different phases focused on recruiting either "reds" or "experts," giving more or less weight to political or technical criteria, we instead stress the importance of changing understandings of political loyalty to examine these evolutions. By tracing these changes throughout the party's 100 years, we show that how the party understands loyalty is largely strategic, detached from a purely ideological approach. The CCP has alternatively approached loyalty in ascriptive terms, based on class background, and behavioural ones, looking at active displays of loyalty or passive obedience. The level and form of activism expected from party members and cadres have also dramatically changed over time. Relying on recruitment data, this article shows that it is paradoxically during periods of party expansion that the CCP becomes more politically demanding with its members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: COVID‐19 is a serious respiratory disease, and wearing masks has become essential in daily life. Nevertheless, the number of people complaining of skin problems caused by wearing masks is increasing. Therefore, we investigated the characteristics of changes in sensitive skin caused by wearing a mask. Materials and methods: Twenty healthy Korean women with sensitive skin participated in this study. To determine any skin‐related changes caused by mask‐wearing, we evaluated redness, hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and moisture at 2.5 mm below the surface before and 4 h after wearing a Korea Filter 94 mask. In addition, we tested whether applying a moisturizer for 30 min after mask removal could reverse any mask‐induced changes. Results: Skin redness and TEWL were significantly increased at 4 h after wearing a mask (p < 0.05), otherwise skin hydration and the 2.5 mm moisture were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). After applying the moisturizer, skin redness and TEWL were significantly decreased compared to their values 4 h after wearing masks (p < 0.05), whereas skin hydration and the 2.5 mm moisture were significantly increased (p < 0.05). Moreover, after applying the moisturizer, skin redness and TEWL were significantly reduced compared to the pre‐masking baseline (p < 0.05), whereas skin hydration was significantly increased (p < 0.05); the 2.5 mm moisture showed no significant change. Conclusion: We observed that wearing masks causes physiological changes in sensitive skin, whereas applying a moisturizer after removing the mask improved skin conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin condition of varying severity that can significantly impact patient quality of life. Intense pulsed light (IPL) is an established treatment for rosacea‐associated telangiectasia, inflammation, and erythema. This study assessed whether application of a phyto‐corrective mask, gel, and resveratrol antioxidant serum after IPL treatment can improve outcomes and reduce procedure‐related adverse effects. Methods: In a prospective, open‐label, split‐face, 3‐month study, 10 subjects with moderate‐to‐severe facial rosacea underwent IPL treatment on both sides of the face. The following were applied to the right side of the face only: phyto‐corrective mask once weekly starting immediately after IPL; phyto‐corrective gel twice daily; and resveratrol antioxidant treatment at night. Both sides of the face were treated with sunscreen. Subjects were assessed on Day 1, 1 and 3 months after IPL by three, independent evaluators using the 5‐point Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS). All subjects rated skin redness, hydration, and overall improvement on Day 1 and completed a patient satisfaction questionnaire at the 1‐ and 3‐month visits. Results: Ten women were enrolled, aged 44–72 years old, with moderate (n = 6) to severe (n = 4) rosacea. IPL was effective at reducing symptoms with rosacea classified as absent in five women and mild in five at the final 3‐month visit. GAIS scores also revealed improvements on both sides of the face, but the skincare treated side showed continuous improvement over 3 months with all patients remaining at least "Improved", whereas there appeared to be a waning effect after 1 month with IPL alone. On Day 1 after IPL, all women reported less redness, improved hydration, and improved skin appearance on the right side of the face. Patient satisfaction was consistently rated higher on the right side of the face. Conclusion: Application of a phyto‐corrective mask, gel, and resveratrol antioxidant serum may complement IPL treatment for rosacea by enhancing treatment outcomes and reducing procedure‐related symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocular redness, or conjunctival hyperemia, is a common ophthalmic sign associated with reduced quality of life. For redness without apparent underlying pathology, topical ophthalmic decongestants have been widely used. Brimonidine tartrate was approved in 2017 as a topical vasoconstrictor at a 0.025% concentration for relief of ocular redness. Since then, investigators have reported on efficacy and safety findings from studies evaluating low-dose brimonidine for reducing ocular redness. Brimonidine is highly selective for α2-adrenergic receptors. Clinical trials have so far shown that the drug in low doses significantly reduces ocular redness in comparison to vehicle for up to 8 hours. Brimonidine-treated eyes did not present side effects of other vasoconstrictors, such as hypotension, cardiac arrhythmia, or drowsiness. Ocular adverse events, such as allergic reactions and redness rebound, were also minimal. In this review, we examine in detail published literature on the mechanism of brimonidine tartrate and its efficacy and safety in relieving conjunctival hyperemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a clinical diagnosis. Here, we examined the association of a “classic” triad of clinical signs, swollen involved breast, nipple change, and diffuse skin change, with overall survival (OS). Method Breast medical photographs from patients enrolled on a prospective IBC registry were scored by two independent reviewers as classic (triad above), not classic, and difficult to assign. Chi‐squared test, Fisher's exact test, and Wilcoxon rank‐sum test were used to assess differences between patient groups. Kaplan–Meier estimates and the log‐rank test and Cox proportional hazard regression were used to assess the OS. Results We analyzed 245 IBC patients with median age 54 (range 26–81), M0 versus M1 status (157 and 88 patients, respectively). The classic triad was significantly associated with smoking, post‐menopausal status, and metastatic disease at presentation (p = 0.002, 0.013, and 0.035, respectively). Ten‐year actuarial OS for not classic and difficult to assign were not significantly different and were grouped for further analyses. Ten‐year OS was 29.7% among patients with the classic sign triad versus 57.2% for non‐classic (p

Introduction: We examined the effect of 5.0 g/day of collagen peptide (CP) or collagen peptide fermented with Aspergillus sojae (FCP) on skin pigmentation in healthy participants. Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 44 men and women aged 25–63 years were placed into three groups by stratified random allocation and treated with CP, FCP, or placebo (PL) at 5.0 g/day for 3 months. Their skin condition was measured monthly from baseline to 3 months of intake. Results: No adverse events were identified in any group. The CP group showed a significant reduction in pigmented patches and redness after 1 and 3 months of intake, respectively. In the FCP group, pigmented macules were significantly reduced after 1 month, and pigmented patches after 2 months. Both the all-ages analysis and the hierarchical analysis below 55 years old yielded similar results. Conclusion: Intake of 5.0 g/day of FCP for 3 months is safe. CP and FCP intake is useful for suppressing pigmentation. In addition, CP intake may be useful for reducing redness. These results suggest a new beneficial effect on the skin of CP supplementation. Trial Registration: UMIN clinical trials registry system, UMIN000040736. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BackgroundThe reproducible evaluation of facial redness is critical to the assessment of erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. Assessments have typically focused on the use of photography with the use of semi-quantitative grading scales based on evaluator rating. However, few studies have utilized computer-based algorithms to evaluate facial redness.AimThe purpose of this clinical study was to assess whether there is correlation between clinical grading of facial redness to the assessment of a quantitative computer-based facial modeling and measurement.Material and methodsIn this prospective study, a set of high-resolution facial photographs and cross-polarized subsurface photographs for erythema detection were obtained for 31 study participants. A computer algorithm was then utilized to detect and quantify facial redness in the photographs and compare this to semi-quantitative evaluator-based grading for facial redness.ResultsThere was a strong correlation between computer-based cross-polarized subsurface erythema quantification and clinical grading for redness intensity (Clinical Erythema Assessment), redness distribution, and overall redness severity (Modified Clinical Erythema Assessment).ConclusionOverall, facial redness measurements by facial imaging and computer analysis correlated well to clinical grading scales for both redness intensity and distribution. Future studies should incorporate facial modeling and analysis tools for assessments in clinical studies to introduce greater objectivity and quantitative analysis in facial erythema-based analyses.

Mask wearing is described as one of the main public health measures against COVID-19. Mask wearing induces various types of subjective and objective facial skin damage, such as hair pore dilatation and redness. Facial pore size and redness show morning-to-evening intra-day fluctuations. It remains unknown whether mask usage affects fluctuations in pore size and redness. We measured facial skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), pore size, and redness four times a day for 6 weeks in 20 healthy young women. After a 2-week no-mask-usage period (baseline period), all subjects wore unwoven masks for 2 weeks; then, for the following 2 weeks, they applied masks after the topical application of a moisturizer containing a Galactomyces ferment filtrate (GFF) skin care formula (Pitera™). We demonstrated that mask wearing significantly increased the intra-day fluctuations of pore size, redness, and TEWL. In addition, significant correlations were evident among these three parameters. Notably, these mask-induced skin changes were significantly improved, achieving a return to baseline levels, by the application of a GFF-containing moisturizer. In conclusion, mask wearing aggravates intra-day fluctuations in pore size and redness. Appropriate moisturization can minimize this mask-related skin damage, most likely by normalizing the elevated TEWL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Their growth and feed efficiency advantages make bull beef production systems attractive alternatives for producers of beef from steers. Finishing bulls from pasture is less costly and would allow bull beef to be marketed as 'grass-fed'. However, such carcasses may not meet the minimum fatness classification of 6.0 (on a 15-point scale) required for some beef markets. This is based in part on a perception that meat from bulls with a lower fatness classification per se is inferior in some quality characteristics. Aim: To determine the comparative carcass and beef quality characteristics of grass-fed and concentrate-fed bulls. Methods: Spring-born, late-maturing breed suckler bull weanlings sourced from commercial beef suckler herds were assigned after their first winter to one of four experimental treatments until they were slaughtered 199 days later at an average age of 19.3 months. Treatments were: (1) grazed grass for 98 days (G), then housed and offered concentrates + grass silage ad libitum indoors for 101 days (G-HC), (2) grazed grass supplemented with concentrates (target 500 g/kg total daily dietary dry matter intake) for 199 days (GC-GC), (3) grazed grass for 98 days, then supplemented with concentrates (target 500 g/kg total daily dietary dry matter intake) at pasture for 101 days (G-GC), or (4) grazed grass only for 199 days (G-G). After slaughter, carcasses were weighed and graded for conformation and fatness. After 72 h, longissimus thoracis (LT) colour was measured. After 14 days ageing, LT was assessed for eating quality characteristics. Results: Carcass weight averaged 399, 381, 374 and 361 kg for G-HC, GC-GC, G-GC and G-G bulls, respectively. Corresponding carcass fat scores were 7.5, 5.1, 5.5 and 4.8, only G-HC exceeded the minimum fat score specification. Meat from bulls finished at pasture was less red but the differences were small. After ageing for 14 days at 2°C, there was no difference in tenderness, flavour or acceptability between striploin steaks from any of the treatment groups. Conclusions: Although none of the grazing groups achieved the current market specification for carcass fat score, this was not reflected in inferior eating quality. Implications: Carcass fat score is a poor indicator of the eating quality of grass-fed bull beef. There is therefore an opportunity for suckler bull producers to access the growing market for 'grass-fed' beef. Their growth and feed efficiency advantages make bull beef production systems attractive alternatives for producers of steer beef. Data from the present study indicate that grazing suckler bulls for 199 days before slaughter does not negatively affect the eating quality of beef when compared to beef from bulls finished indoors on concentrates and grass silage despite a lower carcass fatness. There is an opportunity for suckler bull producers to access the growing market for 'grass-fed' beef. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pycnogenol is used as a dietary supplement based on various medical research studies suggesting health benefits. In recent years, it has also been used in cosmetic products, but the clinical research on its dermatologic effects has been insufficient. This study was designed to determine the effectiveness of pycnogenol topically applied to skin of individuals with acne in their teens and twenties. Cosmetics containing 0.2% pycnogenol were applied to a group of 11 clinical subjects for 6 weeks and their skin conditions were assessed. The group that used cosmetics with pycnogenol showed decrease in P-Acnes, acne causing bacteria, phorphyrin index, a metabolite, and the pigmentation and redness index. This study confirms that pycnogenol extract is effective dermatologically in decreasing acne bacteria and reducing redness and pigmentation of skin affected by acne. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. This study investigated the influence of dietary supplementation of Solanum aethiopicum and Solanecio biafrae leaves, which have nutraceutical properties, on stress response, cytokine expression, antioxidant status, blood chemistry, abdominal fat and meat quality in broilers reared in a hot, dry environment. 2. One day old, Ross 308 chicks (n = 350) were randomly allotted to basal diets containing either no supplement (D1); 2.5 g/kg Solanum aethiopicum leaf (SAL; D2); 5 g/kg SAL (D3); 2.5 g/kg Solanecio biafrae leaf (SBL; D4); or 5 g/kg SBL (D5) for 42 d. Birds were reared at 34 ± 2°C and 40–50% relative humidity for 6 h/d from 22–42 d. Each dietary group was replicated in seven pens containing 10 chicks. 3. In the period 1–21 d, body weight gain, feed efficiency and feed intake were not influenced by diet. At 22–42 and 1–42 d, birds supplemented with SAL and SBL had higher (P < 0.05) body weight gain and feed efficiency than the D1 birds. Cloaca temperature, carcase cuts and relative organ weight did not differ between diets. The D3 birds had higher (P < 0.05) erythrocytes and haemoglobin compared with other birds. Dietary supplements reduced (P < 0.05) mortality, abdominal fat, serum total cholesterol, corticosterone, glucose and blood aspartate aminotransferase levels. 4. The treatments up-regulated (P < 0.05) splenic intelukin-10, and down-regulated (P < 0.05) tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β genes. A dose-dependent improvement (P < 0.05) in antioxidant enzyme activities and total antioxidant capacity of serum and breast muscle were found in the supplemented birds. The breast meat of the supplemented birds had lower (P < 0.05) carbonyl and malondialdehyde contents, and higher (P < 0.05) water holding capacity and redness compared with the non-supplemented meat. 5. These results illustrated that supplementation with either 5 g/kg SAL or 5 g/kg SBL attenuated the deleterious effects of heat stress in broiler chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Different cereal grain sources may be used in beef production but little is known about their effects on beef quality. Aims: This study evaluated fatty acid composition, α-tocopherol concentration and oxidative stability of beef from bulls fed barley or a combination of barley and either ground or toasted flaked maize. Methods: Fatty acid composition, α-tocopherol concentration, lipid oxidation and colour stability were measured in beef from late maturing bulls finished on a barley-based concentrate (BC) or on the concentrate with barley partially replaced by either maize meal (MM) or flaked meal (FM). Samples of M. longissimus thoracis were subjected to simulated retail display (4°C) for 3, 7, 10 and 14 days in modified atmosphere packs (O2:CO2; 80:20). Muscle was analysed for fatty acid and α-tocopherol concentrations, colour stability and lipid oxidation. Key results: There were differences in the fatty acid concentrations. Total fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids were higher (P < 0.05) in muscle from BC compared to FM bulls but neither were different to MM bulls. A decrease (P < 0.05) in concentration following display was observed across all treatments for α-tocopherol, C15:1, C18:2 n -6 c , C18:3 n -3, C20:3 n -6, C20:4 n -6, C22:2, C20:5 n -3, C22:5 n -3, C22:6 n -3, total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n -6 PUFA, n -3 PUFA and highly peroxidisable PUFA. Lipid oxidation in muscle was higher (P < 0.01) in muscle of FM compared to MM bulls after 14 days of refrigerated storage but neither were different to BC bulls. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in colour stability of muscle due to dietary treatment. Conclusions: Partial replacement of barley with maize in the diet of bulls influences muscle fatty acid concentration and profile, leading to a marginal increase in lipid oxidation with no detrimental effect on colour stability. Implications: Toasted-flaked or ground maize may partially substitute for rolled barley in a concentrate ration without affecting colour stability of meat under retail display conditions. The slight increase in lipid oxidation, after prolonged storage, in beef from bulls fed flaked toasted maize is unlikely to be of significance from a product acceptability perspective. The diet of cattle affects the composition and quality of beef, including its fat composition, flavour and colour. The study showed that partial replacement of barley with either of two forms of maize in cattle diets influenced the fat composition of beef but had minimal effects on its colour or off-flavour development during storage. The implication is that while partial inclusion of maize in beef cattle diets alters beef composition, it is unlikely to adversely affect quality perceptibly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study examined the impact of dietary supplementation of Morinda lucida leaf powder (MLLP) and Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) on carcass traits, physicochemical properties, and sensory attributes of different muscles in broiler chickens. Two hundred and forty 1-day old Arbor acre chicks were randomly allotted to either a negative control (NC), basal diet without additive; M-0.1, basal diet + 0.1%MLLP; M-0.2, basal diet + 0.2%MLLP; or Positive Control, (PC), basal diet + 0.02%BHA, fed for 42 d, and euthanized. The physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of thigh and breast muscles were assessed over a 5 d postmortem chill storage. Diet had no effect (p > 0.05) on carcass traits and chemical composition, cook loss, pH and sensory attributes of breast and thigh muscles in broiler chickens. Total phenolic content was higher (p = 0.032) in the supplemented meats than in the NC meat. Carbonyl content, TBARS value and drip loss were higher (p < 0.05), while redness was lower (p = 0.021) in the NC meat compared with the meat of the supplemented birds. Carbonyl content was lower (p < 0.0001) in the PC meat compared with the M-0.1 and M-0.2 meats. The M-0.1 and M-0.2 meats had lower (p < 0.0001) TBARS value than the PC meat. Chill storage and muscle type influenced (p < 0.05) the physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of broiler meat. There were significant interactions between diet, muscle type, and chill storage on the oxidative stability of broiler meat. These results suggest that MLLP exhibited antioxidant potential that was comparable to that of BHA in the diets of broiler chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a clinical diagnosis. Here, we examined the association of a "classic" triad of clinical signs, swollen involved breast, nipple change, and diffuse skin change, with overall survival (OS). Method: Breast medical photographs from patients enrolled on a prospective IBC registry were scored by two independent reviewers as classic (triad above), not classic, and difficult to assign. Chi‐squared test, Fisher's exact test, and Wilcoxon rank‐sum test were used to assess differences between patient groups. Kaplan–Meier estimates and the log‐rank test and Cox proportional hazard regression were used to assess the OS. Results: We analyzed 245 IBC patients with median age 54 (range 26–81), M0 versus M1 status (157 and 88 patients, respectively). The classic triad was significantly associated with smoking, post‐menopausal status, and metastatic disease at presentation (p = 0.002, 0.013, and 0.035, respectively). Ten‐year actuarial OS for not classic and difficult to assign were not significantly different and were grouped for further analyses. Ten‐year OS was 29.7% among patients with the classic sign triad versus 57.2% for non‐classic (p < 0.0001). The multivariate Cox regression model adjusting for clinical staging (p < 0.0001) and TNBC status (<0.0001) demonstrated classic presentation score significantly associated with poorer OS time (HR 2.6, 95% CI 1.7–3.9, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: A triad of classic IBC signs independently predicted OS in patients diagnosed with IBC. Further work is warranted to understand the biology related to clinical signs and further extend the understanding of physical examination findings in IBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 18-year-old woman presented to the clinic with painless bleeding of her gums upon brushing her teeth. The bleeding stopped spontaneously, and there was no other bleeding tendency. On further questioning, the patient had irregular menses and was taking the oral contraceptive pills (OCP) Diane-35ED® to regulate her menses. She had been on this medication for four months. She was not on any other medication and had no chronic illness.

Introduction: A single-center, prospective randomized comparison of postoperative recovery between 23-gauge and 27-gauge surgical approaches in vitrectomy was performed. Methods: A single-center, prospective randomized comparison of postoperative recovery between 23-gauge and 27-gauge surgical approaches to evaluate efficiencies and postoperative outcomes of the two surgical gauges. Eighty patients who were scheduled to undergo pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for floaters or macular surgery were treated with either 27-gauge or 23-gauge techniques and assessed for efficiency of the procedures as well as a variety of postop indicators of pain and inflammation. Results: 27-Gauge vitrectomy took 90 s more time compared to 23-gauge surgery. Wound closure was significantly easier in 27-gauge than 23-gauge. Less postoperative eye reddishness was seen in 27-gauge compared to 23-gauge. A trend towards less inflammation was seen in 27-gauge. Conclusion: Overall, the trial showed that 27-gauge has the better postoperative outcome compared to 23-gauge PPV. Combining vitrectomy with phaco-surgery did not influence the study outcome parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One facial skin problem is redness. On site examination currently relies on examination through direct observations conducted by doctors and the patient's medical history. However, some patients are reluctant to consult with a doctor because of shame or prohibitive costs. This study attempts to utilize digital image processing algorithms to analyze the patient's facial skin condition automatically, especially redness detection in the face image. The method used for detecting red objects on face skin for this research is Redness method. The output of the Redness method will be optimized by feature selection based on area, mean intensity of the RGB color space, and mean intensity of the Hue Intensity. The dataset used in this research consists of 35 facial images. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy are used to measure the detection performance. The performance achieved 54%, 99.1%, and 96.2% for sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, respectively, according to dermatologists. Meanwhile, according to PT. AVO personnel, the performance achieved 67.4%, 99.1%, and 97.7%, for sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, respectively. Based on the result, the system is good enough to detect redness in facial images. ABSTRAK: Salah satu masalah kulit wajah adalah kemerahan muka. Pemeriksaan di lokasi kini bergantung pada pemeriksaan melalui pemerhatian langsung yang dilakukan oleh doktor dan sejarah perubatan pesakit. Namun, sebilangan pesakit enggan berunding dengan doktor kerana rasa malu atau kos yang terhad. Kajian ini cuba membuat sistem pengesanan kemerahan wajah yang dapat menganalisis keadaan wajah, terutama kemerahan, melalui gambar kulit wajah. Kaedah yang digunakan untuk mengesan objek merah pada kulit wajah bagi penyelidikan ini adalah kaedah Kemerahan. Keluaran kaedah Kemerahan akan dioptimumkan dengan pemilihan ciri berdasarkan luas, intensiti min RGB, dan intensiti min Hue Intensity. Set data yang digunakan dalam penyelidikan ini terdiri daripada 35 gambar wajah. Nilai pengesahan yang digunakan adalah kepekaan, kekhususan, dan ketepatan. Hasil yang diperoleh berdasarkan pakar dermatologi masing-masing adalah 54%, 99.1%, dan 96.2% untuk kepekaan, kekhususan, dan ketepatan. Sementara itu, PT. Selain itu, menurut kakitangan AVO 67.4%, 99.1%, dan 97.7%, bagi kepekaan, kekhususan, dan ketepatan, masing-masing. Berdasarkan dapatan kajian ini, sistem ini cukup baik bagi mengesan kemerahan pada gambar wajah.

Hélène Hernandez-Pigeon, Lucile Garidou, Marie‑Florence Galliano, Hélène Delga, Marie‑Françoise Aries, Hélène Duplan, Sandrine Bessou-Touya, Nathalie Castex-Rizzi Department of Pharmacology, Pierre FABRE Dermo-Cosmétique R&D Center, Toulouse, France Background: Rosacea is a chronic facial skin disorder characterized by inflammation and vascular abnormalities. The pathophysiology of rosacea involves increased activation of the capsaicin receptor, TRPV1, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway, and cathelicidin LL-37, MMP-9, and KLKs. We evaluated the activity of four compounds (dextran sulfate, 4-t-butylcyclohexanol [BCH; TRP-regulin®], pongamia oil, and hesperidin methyl chalcone [HMC]) on inflammatory and vascular responses implicated in rosacea.Materials and methods: The anti-inflammatory activity of dextran sulfate was evaluated on PGE2 production after PMA stimulation of NCTC-2544 keratinocytes, and on normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) after proinflammatory stimulation to mimic a rosacea environment. The anti-angiogenic activity of dextran sulfate was measured by analyzing pseudotube formation in co-cultured human microvascular endothelial cells/normal human dermal fibroblasts. HMC modulation of vascular responses and IL-8 cytokine production after SP stimulation was evaluated in human skin explants. We also assessed the effect of BCH on TRPV1 activation, and the effect of combined BCH and pongamia oil on the inflammatory response of NHEKs.Results: Dextran sulfate strongly and significantly inhibited PMA-induced PGE2 production, inhibited KLK5 and MMP-9 mRNA expression, and IL-8, IL-1α and VEGF production, and displayed a highly significant inhibitory effect on VEGF-induced pseudotube formation. In SP-stimulated human skin explants, HMC significantly decreased the proportion of dilated vessels, total vessel area, and IL-8 production. BCH significantly and dose-dependently inhibited TRPV1 activation, and BCH and pongamia oil inhibited CXCL1 and CXCL6 mRNA expression and IL-8 production in NHEKs. Combined BCH/pongamia oil inhibited IL-8 production synergistically.Conclusion: These in vitro results showed that dextran sulfate, BCH, pongamia oil and HMC, possess complementary soothing and anti-redness properties, supporting their combination in Avène redness-relief cosmetic products for sensitive skin prone to redness, and for topical adjunctive rosacea treatment. Keywords: rosacea, keratinocyte, inflammation, redness, VEGF

Objectives: To study the symptoms and perception reported by patients with peri‐implant diseases, as well as their signs and their potential impact on the oral health quality of life. Material and Methods: Two hundred and forty randomly selected patients were invited to participate. As part of the history assessment, the patient OHIP‐14Sp was evaluated together with, for each implant, the patient perception regarding the peri‐implant health status and the history of pain, spontaneous discomfort, bleeding, suppuration, swelling, and discomfort during brushing. As part of the clinical examination, the following potential signs of peri‐implant diseases were collected: probing pocket depth (PPD), mucosal dehiscence (MD), extent of BoP, presence of SoP, and visual signs of redness and swelling. Those parameters were analyzed in relation to the actual peri‐implant health diagnosis. Results: Ninety‐nine patients with a total of 458 dental implants were studied. Even in case of peri‐implantitis, 88.9% of the implants were perceived by the patients as healthy. The total OHIP‐14Sp sum score did not differ in relation to the peri‐implant health diagnosis. Increased reports of spontaneous discomfort, bleeding, swelling, and discomfort during brushing were observed in presence of disease. However, only a minor proportion of implants with peri‐implant diseases presented symptoms. PPD ≥ 6 mm was more frequent in diseased than in healthy implants (p <.01), while PPD ≥ 8 in pre‐peri‐implantitis/peri‐implantitis than in healthy/mucositis implants (p <.01). Implants with peri‐implantitis showed higher MD than implants without peri‐implantitis (p <.01). Conclusion: Peri‐implant diseases are in most cases asymptomatic and not perceived by the patients. Despite being unable to accurately discriminate between peri‐implant mucositis and peri‐implantitis, PPD and MD resulted as the only two clinical signs associated with pre‐peri‐implantitis/peri‐implantitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tranexamic acid (TA) has anti‐hemorrhagic effects; however, oral administration has been found to decrease hyperpigmentation. The aim of the work was to compare the effects of treatment with 5% tranexamic acid in combination with corundum microdermabrasion on skin pigmentation, redness, pH, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), sebum level and hydration of back surface and dorsal surface of the hand skin. Six treatments were performed every week on the back surface and both dorsal surfaces of the hands of 12 subjects. The entire back/both hands were treated with 5% tranexamic acid at pH 2.38; left side of the back or left hand were also subjected to corundum microdermabrasion. Skin parameters were measured using the Courage & Khazaka 580 Multi Probe Adapter. Clinical photos were taken using the Fotomedicus system. Significant differences between treatment methods were observed for melanin, erythema and pH. In addition, the two methods differed significantly with regard to the amount of sebum, TEWL and the level of moisture in the skin. Both methods gave similar acidic pH. Summing up tranexamic acid causes a significant reduction in epidermal melanogenesis, has a significant impact on the level of skin hydration, lipids of the epidermis and maintaining the proper TEWL. TA has a significant effect on reducing skin redness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research was conducted to investigate the effect of direct sun-light on color development of seedless barberry fruit. The selected orchards were in different locations (with different altitude). On some trees, some inflorescences were chosen to cover as bagged (excluded from direct sun-light). Some cases also used as non-bagged. Bagging was done in different times during growing season. Results showed that in all regions, day temperatures were higher than 20°C, and night was lower than 30°C. The lowest difference of day-night temperatures observed in Marvak. Bagging showed a significant effect on anthocyanin (ant), hue angle (h*), lightness and redness (a*). Bagging time significantly influenced chroma (C*) and b/a values. Ant, C*, a*, and a/b values significantly affected by location characteristics specifically altitude, and the highest ant and a* value observed in Marvak. In all locations, the highest value of ant and h* observed with not-bagged fruits. The highest value of a* obtained in not-bagged fruits. It is concluded that direct sun is needed for color development of barberry fruits, however, night-cool temperatures also are important for anthocyanin accumulation of this fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Pork is used as raw material to produce Cantonese sausage, and 0.5 or 1 g kg−1 of d‐sodium erythorbate is added to the pork meat. In this study the myoglobin oxidation rate, relative metmyoglobin content, heme iron content, redness, pH, free radical content and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) value were measured at different processing times and different content of d‐sodium erythorbate. RESULTS: It was found that d‐sodium erythorbate significantly reduced the free radical content and myoglobin and lipid oxidation rates and increased heme iron levels. When d‐sodium erythorbate was added to the sausage, the absorption peak of myoglobin porphyrin shifted left, migrating from 414 to 405 nm. At 72 h, with an increase in the d‐sodium erythorbate content, a significant negative correlation was identified between heme iron and the degree of redness (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: During sausage processing, there are strong correlations among TBARS values, free radical content, metmyoglobin levels, heme iron levels, a* and pH at the same d‐sodium erythorbate level. At the same processing time, adding d‐sodium erythorbate can slow the rate of myoglobin and lipid oxidation and prevent the discoloration of sausage. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics and their relationship with sensory properties of cured porcine m. longissimus lumborum assisted by high‐intensity ultrasound (HIU, 37 kHz, 22 Wcm−2). An experiment was designed with three factors at two levels each: type of curing (immersion or ultrasound‐assisted ‐UA‐), immersion time (30 or 90 min), and steak thickness (1.27 or 2.54 cm). After treatment and 7 days of storage at 4°C, the percentage of salt, pH, CIE L* a* b* color, water holding capacity (WHC), and shear force were determined in the samples. A quantitative descriptive analysis was performed using eight trained panelists. The HIU significantly increased the percentage of NaCl (p <.0005) and decreased the color saturation of the meat (p <.05), but did not affect the luminosity, redness (a*), yellowness (b*), pH, WHC, or shear force (all p >.05). The thickness of the steak had significant effects on almost all of the evaluated variables. Samples with 1.27 cm thickness had lower shear force, higher WHC and salt percentage (p <.0001). In agreement with this, the sensory profiles showed that the 1.27 cm samples treated with HIU for 30 min were perceived as less tough (more tender) and juicier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fruit detections in 3D pear canopies have errors > 1.8 % larger than 2D canopies. • Accurate blush coverage estimates in pears can be obtained with a mobile platform. • Pear blush coverage at harvest can be classified with ≤ 2 % within-class errors. • Narrow fruiting walls produce relatively more fruit with greater colour coverage. • Narrow fruiting walls are best suited for orchard digitising and phenotyping. Increasing farm labour and input costs and the requirement for more orchard data are leading to rapid advances in technology to improve management systems in fruit production. The study aimed to (i) validate a sensorised platform to estimate fruit number, peel colour and blush coverage in pear orchards with different pear selections and tree architectures, (ii) establish relationships between fruit number, peel colour and canopy geometry features, and (iii) evaluate the platform for mapping and digitising orchard features. The study was carried out over two years in an experimental 'ANP-0131′ orchard and in one year in two commercial pear orchards ('ANP-0131′ and 'PremP009'). Predictions of fruit number and blush coverage were compared in traditional three-dimensional (3D) and modern high-density two-dimensional (2D) training systems. Overall, prediction errors for fruit number were < 6.5 % in all the training systems, but improved performance was achieved in vertical 2D configurations (% standard errors = 2.2 %). Fruit number and blush coverage per unit of leaf area were higher in 2D compared to 3D training systems. Blush coverage predictions in 'ANP-0131′ were reliable (R2 = 0.67, RMSE = 3.70 %). Accurate predictions of blush coverage classes were achieved by modifying sample variance. Fruit number and blush coverage were negatively affected by increasing canopy size. The platform proved useful for mapping and digitisation. Spatial heatmaps of orchard features provided a valuable visual aid to identify zones for priority interventions for peel colour enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intense pulsed light therapy (IPL) decreases facial erythema and telangiectasias associated with rosacea. Topical skin care products decrease facial erythema by the action of active ingredients and masking effects. Objectives: To assess the efficacy and tolerability of combining a topical skin care regimen (TSCR) comprised of a multifunctional three‐in‐one facial cream and a mineral‐based brush‐on SPF50 powder sunscreen with a single IPL treatment for treating mild‐to‐severe facial redness associated with rosacea. Methods: Twenty female subjects with Fitzpatrick skin types I‐III received TSCR monotherapy for 12 weeks. At that time, subjects received a single IPL treatment and continued TSCR for 6 additional weeks. Subjects were evaluated at Baseline and at Weeks 4, 8, 12, and 18. Results: Using a 7‐point redness scale, the overall mean (SD) redness score significantly improved from 3.05 (0.97) at baseline to 2.05 (0.76) at Week 18 (P < 0.01). There was a decrease in investigator‐rated erythema from baseline (bare skin) to Week 12 (bare skin, before IPL) when TSCR was used as monotherapy which did not achieve significance (P = 0.12). Most subjects (80%) were satisfied or Very satisfied with the TSCR at Week 18. All subjects (100%) agreed that it improved their baseline skin redness and most (85%) would recommend TSCR to others. TSCR was well‐tolerated with no significant changes in skin dryness, scaling, or itching. Mild burning occurred immediately following the IPL treatment at Week 12. Conclusion: TSCR in combination with a single IPL treatment produced a significant improvement in overall facial redness in patients with rosacea. Longer‐term treatment with TSCR may produce continued improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study explored the quality changes in meat emulsion during storage at refrigerated temperature prepared with inclusion of three different levels of liver protein hydrolysate (LPH) in meat emulsion (LPH‐1: 0.03, LPH‐2: 0.06, and LPH‐3: 0.09%) and compared with control (LPH: 0.00%) and positive control (butylated hydroxytoluene: 0.02% w/w meat emulsion). Physico‐chemicals, antioxidant activities, lipid oxidation, color profile, microbial quality, and microbial challenge test (MCT) were assessed for all groups. Results indicated that all evaluated attributes were considerably improved with increase in LPH concentration. Among treated groups, LPH‐3 was maintained comparatively better for every attribute assessed during storage studying. Regarding microbial quality, LPH‐3 showed (P ≤ 0.05) lower aerobic plate count, coliforms, and yeast mold counts than others. Likewise for MCT, significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower microbial counts were recorded in LPH‐3 during storage. Results concluded that LPH can be a good alternative substance for the preservation of meat for lower oxidation activity and bacterial growth. Practical Application: Meat emulsion is more prone to lipid oxidation and microbial contamination than fresh meat. However, for the preparation of convenient, value added meat products, better utilization of freezed meat and reduced cooking time have enhanced the demand of emulsion‐based meat products. Liver protein hydrolysate can be a good alternative substance for the preservation of emulsion‐based meat products. Treated groups better retained their physico‐chemical properties, color indices, and showed lower oxidation and microbial counts than control. It can be exploited commercially for the preparation of functional foods, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]